170 research outputs found
Stochastic procedures
No full text• Т. Koll. An example of uniform strong laws of random lines
• Kokkuvõte
• T. Kollo. A Note on Patterned Matrices with Applications in Multivariate Analysis
• Kokkuvõte
• A.-M. Parring, T. Möls. Use of Absorption in Environmental Studies
• Kokkuvõte
• K. Pärna, A. Kulu. Correspondence Analysis as a Method for Depicting Qualitative Data
• Kokkuvõte
• E.-M. Tiit, S. Tammert. Using Index-vectors and Partitions in Multivariate Analysis
• Kokkuvõte
• E.-M. Tiit, M. Thetlov. The Convex-extremal Decomposition of Correlation Matrix. An Application in Anthropometrical Research
• Kokkuvõte
• I. Traat. Cornish-Fisher Expansion for the Ratio of Two Sample Means
• Kokkuvõtehttp://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1077763~S1*es
Multivariate statistics : proceedings of the First Tartu Seminar,27-29 August 1991
No full text• Babanin, A. Estimates of systems of linear algebraic equations based on the theory of general statistical analysis
• Farebrother, R.W. Computing the distribution of a quadratic in normal variables: a survey of recent developments
• Kipper, S., Pärna, К. Optimal k-centres for a two-dimensional normal distribution
• Kollo, Т. On the correspondence between matrix derivative and some basic notions of multivariate statistics
• Kotz, S., Tiit, E.-M. Bounds in multivariate dependence
• Marco, J.M., Ruiz-Rivas, C. Construction of multivariate distributions with given multivariate marginals
• Mõis, T. Statistical estimation of growing molecular phylogenetic trees
• Neudecker, H. BLU estimation with aggrigate data
• Parring, A.-M. The asymptotic variance of regression coefficients von Rosen, D. Influential observations and a multivariate linear model
• Tiit, Л.-М. Extremal multivariate distributions having given discrete marginals
• Tooding, L.-M. Empirical investigation of the estimates of propability
• Traat, I. Edgeworth expansion for multiple correlation coefficent under an elliptical population
• Karma, O. On arrays and array-derivatives
• Contentshttp://tartu.ester.ee/record=b1076530~S1*es
Underwriter competition and gross spreads in the eurobond market
No full textWe investigate the competitive landscape of underwriting services in the Eurobond market including the choice of underwriter and underwriter gross spread. We find a significant but declining association between the home market of the Eurobond’s currency of denomination and that of the lead underwriter. These bonds underwritten by underwriters ‘local’ to the currency also carry significantly lower underwriter gross spreads vis-à-vis other Eurobonds. The amalgamation of the European currencies into the Euro resulted in a significant shift in the competitive landscape for underwriting services. We find a significant portion of market shares shifted from the ‘local’ European underwriters to non-‘local’ U.S. underwriters with the introduction of the Euro. Moreover, the volume of new issues rose and the gross underwriter spread declined significantly. Our empirical results suggest that Eurozone underwriters responded to the increased entry of U.S. and other Eurozone underwriter with aggressive discounting of the underwriter gross spread. JEL Classification: G15, G24Eurobond market, Underwriter competition, Underwriter spreads
Impact of thinning on aspen stand growth and the formation of lime second layer
No full textMagistritöö
Metsamajanduse erialalMagistritöö jaoks tehti mõõtmisi Järvselja Õppe- ja Katsemetskonnas kvartal nr. 243 asuvas
tarastatud triploidse haaviku (Populus tremula f. gigas) harvendusraie katsealal puistus
vanuses 14–16 aastat. Mõõtmistulemuste alusel analüüsiti harvendamise mõju ülarinde haava
kasvutunnustele ja mulla toitainete sisaldusele ning hinnati pärna teise rinde kasvutunnuseid.
Uuritava haaviku kõrguse ja rinnasdiameetri kasvukäiku võrreldi kirjanduses olevate
haavapuistute kasvukäigutabelitega ning teiste kiirekasvuliste lehtpuuliikidega. Töös antakse
kirjanduse põhjal ülevaade hooldusraietest haavikutes ning sellega seotud probleemidest ning
pärna teise rinde kujundamisest.
Kirjanduse andmetel mõjub harvendusraie puude diameetrikasvule positiivselt – juurdekasv
suureneb. Alles soovitatakse jätta kõvalehtpuud ning pärna teine rinne, mis soodustab puistu
paremat laasumist. Haaviku harvendamist on soovituslik teha alameetodil, jättes puistu
tihedaks, kuna hõredas puistus on põdrakahjustuse oht suur. Vältimaks kahjustusi on
soovitatav puistu tarastada vähemalt 2 m kõrguse aiaga. Pärn puistu koosseisus parandab
mullaviljakust läbi kaltsiumirikka lehevarise.
Töö käigus saadi tulemuseks, et 16-aastaselt kontrollala ja harvendatud ala kõrguse
keskväärtused ei erinenud usaldatavalt, olles vastavalt 10,4 m ja 13,3 m (p=0,103) kõikide
puude korral ning 13,9 m ja 14,9 m (p=0,196) ülapuude (suuremad kui ülemine
rinnasdiameetri kvartiil) korral. Keskmine rinnasdiameeter erines kontrollala ja harvendatud
ala vahel 16-aastaselt, olles vastavalt 5,5 cm ja 9 cm (p<0,020) kõikide puude korral ning 8,6
cm ja 11,7 cm (p<0,001) ülapuude korral. Kontrollala kõrguse:rinnasdiameetri suhe oli
keskmiselt 2,0 ja oli usaldatavalt suurem kui harvendatud ala 1,5 (p<0,001). Puu algsuuruse
(14 aastat) ja rinnasdiameetri juurdekasvu (vanuses 14–16 aastat) vaheline seos oli tugevam
kontrollalal (R2=0,48) ning nõrgem harvendatud alal (R2=0,18). Pärna teise rinde keskmine
kõrgus ja rinnasdiameeter olid 16-aastases haavikus 5,8 m ja 4,1 cm. Teise rinde pärna kõrgus
moodustab haava esimese rinde kõrgusest 43,6%. Varasemalt täheldati uuritud haaviku
aeglasemat kõrguse ja rinnasdiameetri kasvu. 16. kasvuaastal näitas triploidne haab sarnast
kasvukiirust Ia boniteedi kasvukäigutabeliga. Mulla toitainete sisaldus ei erinenud
statistiliselt oluliselt harvendatud ja harvendamata alal.
Töö käigus selgus, et harvendus kiirendab haaviku jämeduskasvu, kuid mitte puude
kõrguskasvu. Pärna teine rinne soodustab haaviku laasumist, mitmekesistab puistu elurikkust
ning parandab mullaviljakust.For Masters’s thesis the measurements were made at the experimental area of 14–16 years
old triploid aspen (Populus tremula f. gigas) stand at Järvselja Õppe- ja Katsemetskond. On
the basis of the measurements author made analysis of growth development and thinning
effect on aspen stand growth characteristics and on soil nutrient content and assessment of
lime second layer growth characteristics. Stand height and diameter growth were compared
to aspen stand growth yield tables and to other fast growing hardwoods. Author gives short
literature overview about aspen stand thinning and problems related to that and about the
formation of lime second lime layer.
On the basis of the literature thinning affects diameter growth positively – it increases. It is
recommended to keep all the hardwoods and to retain lime second layer that promotes better
self-pruning of aspen. It is also recommended to harvest aspen with a low harvest rate, leaving
the stand density higher than necessary, because there exists a high risk of a moose damage.
To avoid moose browsing, it is recommended to protect the stand with a 2 meter high fence.
The study revealed that control and thinned areas height did not differ significantly and was
10.4 m and 13.3 m, respectively (p=0.103). The top trees height (larger than the upper
diameter quartile) was 13.9 m and 14.9 m, respectively (p=0,196). Average diameter in
control and thinned areas differed and diameter was 5.5 cm and 9.0 cm, respectively
(p<0.002) and the top trees diameter was 8.6 cm and 11.7 cm, respectively (p<0.001). The
control area height:diameter ratio was 2.0, which was significantly higher than in thinned area
1.5 (p<0.001). The relationship between the initial tree diameter (14-year-old) and the annual
increment (the period of 14–16 years) of diameter was stronger in the control area (R2=0.48)
and weaker in the thinned area (R2=0.18). Lime second layer height and diameter under the
16 years old aspen stand was 5.8 m and 4.1 cm. Lime second layer average height and
diameter was 5.8 m and 4.1 cm, respectively. Lime height constituted 43.6% of aspen height.
Previous studies in the observed stand have detected a slow growth rate of triploid aspen, but
at the age of 16, the growth rate has been similar or even faster compared to the best growth
and yield tables for Estonian aspen stands. Analyses showed that soil nutrient contents did
not differ between control and thinned plots.
Results showed that thinning accelerates the growth of diameter, especially in young age but
did not affect aspen height growth. The second layer of lime promotes an increase in the
nutrient content of the soil
Growth development and thinnings in a young aspen stand
No full textBakalaureusetöö jaoks tehti mõõtmisi ja teostati harvendusraie Järvselja Õppe- ja
Katsemetskonnas kvartal nr. 243 asuvas triploidse haaviku (Populus tremula f. gigas)
tarastatud katsealal. Mõõtmistulemuste alusel analüüsiti noore haaviku kasvukäiku ja
harvendamise mõju noore haaviku kasvule. Töös antakse kirjanduse põhjal ülevaade haava
bioloogilistest iseärasustest, majandamisest ning ka haavikute peamistest kahjustajatest.
Bakalaureusetöö peamisteks eesmärkideks oli uurida, kas hariliku haava triploidse vormi
kõrguse ja rinnasdiameetri kasv on kiirem kui diploidsel vormil, uurida harvendamise mõju
haavapuistu kasvule ja pärna-kuuse teise rinde kujunemisele. Lisaks oli eesmärgiks täiendada
pikaajalisi vaatlusandmeid „Haavametsa haaviku“ nime all tuntud triploidse haava puistu
kasvukäigu kohta ning võrrelda triploidse haaviku kasvukäiku teiste Eestis kasvavate
kiirekasvuliste lehtpuuliikidega.
Kirjanduse andmetel harvendusraie mõjub puude kõrgus- ja diameetrikasvule positiivselt –
juurdekasv suureneb. Alles soovitatakse jätta kõik kõvalehtpuud ning mõningal määral ka
teist rinnet, mis soodustab puistu paremat laasumist. Haaviku harvendamist on soovituslik
teha alameetodil, jättes puistu tihedamaks, kuna ulukikahjustuse oht on suur. Sel viisil on
võimalus säilitada ning tulevikus kasvatada terve haava enamusega puistu. Vältimaks ulukite
kahjustusi (peamiselt põdra), on soovitatav puistu tarastada vähemalt 2 m kõrguse aiaga.
Haavikuid kahjustab seenkahjuritest kõige rohkem haavataelik (Phellinus tremulae), mis
tekitab tüvemädanikku. Vanemates puistutes võib haavataeliku viljakehi leida suuremal osal
haabadest, mis tähendab, et haab on tüvemädaniku vastu väga tundlik ning õigeaegne
harvendamine võimaldab suuri kahjustusi vältida. Bakalaureusetöö raames raiutud puudest ei
tuvastatud puiduproovide DNA analüüsil haavataeliku olemasolu.
Töö käigus selgus, et erineva harvendusastmega noore haaviku proovitükkide keskmine
kõrgus erines ainult 0,3 m ja rinnasdiameeter 0,7 cm. Kui varasemalt on täheldatud uuritud
haaviku aeglasemat kõrguse ja rinnasdiameetri kasvu, siis 14. kasvuaasta järel näitas triplodne
haab sarnast kasvukiirust Ia boniteedi kasvukäigutabeliga.For Bachelor’s thesis the measurements and thinning were made at the experimental area of
triploid aspen (Populus tremula f. gigas) stand at Järvselja Õppe- ja Katsemetskond. On the
basis of the measurments author made analysis of growth development and thinning effect on
a young aspen stand growth. In this thesis the author gives a literature overview of aspen
biological peculiarities, management and the main pests.
The main objectives of Bachelor’s thesis were to investigate whether the aspen triploid form
height and diameter at breast height (DBH) growth development is faster than the diploid
form at the 14, and to investigate the thinning effects to the aspen growth and the formation of
a second layer of spruce and lime. In addition, the aim was to complement the long-term
observation data at Järvselja forest district 243, and to compare the growth rate of triploid
aspen with other fast-growing deciduous tree species in Estonia.
Thinnings effect in a young aspen stand is showing positive influence for the growth rate of
the remaining trees. It is recommended not to harvest all the hardwoods and also to retain
spruce-lime second layer that promotes better self-pruning of aspen. It is also recommended
to harvest aspen reasonably, leaving the stand density higher than necessary, because there
exists a high risk of a game damage (especially moose). To avoid game damage, it is
recommended to protect the stand with a 2 meter high fence. The most dangerous fungal
disease to aspen is Phellinus tremulae, which causes stem rot. In the older stands Phellinus
tremuale is able to damage all-most every single tree, which means that aspen is very
sensitive to stem rot causing pathogens and well-timed thinnings are recommended to avoid
major damage. During the last thinning in Haavamets young aspen stand, Phellinus tremulae
was not detected in the harvested trees wood samples according to DNA analyzes.
The study revealed that average tree height of the thinning sample plots 1 and 4 varied only
by 0.3 m and DBH varied only by 0.7 cm. In both thinning plots, growth was uniform and
strong growth abnormalities were not observed. Previous studies in this stand have detected a
slow growth rate of triploid aspen, but at the age of 14, the growth rate has been similar or
faster compared to the best growth and yield tables for Estonian aspen stand
Architecture of a mammalian glomerular domain revealed by novel volume electroporation using nanoengineered microelectrodes
No full textDense microcircuit reconstruction techniques have begun to provide ultrafine insight into the architecture of small-scale networks. However, identifying the totality of cells belonging to such neuronal modules, the “inputs” and “outputs,” remains a major challenge. Here, we present the development of nanoengineered electroporation microelectrodes (NEMs) for comprehensive manipulation of a substantial volume of neuronal tissue. Combining finite element modeling and focused ion beam milling, NEMs permit substantially higher stimulation intensities compared to conventional glass capillaries, allowing for larger volumes configurable to the geometry of the target circuit. We apply NEMs to achieve near-complete labeling of the neuronal network associated with a genetically identified olfactory glomerulus. This allows us to detect sparse higher-order features of the wiring architecture that are inaccessible to statistical labeling approaches. Thus, NEM labeling provides crucial complementary information to dense circuit reconstruction techniques. Relying solely on targeting an electrode to the region of interest and passive biophysical properties largely common across cell types, this can easily be employed anywhere in the CNS
Unemployment insurance in Algeria : implications for a labor market in transition
No full textTo predict how Algeria's unemployment crisis will evolve, the author evaluates the Algerian unemployment insurance system's ability to finance itself, to affect employment decisions, and promote enterprise restructuring. The main conclusion is that industrial restructuring has serious and persistent implications for the labor market. In an environment where many equilibria are possible, there is a real danger of reaching a high unemployment equilibrium. The big-bang experience of structural adjustment in Central and Eastern Europe transition economies resulted in large-scale unemployment. Despite considerable restructuring progress, structural rigidities still exist in the labor market, and long-term unemployment has persisted. One advantage of the big-bang approach is adjustment speed, but the resulting unemployment may be too costly for Algeria's economy, especially if it persists. A more modern mixed bang approach would incorporate active employment measures to mitigate entrenched unemployment. The policies will maintain or enhance human capital through work, so idle workers don't lose their skills. Flex-time arrangements would help workers maintain an attachment to the labor force. However minor, such work would help workers avoid the traps of long-term unemployment. Two striking conclusions emerge from the Central and Eastern European experience: a) unemployment is not essential to enterprise restructuring and labor market adjustment;and b) growing long-term unemployment is self-fulfilling and results in higher and persistence unemployment. Although active employment measures are costly and have relatively low rates of return in the short run, they can be marginally effective as part of a long-term strategy.Health Economics&Finance,Labor Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Markets,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Markets,Economic Theory&Research,Health Economics&Finance,Banks&Banking Reform
Creating a Customer Journey for Balti Logistika
No full textKäesoleva lõputöö raames loodi ettevõttele Balti Logistika klienditeekond, mida kasutada igapäeva
töös parema klienditeeninduse huvides. Töö eesmärgiks oli leida võimalused kliendisuhete
loomiseks ning hoidmiseks. Antud töö keskendub Balti Logistika klienditeekonnale, kuid põhimõte
on kasutatav ka erinevate ettevõtete klienditeekondade loomisel. Balti Logistika jaoks loodud
klienditeekonna eesmärk on kindlustada sujuv ja meeldiv kogemus klientidele, alustades esimesest
kontaktist ettevõttega kuni pikaajalise suhteni.
Autor on teooria osas uurinud transpordi ja logistika olemust ning selgitanud klienditeeninduse
olulisust teekonna kaardistamisel. Selles valdkonnas on klienditeenindus eriti oluline, eriti kui
tegemist on rahvusvahelisel tasandil tegutsevate ettevõtetega, kus konkurents on tihe ja ettevõtte
maine sõltub suuresti klienditeeninduse kvaliteedist. Autor on põhjalikult uurinud ka klienditeekonna
kujundamise olulisemaid aspekte.
Uurimistöö läbiviimisel on autor kasutanud mitmeid meetodeid, eelkõige struktureeritud
intervjuusid, mis võimaldavad sügavamalt mõista klientide ootusi ja vajadusi ning avardada
ettevõtte arusaama klienditeeninduse olulisusest. Selline lähenemine võimaldab uurida erinevaid
vaatenurki ja koguda mitmekülgset tagasisidet.
Lisaks on autor kasutanud uurimistöös ka NPS (Net Promoter Score) skoori analüüsi, mis on levinud
meetod ettevõtte tegevuse hindamiseks. See analüüs võimaldab saada ülevaadet klientide
arvamustest ja hinnangutest ettevõtte nii Eestis kui ka teistes Baltikumi riikides. Selline sügavuti
minev lähenemine annab parema ülevaate klientide ootustest ja võimaldab ettevõtetel paremini
kohandada oma teenuseid vastavalt turu nõudmistele.
Uuringu tulemused illustreerivad selgelt, et klientide jaoks on klienditeeninduse tase äärmiselt
oluline ning see mõjutab otseselt nende lojaalsust ettevõtte suhtes. Näib, et ettevõtted, kellel on
kõrgem klienditeeninduse tase, suudavad klientide usaldust ja lojaalsust paremini säilitada.
Sellest tulenevalt soovitab autor ettevõttel kaaluda CRM süsteemi kasutuselevõttu, kuna see
võimaldab tõhusalt hallata kliendisuhteid, pakkudes personaalset ja täpset teenindust vastavalt
klientide vajadustele ja eelistustele. Lisaks sellele võiks ettevõte kaaluda kliendiportaali turunduse
arendamist, sest see võimaldaks klientidel lihtsasti suhelda ettevõttega, saada infot toodete ja
teenuste kohta ning anda tagasisidet.
Samuti on oluline märkida, et lisaks Net Promoter Score'ile võiks ettevõte kaaluda teiste mõõdikute
kasutuselevõttu, mis annavad täpsema ülevaate klienditeeninduse tasemest ja klientide rahulolust.
Kokkuvõttes võib öelda, et klienditeeninduse taseme hoidmine ja parandamine on oluline
konkurentsieelis ning ettevõte peaks pidevalt otsima viise, kuidas oma teenust veelgi paremaks
muuta ja klientidele rohkem väärtust pakkuda.The thesis „CREATING A CUSTOMER JOURNEY FOR BALTI LOGISTIKA“ centers on crafting a
customer journey within Balti Logistika. Moreover, it offers recommendations for enhancing
methods to effectively guarantee and assess customer satisfaction. Given that Balti Logistika
prioritizes customer-centric approaches, this topic holds significant relevance and perspective within
the organization. In a fiercely competitive market landscape, differentiation is crucial, and
prioritizing customer satisfaction is a strategic avenue to accomplish this goal.
As part of his thesis, the author has created a customer journey that focuses on the work of each
department and touch points with customers. According to the customer journey, suggestions for
improvement are presented.
The aim of the thesis result is to make an important practical contribution to the activities of Balti
Logistika. Thorough monitoring of the customer journey and the use of this knowledge as a strategic
tool allows the company to better understand the needs and expectations of customers. With this
approach, it is possible to offer higher quality and more efficient customer service, which in turn
helps to strengthen the company's image. This is especially important in a highly competitive
environment where companies compete for customer attention and loyalty. Thus, the performance
of the thesis can significantly affect the company's competitiveness and position in the market.
In terms of theory, the author has studied the nature of transport and logistics and explained the
importance of customer service in journey mapping. In conducting the research, the author has
used several methods, especially structured interviews, which allow a deeper understanding of
customer expectations and needs and broaden the company's understanding of the importance of
customer service. Such an approach allows you to explore different perspectives and gather diverse
feedback. In addition, the author has also used NPS (Net Promoter Score) score analysis in the
thesis work, which is a common method for evaluating company performance.
The results of the thesis clearly illustrate that the level of customer service is extremely important
to customers and it directly affects their loyalty to the company. It appears that companies with
higher levels of customer service are better able to maintain customer trust and loyalty
Underwriter competition and gross spreads in the eurobond market
No full textWe investigate the competitive landscape of underwriting services in the Eurobond market including the choice of underwriter and underwriter gross spread. We find a significant but declining association between the home market of the Eurobond’s currency of denomination and that of the lead underwriter. These bonds underwritten by underwriters ‘local’ to the currency also carry significantly lower underwriter gross spreads vis-à-vis other Eurobonds. The amalgamation of the European currencies into the Euro resulted in a significant shift in the competitive landscape for underwriting services. We find a significant portion of market shares shifted from the ‘local’ European underwriters to non-‘local’ U.S. underwriters with the introduction of the Euro. Moreover, the volume of new issues rose and the gross underwriter spread declined significantly. Our empirical results suggest that Eurozone underwriters responded to the increased entry of U.S. and other Eurozone underwriter with aggressive discounting of the underwriter gross spread
Might training programmes ease labour shortage? The targeting and effectiveness of training programmes organised or financed by local employment offices of the Hungarian Public Employment Service
No full text- …
