72 research outputs found
Understanding the Drivers and Consequences of Global Urbanization using Emerging Remote Sensing Technologies
No full textFrom April 1-3, 2011, two parallel, international workshops were held in Scottsdale, Arizona, devoted to Urban Remote Sensing (URS) and Forecasting Urban Growth (FORE). The URS workshop, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to Arizona State University, was devoted to understanding the drivers and consequences of global urbanization using emerging remote sensing technologies. The organizers were Elizabeth Wentz and Soe Myint, both at the Arizona State University, and Maik Netzband from Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany (Figure 1).
Given the focus on urban areas and their dynamics, it was natural to co-locate the URS workshop with a complementary workshop, sponsored by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and organized through Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (UGEC), on forecasting urban land use change. Karen Seto and Michail Fragkias led the FORE effort. This paper is a summary of the main points emerged from the workshops
MAXIMIZING THE CHEMICAL REMOVAL OF CERIA ABRASIVES IN CMP FOR SILICON OXIDE AND METAL POLISHING
No full textCerium oxide or ceria has garnered a wide range of applications due to its redox active nature.
This redox activity is due to oxygen vacancies on the surface of the ceria creating a layer of
mixed oxide with the unstable oxide Ce2O3 (Ce[superscript 3+]) present at the same time as the bulk oxide
CeO2 (Ce[superscript 4+]). Possible applications for ceria include water splitting, oxidation of carbon
monoxide, oxidation of reactive oxygen species and polishing of glass films. In recent years,
ceria nanoparticles have been used for polishing thermal silicon oxide during the early steps of
semiconductor fabrication in a process referred to as chemical mechanical planarization (CMP).
The advantage of these particles is their ability to abrade an oxide surface chemically using the
aforementioned redox properties, as well as mechanically. To meet the needs of manufacturing,
mainly removal rate and surface roughness, the particles used must have well controlled physical
properties such as size and shape for mechanical removal and ratio of cerium oxidation state for
chemical removal. This study encompasses three parts following the design of ceria slurries,
their implementation in the existing silicon oxide polish and applying these findings to create
novel slurries for polishing metals.
To design ceria slurry, the ratio of Ce[superscript 3+]/Ce[superscript 4+] on the surface of abrasive was maximized by
altering the slurries’ chemical environment. Maximizing this ratio increases the proportion of
active Ce[superscript 3+] sites which participate in removal reactions. The effect of chemical environment on
the Ce[superscript 3+]/Ce[superscript 4+] ratio was determined through XPS analysis of the Ce 3d spectrum. The knowledge
gained in this first section informed the design of ceria slurries for the following two parts to
maximize their effectiveness. The second part of this thesis applies this knowledge to create ceria iv
slurries that polished thermal oxide with higher material removal rate (MRR) and lower postpolish
roughness than slurries that are currently being used in industry. The basis of ceria
polishing is known as the tooth-comb model. In this model oxygen at Ce[superscript 3+] sites will undergo a
condensation reaction with oxygen on the surface to be polished. As the particle leaves this will
rip material off of the wafer surface. While the tooth-comb model was proposed for polishing
silica, the final part of this thesis seeks to generalize it to encompass polishing any oxide given
the correct conditions. To demonstrate this, I created ceria slurries to polish metals relevant to
the semiconductor industry (copper, tungsten and ruthenium) with polishing metrics that equal or
exceed those of industry standard slurries.NASUNY Polytechnic InstituteDepartment of Nanoscale Science & EngineeringPh
Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs von Rechtsformen landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen in mittel- und osteuropäischen Ländern
No full textZiel der Analyse zu den Rechtsformen landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen war es, Kenntnisse darüber zu gewinnen, welche Rechtsformen sich im Transformationsprozeß herausgebildet haben, welchen Umfang sie einnehmen, durch welche Merkmale sie gekennzeichnet sind und ob die Besteuerung Einfluß auf die Wahl der Rechtsform hat. Im Bericht wird dargelegt, welche Rechtsformen landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen in den untersuchten Ländern entstanden sind, welche natürliche und welche juristische Personen sind sowie wieviel Gründungsmitglieder und Mindestkapital vorhanden sein müssen. Weiterhin werden Erkenntnisse zur Haftung und Nachschußpflicht, Geschäftsführung und handelsrechtlichen Prüfung, Gewinnverteilung, Buchführungspflicht und weitere Fragen vorgestellt. Die geringere Anzahl von Unternehmen mit nach der Rechtsform hoher Mindestkapitalausstattung kann als Hinweis darauf gewertet werden, daß die Wahl der Rechtsform durch diese beeinflußt worden ist. Die Besteuerung ist, wie zu erwarten, zwischen den Ländern unterschiedlich. Um den Einfluß der Besteuerung auf die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der landwirtschaftlichen Unternehmen verschiedener Länder erfassen zu können, wäre es deshalb zweckmäßig, für definierte Unternehmen mit gleicher Faktorausstattung und gleicher Produktion, die Steuerbelastung zu ermitteln. Innerhalb der Länder bestehen zwischen den Rechtsformen bei der Gewerbesteuer, der Vermögensteuer, der Grundsteuer und der Mehrwertsteuer keine oder nur geringe Unterschiede. Die Körperschaftsteuer bzw. Einkommensteuer für Unternehmen wird hingegen im allgemeinen von den Bauernbetrieben und einigen natürlichen Personen nicht erhoben. Allerdings gilt für diese dann die Einkommensteuer für natürliche Personen. Auch bei der Kapitalertragsteuer bestehen Unterschiede zwischen natürlichen und juristischen Personen. Da unter den Gesellschaften vorwiegend Genossenschaften und Kapitalgesellschaften entstanden sind (nur wenige Personengesellschaften) kann geschlossen werden, daß die Wahl der Rechtsform nicht oder nur gering durch die Besteuerung beeinflußt worden ist. Die Entscheidung für Einzelunternehmen wurde, wie in Veröffentlichungen dargelegt, vor allem durch die während der Wende bestehenenden politischen, ideologischen und z.T. auch ökonomischen Bedingungen beeinflußt, weniger durch die Besteuerung. Das schließt nicht aus, daß deren Einfluß auf die Wahl der Rechtsform in Zukunft zunehmen wird. -- G E R M A N V E R S I O N: The objective of this analysis was to gain an insight into the following issues: which legal forms of agricultural enterprises have emerged in the transition process; what share they have in agricultural land; what their characteristics are; whether taxation has played a role in the choice of legal form. The report shows which legal forms of agricultural enterprises have developed in the countries studied, whether they are natural persons or legal persons, and the number of charter members and the minimum capital required. The paper also presents findings on liability and contingent liability to put up further capital, business management and auditing, profit sharing, the legal obligation to keep accounts, and other issues. The number of enterprises with relatively high minimum capital for a specific legal form is rather small; this indicates its impact on the choice of legal form. As could be expected, taxation varies between countries. In order to assess the impact of taxation on the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises in different countries, it would therefore be useful to calculate the tax burden for specific forms of enterprises that have the same factor endowment and the same type of production. Within countries, taxation of all legal forms of enterprise is very similar or identical for trade tax, capital tax, real property tax and value added tax. Agricultural enterprises and some natural persons generally do not pay corporate income tax, but income tax for natural persons instead. In the area of capital gains taxation, there are also differences between natural and legal persons. Since most enterprises are either agricultural cooperatives or corporations (and only few of them partnerships), one can conclude that taxation has had very little impact, or none at all, on the choice of legal form. As has been shown in previous publications, the decisions made by individual enterprises were mainly influenced by political, ideological and partly also economic conditions during the initial break-up of the communist bloc. Taxation played only a minor role then, but it may have an increasingly large impact on the choice of legal form in the future.
Bombach, Gottfried; Netzband, K.-B.; Ramser, H.-J.; Timmermann, M. (Hrsg.): Der Keynesianismus. Bd. 3, 4
No full textSupporting Global Environmental Change Research: A Review of Trends and Knowledge Gaps in Urban Remote Sensing
No full textabstract: This paper reviews how remotely sensed data have been used to understand the impact of urbanization on global environmental change. We describe how these studies can support the policy and science communities’ increasing need for detailed and up-to-date information on the multiple dimensions of cities, including their social, biological, physical, and infrastructural characteristics. Because the interactions between urban and surrounding areas are complex, a synoptic and spatial view offered from remote sensing is integral to measuring, modeling, and understanding these relationships. Here we focus on three themes in urban remote sensing science: mapping, indices, and modeling. For mapping we describe the data sources, methods, and limitations of mapping urban boundaries, land use and land cover, population, temperature, and air quality. Second, we described how spectral information is manipulated to create comparative biophysical, social, and spatial indices of the urban environment. Finally, we focus how the mapped information and indices are used as inputs or parameters in models that measure changes in climate, hydrology, land use, and economics
An assessment of urban environmental issues using remote sensing and GIS techniques: an integrated approach, A case study: Delhi, India
No full textSpatio-temporal cross-city comparison using multisensoral remote sensing for Mexican cities
No full textOur planet is more and more transforming into an urban world, in which the dynamics of urbanization have overcome the ability to govern cities. In a situation of uncoordinated urban growth, regional and urban planning lack technologies and methodologies to measure, monitor and analyze the spatio-temporal pattern of dynamic urban sprawl. This paper
focuses on methods using remote sensing data to analyze,
quantify and compare spatial urbanization processes. Urban
sprawl is detected at the level of urban footprints using a postclassification change detection approach based on multi-sensoral Landsat and TerraSAR-X data. Spatio-temporal analysis combines absolute parameters (e.g. areal growth), location-based zonal statistics and gradient analysis (e. g. urban core versus the urban fringes) as well as spatial metrics (e.g. Largest Patch Index) to quantitatively characterise the spatial pattern of city developments. The study aims to detect spatial analogies as well as differences for the four largest Mexican urban agglomerations
An assessment of urban environmental issues using remote sensing and GIS techniques: an integrated approach
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