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Fisiologia del muscolo : capitolo 5
No full text5.1 Caratteristiche funzionali del tessuto muscolare 5.2 I diversi tipi di muscolo 5.3 Il muscolo scheletrico 5.3.1 Il tessuto connettivo 5.3.2 Struttura contrattile 5.4 Basi molecolari della contrazione 5.4.1 Filamenti spessi 5.4.2 Filamenti sottili 5.4.2.1 Actina 5.4.2.2 Tropomiosina 5.4.2.3 Troponina Scheda 5.1 Isoforme della miosina e contrattilità delle fibre 5.4.2.4 Tropomodulina 5.4.3 Proteine strutturali 5.4.3.1 Titina 5.4.3.2 Nebulina 5.4.3.3 α-actinina 5.4.3.4 Distrofina 5.4.4 Tubuli trasversi e reticolo sarcoplasmatico 5.4.5 La contrazione del sarcomero: il modello dello scivolamento dei filamenti e il meccanismo molecolare 5.4.5.1 Le fasi del ciclo dei ponti 5.5 Accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione. Contrazione e rilasciamento del muscolo 5.5.1 Il ruolo della giunzione neuromuscolare 5.5.2 Il ruolo del calcio 5.5.2.1 I canali 5.5.2.2 Interazione tra canali 5.5.2.3 Rilascio del calcio 5.5.2.4 La Ca2+-ATPasi o SERCA Scheda 5.2 Altri meccanismi di regolazione della concentrazione del calcio 5.6 Le sorgenti di energia per la contrazione muscolare 5.7 La meccanica della contrazione muscolare 5.7.1 Scossa singola 5.7.2 Relazione tensione-lunghezza 5.7.3 Relazione frequenza-tensione 5.7.4 Contrazioni isotonica e isometrica: un confronto 5.8 Meccanica del muscolo in toto 5.8.1 I diversi tipi di fibre muscolari scheletriche 5.8.1.1 Accoppiamento EC nei muscoli rapidi e lenti Scheda 5.3 Determinazione delle proprietà muscolari con metodi istochimici 5.8.2 Architettura del muscolo 5.8.2.1 Effetti dell’architettura del muscolo sulla funzione 5.8.3 Biomeccanica del muscolo intero 5.8.3.1 Diagramma stress-strain ed elasticità del muscolo 5.8.3.2 Elasticità imperfetta dei tessuti e modulo di Young 5.8.3.3 Modello di sistema elastico 5.8.3.4 Diagramma tensione-lunghezza: il lavoro meccanico svolto 5.8.3.5 Diagramma forza-velocità: la potenza sviluppata Scheda 5.4 Plasticità, invecchiamento e lesioni muscolari 5.9 La fatica muscolare 5.10 Graduazione della forza generata dal muscolo in toto 5.11 Il muscolo liscio 5.11.1 Struttura 5.11.2 Tipi di muscolo liscio 5.11.2.1 Muscolo liscio unitario 5.11.2.2 Muscolo liscio multiunitario 5.11.3 Contrazione 5.11.4 Rilasciamento 5.11.5 Ruolo del calcio 5.11.6 Reticolo sarcoplasmatico (RS) 5.11.7 Calcio extracellulare 5.11.8 Il ruolo delle caveole 5.11.9 Attivazione della membrana 5.11.10 Attività elettrica spontanea 5.11.11 Nervi e ormoni 5.11.12 Fattori locali 5.11.13 Adattamento alle richieste fisiologiche 5.11.14 Aspetti patologici 5.12 Il muscolo cardiac
Fisiologia del muscolo
No full textIntroduzione
5.1 Caratteristiche funzionali del tessuto muscolare
5.2 I diversi tipi di muscolo
5.3 Il muscolo scheletrico
5.3.1 Il tessuto connettivo
5.3.2 Struttura contrattile
5.4 Basi molecolari della contrazione
5.4.1 Filamenti spessi
5.4.2 Filamenti sottili
5.4.2.1 Actina
5.4.2.2 Tropomiosina
5.4.2.3 Troponina
5.4.2.4 Tropomodulina
Scheda 5.1 Isoforme della miosina e contrattilità delle fibre
5.4.3 Proteine strutturali
5.4.3.1 Titina
5.4.3.2 Nebulina
5.4.3.3 α-actinina
5.4.3.4 Distrofina
5.4.4 Tubuli trasversi e reticolo sarcoplasmatico
5.4.5 La contrazione del sarcomero: il modello dello scivolamento dei filamenti
e il meccanismo molecolare
5.4.5.1 Le fasi del ciclo dei ponti
5.5 Accoppiamento eccitazione-contrazione. Contrazione e rilasciamento del muscolo
5.5.1 Il ruolo della giunzione neuromuscolare
5.5.2 Il ruolo del calcio
5.5.2.1 I canali
5.5.2.2 Interazione tra canali
5.5.2.3 Rilascio del calcio
5.5.2.4 La Ca2+-ATPasi o SERCA
Scheda 5.2 Altri meccanismi di regolazione della concentrazione del calcio
5.6 Le sorgenti di energia per la contrazione muscolare
5.7 La meccanica della contrazione muscolare
5.7.1 Scossa singola
5.7.2 Relazione tensione-lunghezza
5.7.3 Relazione frequenza-tensione
5.7.4 Contrazioni isotonica e isometrica: un confronto
5.8 Meccanica del muscolo in toto
5.8.1 I diversi tipi di fibre muscolari scheletriche
5.8.1.1 Accoppiamento EC nei muscoli rapidi e lenti
Scheda 5.3 Determinazione delle proprietà muscolari con metodi istochimici
5.8.2 Architettura del muscolo
5.8.2.1 Effetti dell’architettura del muscolo sulla funzione
5.8.3 Biomeccanica del muscolo intero
5.8.3.1 Diagramma stress-strain ed elasticità del muscolo
5.8.3.2 Elasticità imperfetta dei tessuti e modulo di Young
5.8.3.3 Modello di sistema elastico
5.8.3.4 Diagramma tensione-lunghezza: il lavoro meccanico svolto
5.8.3.5 Diagramma forza-velocità: la potenza sviluppata
Scheda 5.4 Plasticità, invecchiamento e lesioni muscolari
5.9 La fatica muscolare
5.10 Graduazione della forza generata dal muscolo in toto
5.11 Il muscolo liscio
5.11.1 Struttura
5.11.2 Tipi di muscolo liscio
5.11.2.1 Muscolo liscio unitario
5.11.2.2 Muscolo liscio multiunitario
5.11.3 Contrazione
5.11.4 Rilasciamento
5.11.5 Ruolo del calcio
5.11.6 Reticolo sarcoplasmatico (RS)
5.11.7 Calcio extracellulare
5.11.8 Il ruolo delle caveole
5.11.9 Attivazione della membrana
5.11.10 Attività elettrica spontanea
5.11.11 Nervi e ormoni
5.11.12 Fattori locali
5.11.13 Adattamento alle richieste fisiologiche
5.11.14 Aspetti patologici
5.12 Il muscolo cardiaco
Bibliografia
Letture util
Editorial: Mechanics of Legged Robots: From Bio-Inspiration to Novel Legged Machines
No full textEditorial on the Research Topic Mechanics of Legged Robots: From Bio-Inspiration to Novel Legged Machine
A novel linear pneumatic actuator with tunable-compliance constraint
No full textThis paper introduces a novel pneumatic linear actuator that features variable stiffness/compliance along constrained directions. Specifically, the proposed system is a pneumatically driven linear actuator that is implemented according to a common piston-cylinder architecture. The system employs two long-stroke rolling diaphragms that assume both the functions of sealing the pressurized cylinder chamber and constraining the motion of piston. The control of stiffness along non-actuated directions is achieved through the regulations of the pre-pressurization of an air chamber that is enclosed by the two rolling diaphragms. A theoretical model able to explain and describe the variation stiffness for the proposed architecture is presented. A preliminary prototype of the system is designed and built, and a set of experiments are implemented to demonstrate the concept, to verify the modelling approach and to validate the theoretical analysis
A Biomimetic MEMS-based Tactile Sensor Array with Fingerprints integrated in a Robotic Fingertip for Artificial Roughness Encoding
No full textThis work shows the accomplishment of a full integration of a biomimetic 2 à 2 tactile array and related electronics in an artificial fingertip. The technological approach is based on merging 3D MEMS sensors and skin-like artificial materials that are moulded mimicking human epidermal ridges. Experimental results using a mechatronic tactile stimulator for indenting periodic gratings (spatial periodicity from 400 ¿m to 1900 ¿m) and sliding them at constant speeds (from 5 mm/s to 40 mm/s) under regulated normal contact forces (between 100 mN and 400 mN) show that the developed sensing technology is suitable for fine roughness encoding: a frequency shift of the principal spectral component arising from sensor outputs was observed coherently with the spatial periodicity of the used ridged stimuli and their sliding velocity. Such phenomenon is pointed out with fine gratings particularly when the stimulation is operated along the proximal-distal direction of the finger (i.e. with sliding motion of the ridges of the stimulus across the ridges of the packaging) showing a more marked frequency locked behavior if compared to the radial-ulnar stimulation (i.e. with sliding motion of the ridges of the grating along the ridges of the packaging)
Competition and Regulation of Intellectual Property Rights for the Achievement and Functioning of the Internal Market“, in G. CAGGIANO, G. MUSCOLO, M. TAVASSI (eds), Competition Law and Intellectual Property , Kluver International Competition Law Series, Vol 50, 2012, p. 3 ss.
No full textThis article focuses on competition law and regulation of Intellectual Property
Rights (IPR) and their convergent role.1 The present article will take into consideration
only characteristics useful to explain interaction with competition law in
the relevant markets
Industrial solutions for loading/unloading goods on a full electrical freight urban robotic vehicle
No full textThe authors present four industrial solutions for loading/unloading goods on a freight urban robotic vehicle, named FURBOT. The final design of the FURBOT vehicle allows the movement of two Euro Pallets 800 x 1,200 mm (or FURBOT boxes with similar bottom part). Following a sustainable and efficient mobility approach, a robotic handling device must be designed and positioned on-board of the vehicle. The handling device must realise the loading-unloading operations on the right side of the vehicle and from the ground to the vehicle platform. Active suspensions of the FURBOT vehicle are designed to adapt the stiffness to the payload and bu modifying the chassis height on the ground for travel and loading-unloading tasks
HANDSHAKE: HANDling System for Human Autonomous KEeping
No full textThis paper presents a novel biped-wheeled-wearable machine, named HANDSHAKE, and obtained by an evolution of two robots presented in other works: one °exible-wheeled leg and one biped-°exible-wheeled robot. A critical design analysis of these two robots helped the author to propose a novel machine able to revolutionize the lower body exoskeletons' world. Conceptual and functional design, mechanical behavior (kinematics and dynamics), and multibody simulation of the biped-wheeled exoskeleton are presented in this paper, and a ̄rst reduced scale prototype is used to show the feasibility of the proposed solution. The simple control architecture used in this work underlines the enormous advantages to use the HANDSHAKE system for people with a complete absence of mobility, which are completely supported by this machine. This is possible thanks to the wheeled feet of the HANDSHAKE system which allow to support more weights respect to the classical exoskeletons, available on market and literature. The proposed machine increases stability, dynamic balance, autonomy, reducing power supply and complexity in comparison with classical exoskeleton systems because the wheeled feet are always in contact with the ground. These advantages, recognized in humanoid robots, may be used also in exoskeletons
Valutazione dei disturbi muscolo-scheletrici nel lavoratore in formazione fisioterapica
No full textABSTRACT. Work-related muscolo-skeletal disorders (WRMD) are
muscoloskeletal injuries resulting from work-related events. This study
collects data about their prevalence in undergraduate physioterapists
during the practicum at Parma University. Informations about job
tasks, procedures performed, and symptoms were collected. All subjects
(39 students, 17 males and 22 females; mean age 23,8 years) received
a complete physical examination, stating signs and symptoms of both
static and dynamic muscolo-skeletal disorders. Thirteen subjects
referred chronical muscolo-skeletal pain, that in 10 of them worsens
during the physical terapy tasks. Low back pain and upper limb pain
were the symptoms most frequently referred (in 9 and 3 subjects,
respectively). In subjects compelling muscolo-skeletal disorders,
occupational history was negative in 8 cases: remaining two cases refer
previous occupations associated with weight lifting and prolonged
maintaining of a fixed position. In conclusion, our study suggests the
importance of health surveillance also in physical therapy students
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