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Swami Vivekananda's legacy of service: a study of the Ramakrishna math and mission
No full textWas the concept of ‘social service’ rooted in Hindu traditions or did it originate from India’s encounter with the West? Did the Ramakrishna Math and Mission’s commitment to seva, later known as sadhana of service, owe more to Vivekananda than to Ramakrishna himself? This book offers a distinctive analysis of the Ramakrishna movement’s legacy of service by focusing on the continuities and discontinuities in the movement. It argues that the movement’s commitment to seva was shaped by complex and varied influences. The author examines the impact of individuals such as Vivekananda and other followers of Ramakrishna, and the interaction between Indian and western ideals. He also investigates the dramatic changes taking place in the delivery of organized philanthropy in societies disrupted by industrialization and colonization during the nineteenth century. Gwilym Beckerlegge emphasizes the ways in which social, economic, and political factors beyond the movement’s direct control, conspired to make ever-increasing demands on the Ramakrishna Math and Mission
Compatibility relationship in the quaternary sub-system CaAl2O4 CaAl4O7-Ca2Al2SiO7-MgAl2O4
No full textCompatibility relationships of the crystalline phases CaAl2O4 CaAl4O7 Ca2Al2SiO7 and MgAl2O4 have been determined by sub-solidus firing of mixtures of these phases followed by X-ray analysis. The crystalline phases are compatible with each other and no other compound has been found to form as a result of interaction at high temperatures. (Dr. M. Ramakrishna Rao, Scientist, National Metallurgical Laboratory
Ramakrishna: a clinical investigation of mystical experience
No full textEste estudo busca questionar algumas das bases epistemológicas da psicologia clínica em relação à espiritualidade e à mística. Partindo da discussão entre Freud e o escritor Francês Romain Rolland a respeito do sentimento oceânico (baseado na correspondência entre eles no período de 1927 a 1931), abordaremos a compreensão da natureza ontológica da experiência de união com o universo (como descrito por Rolland) em um duplo vértice: tanto como um subproduto de dinâmicas psicológicas (inerentemente patológicas ou não) ou como uma experiência ontológica de alteridade, mais bem compreendida através de uma abordagem não psicológica que possa investigar seu significado em consonância ao registro da condição humana em si. Nessa última perspectiva, estaremos acompanhados da obra de Gilberto Safra, que em seus escritos evidencia uma preocupação com a busca de uma concepção antropológica que aborde o ser humano em toda sua complexidade, evitando o possível reducionismo psicológico de temas e áreas que possam se relacionar a outras categorias de experiência, como a religiosidade e a espiritualidade. Como eixo central dessa discussão, utilizaremos a vida do místico Indiano Ramakrishna Paramahansa (1836-1886) para ilustrar esses diferentes modos de se abordar a experiência espiritual. Ramakrishna foi uma das principais fontes das construções de Rolland acerca da religiosidade, levando o autor francês a escrever uma de suas principais biografias (A vida de Ramakrishna, 1929), que teve um importante impacto na recepção ocidental de concepções espirituais orientais. Contemplando exemplos da vida de Ramakrishna, através de uma leitura fenomenológica-hermenêutica da obra de Rolland (que abarcam desde sua infância até seu período como um famoso mestre espiritual na Índia), será apresentado, em cada um desses períodos, diferentes perspectivas de autores que consideram Ramakrishna tanto em uma chave psicológica-psicopatológica quanto em uma abordagem que inclua um registro espiritual não redutível a dinâmicas psíquicas em sua vida. Dentro desse estudo, nós percebemos que há uma limitação inerente às leituras exclusivamente psicológicas das experiências místicas, assim como uma há uma limitação das leituras exclusivamente espiritualistas. Assim, ao apresentar tal discussão nós pretendemos repensar a posição que a espiritualidade e a mística ocupam na prática clínica, tanto para reformular sua compreensão em psicoterapia quanto para expandir as concepções éticas e antropológicas subjacentes ao entendimento clínico da condição humanaThis study aims at questioning some of the epistemological basis of clinical psychology concerning mystical experience and spirituality. Focusing on the discussion between Freud and French author Romain Rolland regarding the oceanic feeling (based on their letters exchange from 1927 to 1931), we will question the comprehension of the ontological nature of the feeling of union with the universe (as described by Rolland) through a twofold bias: either as a by-product of psychological dynamics (inherently pathological or not) or as an ontological experience of alterity, better comprehended through a non-psychological approach that investigates its inner meaning regarding the human condition as such. In the latter perspective, we will be accompanied by the work of Brazilian author Gilberto Safra, whose clinical writings are concerned with an anthropological conception that approaches the human being in its own complexity, avoiding possible psychological reductionism of themes and issues that relate to other areas of experience, such as religiosity and spirituality. As the main axis of this discussion, we will utilize the life of Indian mystic Ramakrishna Paramahansa (1836-1886) to illustrate these two different ways of approaching spiritual experience. Ramakrishna has been himself one of the main sources of Rollands constructions on religiosity, leading the French author to write one of his main biographies (The life of Ramakrishna, 1929), which had an important impact on Western reception of Eastern spiritual conceptions. Contemplating examples from Ramakrishnas life through a phenomenological-hermeneutical reading of Rollands work (that range from his childhood to his period as a famous spiritual master in India), we will present, in each situation, different perspectives from authors that either consider Ramakrishna exclusively on a psychological-psychopathological note or through a perception of a spiritual dimension non-reducible to psychical dynamics inherent to his life and teachings. Within this framework, we have come to realize that there are inherent limitations on a solely psychological reading of mystical experience, as well as a limitation on an exclusively spiritual approach. Therefore, by presenting such discussion we intend to rethink the position mysticism and spirituality occupy in clinical practice, both to reformulate their understanding in psychotherapy and as a way of enlarging the anthropological conceptions inherent to clinical understanding of the human conditio
Euphorbia telanganensis Sadas., K. Prasad & Ramakrishna 2022, sp. nov.
No full textEuphorbia telanganensis Sadas., K. Prasad & Ramakrishna sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) Type:— INDIA. Telangana: Nagarkurnool district, Amrabad Tiger Reserve, Way to Dharavagu, Kollam penta beat, 600 m, 14 August 2020, A . Ramakrishna & B. Sadasivaiah 2217 (holotype: CAL; isotypes: HY, TBGH, BSID). Diagnosis:— Euphorbia telanganensis is morphologically similar to E. jodhpurensis, but differs in having obovate or elliptic-obovate or ovate-elliptic, and abaxially pubescent leaves (vs. oblong to obliquely oblong or oblong to linearoblong, glabrous), 1.5–2.2 mm long peduncle (vs. c. 1 mm long), turbinate involucre (vs. campanulate), ellipsoid glands (vs. rounded), ellipsoid and unequal limb of glands (vs. orbicular and equal), posterior two limbs are shallowly undulate (vs. margins entire), deeply keeled and trigonous capsules (vs. shallowly keeled and subglobose). Description:— Erect annual herb, 30–40 cm tall; latex milky. Stem sympodial, dichotomously branched; branches terete, distally filiform, glabrous, pale green; internodes 2–4 cm long, thickened at nodes; stipules triangular, laciniate, less than 1 mm long. Leaves simple, opposite, unequal; leaves on main stem distinctly or slightly larger than the leaves on branches; petiole 1–2 mm long; lamina 1.2–2.8 × 0.7–1.2 cm, obovate or elliptic-obovate or ovate-elliptic, obtuse or rounded at apex, margins serrulate, base oblique, midrib prominent, veins slightly distinct on adaxial surface, glabrous on adaxial surface, pubescent and silver-green on abaxial surface. Cyathia terminal and axillary, solitary, 3–3.5 mm long; peduncle 1.5–2.2 mm long; involucre 1–1.3 × 0.8–1 mm, turbinate, glabrous, greenish; involucral lobes 5, laciniate; glands 4, ellipsoid, yellowish-green; limb of glands 4, distinctly larger than glands, unequal (2 anterior are small; 2 posterior are large), pinkish-white or white; anterior appendages subentire, 0.5 × 0.5 mm; posterior appendages shallowly undulate, 1.1–1.2 × 1.3–1.4 mm. Staminate florets 12–18, exserted, 0.8–1.2 mm long, bracteate; bract simple, 1.2–1.4 mm long; bracteole laciniate; anther lobes subglobose, dehiscing transversely, yellow. Pistillate flowers 3.1–3.4 × 1–1.2 mm, glabrous, pedicel 1.5–1.8 mm long; ovary tricarpellate; styles 3, free from base, each connate up to middle then bifid, 0.6–0.8 mm long, pale pink; stigmas pale pink. Fruiting pedicels recurved; capsules 2– 2.5 × 3.3–3.5 mm, trigonous, schizocarpic, distinctly keeled, glabrous; cocci obscurely venulose. Seeds 3 per capsule, ecarunculate, 1.8–2 × 1–1.1 mm, oblong-ovoid, tetragonal, transversely and obscurely furrowed, truncate at base, stramineous to brown. Flowering and fruiting:— August to October. Habitat:— Euphorbia telanganensis is found growing in blackish-red soils of dry deciduous forest at an elevation range of 500– 750m.The common associates are Crotalaria medicaginea Lamarck(1786:201), Curcuma pseudomontana Graham (1839: 210), Cymbopogon coloratus (Hooker 1896: 206) Stapf (1906: 321), Eleiotis monophylla Candolle (1825: 348), Heteropogon contortus (Linnaeus 1753: 1045) Palisot de Beauvois (1817: 836), Rhynchosia suaveolens (Linnaeus 1781: 326) Candolle (1825: 387) Distribution:— Apparently endemic to Amrabad Tiger Reserve (Type locality), Telangana, India. Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the state (Telangana state) of its occurrence. Additional specimens examined:— INDIA. Telangana: Nagarkurnool district, Amrabad Tiger Reserve, Way to Dharavagu, Kollam penta beat, 600 m, 20 August 2020, A . Ramakrishna & B. Sadasivaiah 2225 (paratype: TBGH!); Rasamolabavi, 730 m, 10 October 2021, K . Prasad & B. Sadasivaiah 2298 (paratype: BSID!, TBGH!). Conservation status:— In the present floristic survey we have noticed more than 400 individuals at two localities in the Amrabad Tiger Reserve and further explorations in the adjacent areas are required. Presently, the area is well protected as it falls under the Amrabad Tiger Reserve. Therefore, there is no immediate threat to this species but the habitat is prone to forest fires and grazing. Following the IUCN guidelines version 14 (IUCN, 2019), Euphorbia telanganensis is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Note:— The new species, Euphorbia telanganensis and its closely allied species E. jodhpurensis display common morphological characters like small erect herbs, stem dichotomously branched, stipules interpetiolar and laciniate, leaves on main stem distinctly or slightly larger than the leaves on branches, base oblique, dark green on adaxial and silvery green on abaxial surface, presence of petaloid appendages and ecarunculate seeds. It is differing from E. jodhpurensis in having obovate or elliptic-obovate or ovate-elliptic, and abaxially pubescent leaves, 1.5–2.2 mm long peduncle, turbinate involucre, ellipsoid glands, ellipsoid and unequal limb of glands, posterior two limbs are shallowly undulate, deeply keeled, and trigonous capsules. However, another endemic species of Peninsular India, namely, E. erythroclada Boissier (1862: 25) show most congruence with E. telanganensis but differs in having main stem leaves are distinctly or slightly larger than those on branches (vs. main stem and branches of leaves almost equal), leaves pubescent on abaxial (vs. glabrous), involucre 1–1.3 mm long (vs. more than 1.5 mm long), limb of glands unequal, ellipsoid (vs. equal, oblong), posterior two limbs are shallowly undulate (vs. perfectly wavy), capsules deeply keeled and glabrous (vs. shallowly keeled and sparsely hairy). However, two more related species [E. clarkeana Hooker (1887: 253) and E. granulata Forsskål (1775: 94)] were display common key character as leaves of main stems distinctly larger than those on branches, but these species were found to have their own diagnostic features and are clearly distinct from E. telanganensis. Euphorbia clarkeana has prostrate or decumbent habit, stems sparsely hairy, leaves oblong, glabrous, involucre campanulate, limbs of glands minute and as long as glands, capsules obtusely keeled and E. granulata has prostrate habit and covered with densely hispid-villous hairy, leaves ovate-oblong or subobovate, with entire margins, involucre covered with white pilose, ovary hirsute, capsules obtusely keeled and coarsely villous.Published as part of Sadasivaiah, B., Ramakrishna, A., Prasad, K., Devi, N. Sarojini & Rao, Nirmala Babu, 2022, Euphorbia telanganensis (Euphorbiaceae), a new species from Eastern Ghats of Telangana, India, pp. 283-288 in Phytotaxa 572 (3) on pages 284-287, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.572.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/732225
Asterococcus ramakrishai Ramakrishna Ayyer
No full text<i>Asterococcus ramakrishai</i> (Ramakrishna Ayyer) <p>(Fig. 50)</p> <p> <i>Cerococcus ramakrishnae</i> Ramachandran & Ramakrishna Ayyar 1934: 86. <i>Nomen nudum.</i> <i>Cerococcus ramakrishnae</i> Ramakrishna Ayyar 1937: 148.</p> <p> <i>Asterococcus ramakrishnai</i> Lambdin 1983: 304 –306. Synonymy by Miller & Gimpel 1999: 216. Homonym. <i>Asterococcus ramakrishnai</i>; Miller & Gimpel 1999: 216 (Justified emendation).</p> <p> <b> Type details. <i>Cerococcus ramakrishnae</i>, INDIA</b> , Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on rootlets of <i>Ficus</i> sp., Ramakrishna, #335. <b>Depository: BMNH</b>: <b>lectotype</b> adf (designated by Miller & Gimpel 1999: 216) + 1/1 paralectotype adff.</p> <p> <b> Type details. <i>Asterococcus ramakrishnai,</i> INDIA</b> , Madras, Coimbatore, Bombay, on aerial roots of <i>Ficus</i> sp., 28.ix.1903, G. Compere. <b>Depository: USNM</b>: <b>holotype</b> adf (USNM; type no. 1385) and 2/3 <b>paratype</b> adff.</p> <p> <b>Material studied.</b> <i>C. ramakrishnae</i>: Lectotype + paralectotype ff: INDIA, Coimbatore, on aerial roots of <i>Ficus</i> sp. (Moraceae), no date, Ramakrisha #335 (BMNH): 2/4adff (p–vp—labelled Lectotype on sleeve but slides very poor).</p> <p> <b>Also</b>: <i>Cerococcus</i> sp.: INDIA, Rhamba, Lake Chilka, N.E. Madras, on aerial roots of <i>Ficus</i> sp., no date, Ind. Mus. Coll. (BMNH): 1/3adff (g); also same data but dated 5.iii.1910 (BMNH): 2/4adff (f—mounted from dried material by CJH). Also, dried material labelled with the same data as Lectotype but on <i>Ficus benghalensis</i>, and dated 24.x.1931 (BMNH); and Central Farm, Coimbatore, <i>Ficus religiosa</i>, 24.v.1931, T.V. Ramakrishna (BMNH).</p> <p>Note. Description made from Lake Chilka material.</p> <p> <b>Mounted material.</b> Body roundly pear-shaped, 1.9–2.0 mm long, 1.7–1.8 mm wide.</p> <p> <b>Dorsum.</b> Eight-shaped pores of 1 size, quite small, each 5 x 3 µm, occasional around margin but absent medially on cephalothorax; in 3 transverse bands across abdominal segments, perhaps on segments IV, VI and also just anterior to median plate; each line mainly 1 pore wide. Cribriform plates absent. Dorsal setae showing nothing distinctive. Tubular ducts narrow, with outer ductule 18–20 µm long; cup-shaped invagination without teeth; of 1 size only. Anal lobes distinctly sclerotized throughout, each lobe with a short sclerotized extension anteriorly (which can look like an anteroventral sclerotization but is dorsal!); each lobe about 80 µm long, with a long apical seta, all broken but at least 100 µm long; more apical fleshy setae on dorsal surface straight, and sharply pointed, each 12–16 µm long; more basal fleshy setae longer with a blunt apex, each 18–20 µm long; inner margin of each lobe with 5 or (more usually) 6 stoutly setose setae, each about 20 µm long; ventral seta near apex of each lobe absent; medioventral or outer margin setae 12 µm long; each lobe with 4 or 5 8-shaped pores in a line on each surface. Median anal plate 60–70 µm long, 45–55 µm wide at base, with a pointed, slightly serrate apex. Anal ring with 4 pairs of setae, each 75–85 µm long, narrowing gradually towards apex.</p> <p> <b>Venter.</b> Eight-shaped pores of 2 sizes: (i) a slightly larger pore than those on dorsum, each 6.0 x 3.5 µm, in a marginal band extending medially almost to each spiracle and with antennae lying within band, and (ii) a pore similar to the smaller pore on dorsum, sparse on each side of marginal band and in narrow bands, mainly 1 or 2 pores wide, across all abdominal segments. Simple pores very sparse, each 1.5 µm wide, most abundant on abdomen. Small bilocular pores oval, each about 3 µm widest, present medially on head and thorax. Spiracular disc-pores small, each about 3.0 µm wide with mainly 6–8 loculi, in a ring surrounding each spiracular atrium, and then in a short radial band 3–6 pores wide but widening and becoming denser as band reaches marginal band of 8- shaped pores, before narrowing again near margin; posterior band bifurcated; each band with 150+ disc pores; each apex with six to nine 8-shaped pores; also with 20–35 loculate pores near each antenna, each group often with an 8- shaped pore. Multilocular disc-pores large, each about 8 µm wide, of unusual structure, each with a divided central loculus, and 10 outer loculi; in transverse bands mainly 1 pore wide across 3 segments, with totals as follows: VII 0; VI 5–14; V 26–35, and IV 22–28; bands becoming 2 pores wide near margin. Tubular ducts similar to those on dorsum, fairly abundant marginally but absent outside of marginal band on cephalothorax although present in posterior abdominal segments. Ventral setae slightly more abundant than on dorsum but all setose and short; present in distinct segmental lines on abdominal segments; preanal setae each 40–45 µm long, companion setae short. Leg stubs absent but with dermal folds in this position. Antennae short, each 10–13 µm long, 15–18 µm wide; apex rounded without either a setal cavity or a cone-like extension. Clypeolabral shield 145 µm long. Spiracular peritremes each 25–27 µm wide. Anteroventral sclerotizations on anal lobes absent.</p> <p> <b>Comment</b>. Lambdin obviously discovered further slides not identified to species when he described <i>A. ramakrishnai</i> in 1983. The above description is basically similar to that of Lambdin (1983) but some differences were found: (i) no leg stubs could be detected. Lambdin illustrates a metathoracic leg stub, with a distinct claw but states in the text “Legs absent”. There do appear to be small dermal folds in the approximate position of the legs. (ii) Lambdin shows multilocular disc-pores in abdominal segment VII but none were in this position on the above material. (iii) The smaller ventral 8-shaped pores appeared to form transverse bands on all abdominal segments (only shown on segment IV and posteriorly).</p> <p>The following combination of character-states appear diagnostic: (i) anteroventral sclerotizations absent; (ii) five or six spinose setae present along inner margin of each anal lobe; (iii) dorsal fleshy setae on anal lobes rather spinose; (iv) tubular ducts on dorsum of one size only; (v) 8-shaped pores on dorsum all small and restricted to bands across abdominal segments IV, VI and VIII; (vi) cribriform plates absent; (vii) leg stubs absent; (viii) posterior stigmatic bands bifurcated; (ix) tubular ducts absent medially on venter of cephalothorax; (x) tubular ducts and 8-shaped pores on venter in a broad marginal band extending medially past each antenna; (xi) multilocular disc-pores unusually large (each about 8 Μm wide), with a divided or double inner loculus; (xii) multilocular disc-pores present only on abdominal segments IV–VI; (xiii) stigmatic pore bands short, not reaching dorsum; (xiv) spiracular disc pores each with mainly 6–8 loculi; (xv) spiracular disc-pores forming a ring or band around spiracular atrium, and (xvi) antennae without a cone-like apex or setal cavity.</p> <p> Most of these character-states are typical for adult females of species of <i>Asterococcus</i>. For a discussion of the differences between <i>Asterococcus</i> and <i>Antecerococcus</i>, see under <i>Antecerococcus ovoides</i> above.</p>Published as part of <i>Chris J. Hodgson & Douglas J. Williams, 2016, (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha, Coccomorpha) with particular reference to species from the Afrotropical, western Palaearctic and western Oriental Regions, with the revival of Antecerococcus Green and description of a new genus and fifteen new species, and with ten new synonomies, pp. 1-175 in Zootaxa 4091 (1)</i> on pages 140-142, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4091.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/265332">http://zenodo.org/record/265332</a>
Fabrication of Biopassive Surfaces Using Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s: Recent Progresses and Applications
No full textPoly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s (PAOXAs) are emerging among the most promising nonionic alternatives to poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs), specifically in the modification and functionalization of biomaterials. Due to their chemical tailorability and robustness, coupled to their relatively easy synthesis, PAOXAs are increasingly applied as adsorbates to generate bioinert surfaces that prevent nonspecific contamination by proteins, cells and bacteria. Passivation of medical devices, sensors and cell-sensitive platforms with PAOXAs enables a nearly quantitative suppression of nonspecific biological contamination, while biopassivity is maintained over longer incubation times than those recorded for more degradable PEG-based coatings. Thanks to these unique advantages, surface modification strategies involving PAOXAs are expanding to nanomaterials, especially those applied in the fabrication of nanomedicine and bioimaging tools
Building National Health Education Services
No full text This is the Eighth Annual Dorothy B. Nyswander Lecture and the first of these to be delivered by a former student of Dr. Nyswander. It was given in Berkeley on April 24, 1964 at the University of California School of Public Health. The lectureship was established in honor of Dr. Nyswander upon her retirement as Professor of Health Education at the University of California. Her “retirement” has been characterized by tremendous activity as a consultant in various parts of the world. At the time this lecture was delivered she had been in India for 3 years as a Ford Foundation adviser and had been working closely with the author in his capacity as director of the Central Health Education Bureau in India's Ministry of Health. Dr. Ramakrishna obtained his M.P.H. degree at Berkeley in 1955 under a World Health Organization fellowship. The following year he initiated the bureau which he still heads. </jats:p
NFAT5 promotes in vivo development of murine melanoma metastasis
No full textMalignant melanoma is one of the most fatal and aggressive skin cancers, originating from pigment containing melanocytes. Despite progress in clinical research, treatment options for malignant melanoma have been limited. The nuclear factor of activated T-cell 5 (NFAT5), originally identified as tonicity regulated transcription factor Ton/EBP, is now known as a carcinogenic gene in several types of cancer pathology. In this study, we knocked down NFAT5 to investigate its role in melanoma cancer. shRNAmediated knockdown of NFAT5 led to a significant decrease in cell proliferation in vitro. Additionally, depletion of NFAT5 inhibited the cell migratory ability of B15BL6 melanoma cells and led to more accumulation at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, NFAT5 was essential for the development of melanoma cancer pathophysiology in an in vivo mouse model. NFAT5 knockdown-induced tumor growth was slow and tumor volume was significantly reduced compared to mock controls. Moreover, NFAT5 knockdown was associated with a low number of metastatic nodules on the lung and liver. To our knowledge, our data demonstrate for the first time a role of NFAT5 in the development of melanoma. We provide evidence for NFAT5 as a marker of cell migration and metastasis, indicating that NFAT5 represents a novel therapeutic target in melanoma. (C) 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), which is funded by the Ministry of Education (2018M3A9H3022412, 2017M3A9B3061830, 2017R1A2B2008727 and 2017M3A9C6061361)
Effects of Lateral Deformation by Thermoresponsive Polymer Brushes on the Measured Friction Forces
No full textThe nanotribological properties of hydrophilic polymer brushes are conveniently analyzed by lateral force microscopy (LFM). However, the measurement of friction for highly swollen and relatively thick polymer brushes can be strongly affected by the tendency of the compliant brush to be laterally deformed by the shearing probe. This phenomenon induces a “tilting” in the recorded friction loops, which is generated by the lateral bending and stretching of the grafts. In this study we highlight how the brush lateral deformation mainly affects the friction measurements of swollen PNIPAM brushes (below LCST) when relatively short scanning distances are applied. Under these conditions, the energy dissipation recorded by LFM is almost uniquely determined by stretching and bending of the compliant brush back and forth along the scanning direction, and it is not correlated to dynamic friction between two sliding surfaces. In contrast, when the scanning distance applied during LFM is relevantly longer than the brush lateral deformation, sliding of the probe on the brush interface becomes dominant, and a correct measurement of dynamic friction can be accomplished. By increasing the temperature above the LCST, the PNIPAM brushes undergo dehydration and assume a collapsed morphology, thereby hindering their lateral deformation by scanning probe. Hence, at 40 °C in water the recorded friction loops do not show any tilting and LFM accurately describes the dynamic friction between the probe and the polymer surface
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