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STRATEGIES FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF THE MAIN HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE BEEF CATTLE REARING
Full text linkItalian beef cattle’s rearing is mainly based on fattening imported young animal from abroad. For animals, as occur also in the humans, the adaptation to new environment and social conditions gives rise to stress condition; this situation could drive the subject to severe physiologic and psychological reactions and compromise the health. To meet the consumer needs, at the present time farmer target is to obtain high quality meat as quick as possible in order to reduce the rearing cost and to improve the animal welfare. Therefore, nutritional level and sanitary condition must be the best to stimulate the greater growth than possible. Considering that, the italian typical beef cattle rearing needs to be based on diets characterized by high energy concentrations and on sanitary programs. The correct management of vaccination, antibiotic treatment and nutrition are important both in the fattening period and in the adaptation phase.
The objective of the present doctoral study was to evaluate the incidence and the severity of the health problems in the italian beef cattle rearing focusing the attention on Bovine Respiratory Disease and parasitosis. With this aim, an important part of the study was dedicated to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs administration to reduce the incidence and severity of BRD and to understand how specifics plant extracts could reduce the parasitic infestation.
As mentioned, the adaptation phase is the first important critical point of the entire breeding process and any problem that occurs during this phase can compromise the entire rearing period. BRD, nutritional diseases and parasitosis
cause a decrease in productive performances, an increase in pharmacological costs, technical and veterinary assistance, convenience culling, mortality, and consequently the length of breeding process and financial liabilities.
In the first study it has been enquired the incidence and the importance of the more important sanitary problems of the adaptation phase in imported beef cattle related with some animal’s parameters. The enquired parameters were body weight, weight loss, incidence of pulmonary disease, incidence of locomotion disease due to traumatic and nutritional causes, incidence of animals moved in sick-bay pens due to pulmonary or locomotion diseases and finally mortality and the cause of it. To analyze the parameters listed above, the weight of the animals was divided in four classes ( 451 Kg), the weight loss was divided in four classes ( 7%), the breeds was charolaise, limousine and crossbreed, and finally it has been considered the two sex.
The data collected showed that pulmonary disease is inversely proportional to the body weight while the locomotion system diseases are directly proportional to that. Subjects with a low weight loss (< 2%) had a high morbidity of pulmonary disease. Female have a morbidity of the pulmonary disease higher than the male subject, primarily because the female have a body weight lower than male and there are evidence that the body weight is directly related with the weight loss and the incidence of the problems. Conversely the males are more affected by locomotion disease, probably because those subject are more competitive than the female. Limousine breed is more affected by pulmonary disease than the others, but it’s also to be considered that those animals arrive from France with a body weight lower than the other imported breeds. Charolaise breed manifested high rates of locomotion disease, both traumatic and nutritional, due to the higher body weight and the higher ruminal capacity that induce to speed up the adaptation program.
After the evaluation of the incidence of the main disease and the factors related, a series of subtrials were conducted in feedlots Italy to investigate the efficacy of a long acting and slow release antibiotic (gamithromycin) in the prevention and treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in newly arrived cattle. Three studies were conducted on its preventive efficacy when compared to either an untreated control, a long-acting oxytetracycline formulation or tulathromycin. The therapeutic responses to tulathromycin and gamithromycin were also compared in the therapeutic study. Preventive treatment with gamithromycin significantly reduced the morbidity due to BRD by 86%, 86% and 35% compared to the untreated control group, the oxytetracycline group and the tulathromycin group respectively. In the therapeutic trial, the number of animals that required re-treatment during the 14 days following the initial medication was significantly reduced in the gamithromycin group, compared to the positive control group. These results suggest that the dual therapeutic and preventive action of gamithromycin provides a valuable addition to the veterinarians’ armamentarium for the medical management of BRD.
Other than BRD, parasitic infestation is considered one of the main problems related to an increase in morbidity and bad growing performance. Cattle usually do not show clinical signs of coccidiosis unless stressed by weaning, weather, shipping or other diseases. In any case the disease can compromise the animal homeostasis and nutritional up-take worsening the weight gain. Several natural substances have capability to improve physiological and health bred animal status and some of them have anti parasite properties. The trial was managed to verify the effects of some different commercial plant extracts on growth performance and coccidia infestation in 235 newly received Charolaise beef cattle, imported from France, during the adaptation period. This trial was divided in four subtrials to test four different plant extracts or mix of them (Subtrial 1: Calendula officinalis, Castanea sativa, Plantago major, Silybum marianum, Trigonella foenum-graecum; Subtrial 2: Castanea sativa, Vitis vinifera, Citrus spp, yucca shidigera; Subtrial 3 and 4: Origanum vulgare).
Plant extract mix administered in the first subtrial showed to increase growth performance, reducing damages inducted by Eimeria coccidia acting as anticoccidial. In fact both number of animals infested and number of oocysts in feces were strongly decreased. The plant extract mix used in the second subtrial showed to decrease infested animals, but the same animals emitted with the feces a greater number of oocysts, denoting higher infestation and probably greater damages. Growing performances didn’t show any difference. The administration of Origanum vulgare didn’t show any difference, denoting no effects on coccidia.
In conclusion, the present doctoral study showed that, for a correct management of the adaptation phase, but even of the entire rearing period, it should necessary to consider some of newly received cattle’s characteristics like weight at the arrival, sex and breed because are often connected with an increase of morbidity.
Furthermore, the study brings out the fact that it’s also very important to choose the most appropriate protocol of vaccination and antibiotic treatment to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and also to adopt specific nutritional strategies to promote a quickly reestablishment of the normal ruminal conditions after transport and to prevent coccidiosis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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