5,245 research outputs found
Caulophacus (Caulophacus) chilense Reiswig & Araya, 2014, sp. n.
No full textCaulophacus (Caulophacus) chilense sp. n. (Figs. 1 & 2, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype: MNHNCL-POR 100, FV Juan Antonio, 0 7 January 2014, about 50 km NO of Caldera, Atacama Region, Chile. 26 ° 44 ’00” S; 71 °07’00” W, 1300–1800 m, dry. Description. The holotype (Fig. 1 A) is 320 mm in total length composed of an intact basal plate, 30 x 51 mm in widths, which was attached to hard substratum, a thin hollow curved stem 277 mm long, surmounted by a body 28 mm in height. The stem varies in diameter from 5.0 mm near the basal attachment to 8.4 mm just below the body; the lumen at the broken point 9 cm above the base is 2.0 mm in diameter and the wall is 1.5 mm in thickness. Loose spicules are absent from a few mm below the body attachment to its base. The body (Fig. 1 B) is a shallow funnel, 81 x 65 mm in diameters with a central depression of 10.4 mm. It is two mm thick at its rounded margin and 20 mm thick at the center. The upper (atrial) body surface (Fig. 1 C) is relatively smooth, covered by a very fine, inconspicuous, felt-like lattice of atrial spicules (Fig. 1 D). The lateral (dermal) surface (Fig. 1 E) is more transparent, with a conspicuous network of white strands of upward radiating choanosomal diactins surrounding large inhalant canals seen through the surface lattice (Fig. 1 E). The overlying lattice of dermalia and hypodermalia (Fig. 1 F) is thin and quite regular in arrangement. A marginal fringe is not evident at the junction of dermal and atrial surfaces. Color of the dry specimen is very light tan. Megascleres are dermal pinular hexactins and rare pentactins, atrial pinular hexactins and rare pentactins, choanosomal and stalk diactins, hypodermal and hypoatrial pentactins, and choanosomal hexactins. Spicule dimensions are given in Table 1. Dermalia are pinular hexactins and rare pentactins (Fig. 2 A) with bushy spindleshaped distal ray and entirely rough tangential and proximal rays. The pinular ray is quite variable in shape with a few ovoid in profile. Maximum thickness occurs at 65 % of the distance from the axial cross. About 4 % of these are pentactins. Atrialia (Fig. 2 B) are similar but slightly smaller than dermalia in mean dimensions and especially in maximum width of the pinular ray. The pinular rays of both dermalia and atrialia lack apical spines, their tips being gently rounded in profile. Choanosomal diactins of the body (Fig. 2 C) are slightly curved and have rounded, occasionally inflated, rough terminal ends with smooth caps. The central swelling is generally inconspicuous. The diactins of the stalk are fused by synapticula to form a rigid framework; they are larger than the free body diactins but otherwise similar. Hypodermalia (Fig. 2 D) are large regular oxypentactins, some of which bear macrospines near the base of their tapered rays: of 42 spicules examined, 45 % were entirely smooth, 19 % bore such spines only on proximal rays and 36 % had spines on both tangential and proximal rays. Rays end with subterminal roughness behind a smooth rounded cap. Hypoatrialia (Fig. 2 E) are much smaller, mean tangential rays are 62 % of those of dermalia. These spicules have macrospines on all tangential and proximal rays. Tangential ray ends are sharply pointed and rough. Choanosomal hexactins (Fig. 2 F) are larger than the hypodermalia and hypoatrialia. Their rays generally all bear macrospines (96 % of 168) but a few have them restricted to one short ray (1 %) and some bear no macrospines at all (2 %). Ray tips are rough and abruptly pointed. Microscleres are discohexactins (91 % of 200), hemidiscohexasters (5.5 %) and two forms of discohexasters (together 3.5 %). The discohexactins (Fig. 2 G) are generally regular with thorned rays ending in large semianchorate tips with 5–6 marginal claws. Occasionally one ray is bent back and very rarely the terminal disc is reduced to a single pointed hook. The hemidiscohexasters (Fig. 2 H) are similar to the discohexactins but one or more rarely two or three rays are divided near their origin into two terminal rays. Discohexasters A (Fig. 2 I) are as robust as the discohexactins but rare (0.2 %); each primary ray is divided near its origin into two or three terminal rays. Discohexasters B (Fig. 2 G) are much smaller and thinner than all other microscleres, are rare (3 %) and are restricted to the atrial side of the body. They have short primary rays divided into 2–5 straight terminal rays ending in small discs with 4–6 marginal claws. This spicule was not located in SEM preparations hence a light micrograph (Fig. 2 J) is used to document their occurrence and form. Etymology. The species name, chilense, refers to the location of collection: Chile. Remarks. The new specimen described here lacks onychoidal and oxyoidal microscleres and thus is excluded from the subgenera Caulodiscus Ijima 1927, Oxydiscus Janussen et al. 2004 and Caulophacella Lendenfeld 1915; it is assignable only to subgenus Caulophacus Schulze 1885. Within the subgenus, it cannot be assigned to C. antarcticus Schulze and Kirkpatrick 1910, C. basispinosus Lévi 1964, or C. galathea Lévi 1964 since these three species lack discohexasters. It is excluded from 13 species which possess lophodiscohexasters characterized by having four or more terminal rays on each primary ray: C. arcticus (Hansen, 1885), C. cyanae Boury-Esnault and De Vos 1988, C. discohexactinus Janussen et al. 2004, C, discohexaster Tabachnick and Lévi 2004, C. elegans Schulze 1885, C. hadalis Lévi 1964, C. instabilis Topsent 1910, C. latus Schulze 1886, C. oviformis Schulze 1886, C. pipetta (Schulze 1886), C. schulzei Wilson 1904, C. scotiae Topsent 1910 and C. variens Tabachnick 1988. Since the discohexactins of the new form are considerably less than 200 µm, it cannot be a member of the two species C. adakensis Reiswig and Stone 2013 or C. agassizi Schulze 1899. Finally, it is separated from C. abyssalis Tabachnick 1990 by the pinular rays of dermalia differing drastically in shape in the two forms and having a single length range instead of two size classes of those rays (126–299 µm in the new form vs 100–180 µm and 320–400 µm in C. abyssalis). Based upon these and many other differences from the presently recognized members of the subgenus, it is clear that the form described here is a new species designated here as Caulophacus (Caulophacus) chilense sp. n. Associated fauna only include the verrucid cirripedian Gibbosaverruca sp., with three specimens growing on the stalk of the new Caulophacus species; these barnacles are currently under description (Araya & Newman in preparation).Published as part of Reiswig, Henry M. & Araya, Juan Francisco, 2014, A review of the Hexactinellida (Porifera) of Chile, with the first record of Caulophacus Schulze, 1885 (Lyssacinosida: Rossellidae) from the Southeastern Pacific Ocean, pp. 414-428 in Zootaxa 3889 (3) on pages 419-423, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3889.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/22902
Bothynus araya Duarte & Grossi 2020, new species
No full textBothynus araya Duarte & Grossi, new species (Figs. 5 A–F; 7B; 8E; 9E; 10D, F; 12E) Diagnosis. Both sexes of B. araya are similar to B. entellus; however B. araya can be distinguished using the following characters: stridulatory apparatus with well-marked carinae near to basal margin in both sexes (Fig. 7B); parameres with lateral “flaps” distinctly as narrow as basal half (Fig. 8E); female differ from the females of other species in this group by the pronotum with weakly punctate concavity and smooth discal area (Fig. 10D) and proventrite with a long furrow at anterolateral angles (Fig. 10F). Etymology. The specific epithet is named as tribute to the grandmother of the first author. The name “araya” originates from the Tupi-Guarani dialect, meaning “grandmother”. This name should be treated as a noun in apposition. Type material. Holotype not dissected. Brasil: Paraná: Guarapuava, 3.IV.2012, Oliveira. G.B. – 1♂ (CERPE). Paratypes [16 males and 2 females]. One male and one female with same data as holotype (CERPE). Brasil: Minas Gerais: Poços de Caldas, XI.1995,— 1♂ (YPC). Paraná: Castro, Estrada Castro-Tibagi, Km 15, 15.XII.2006, P. Grossi & Parizotto— 1♂ (EPGC). Brasil: Santa Catarina: Campos Novos, (27º23’S, 51º12’W), II.2011, armadilha pitfall, R.C. Campos—(1♂ MAHC, 5♂ 1♀ CERPE, 4♂ CEMT). Paraguay: Caaguazú: Sommerfeld, I.1962 — 1♂ (MAHC). No data —(1♂ CERPE, 1♂ YPC). Description. Holotype male (Fig. 5A). Body l ength: 25.0 mm. Body width: 14.0 mm. Color: Dark brown. Head: Clypeus subpentagonal in shape, moderately punctate, weakly setose on sides, strongly constricted laterally at apical half, basal half with parallel and slightly raised sides. Frontoclypeal suture with a weak ridge interrupted at middle, nearly reaching the lateral margins. Interocular width equals 2.8 transverse eye diameters, frontal surface weakly rugopunctate, sides scarcely setose, basal area between eyes smooth. Eye canthus subquadrate. Mouthparts: Mandibles bidentate, teeth subtriangular. Mentum subtriangular, convex at disc, weakly rounded and densely covered with setose punctures on sides, disc smooth. Maxilla with quadridentate galea; 1 apical tooth (strong), 2 medial teeth (1 weak, 1 strong), 1 basal tooth (weak). Pronotum: Moderately convex, without horns, only with 1 small, conic-shaped apical tubercle; concavity V-shaped, shallow, confined to anterior area (Fig. 5A), hypomeron convergent (Fig. 5D); surface finely punctate Scutellar shield: Triangular in shape, smooth. Elytra: Surface with barely marked longitudinal striae, finely punctate, only observed under 90X magnification. Legs: Inner protarsal claw dilated, protarsomere IV with short ventral apex (Fig. 5E). Mesofemora with setae confined on disc (Fig. 5F). Mesotibiae slightly convex on external surface. Abdomen: Ventrites I–IV completely setose, V setose only on sides, VI bordered with setae on apex. Tergite VII with stridulatory apparatus formed by a band of transversal carinae well marked on the basal area, becoming finely marked toward the apical area (Fig. 7B). Tergite VIII with weak, setose punctures confined to sides, disc smooth. Variation. Male paratypes differ from holotype in the following aspects: Body length: 21.0– 26.5 mm. Body width: 11.0–13.0 mm. Color: Pronotal and elytral surface with variation from dark reddish brown to reddish brown. Pronotum: Concavity occasionally small and shallow compared to holotype, sometimes U-shaped. Aedeagus: Parameres in caudal view (Fig. 8E), middle area abruptly constricted on sides, apical half expanded in shape of subparallel lateral “flaps”, as narrow as the basal half. In lateral view, apex downcurved (Fig. 9E). Female paratypes (Fig. 5B) differs in the following aspects: Body length: 21.0– 26.5 mm. Body width: 11.0–13.0. Pronotum: Concavity rounded, small, confined near to anterior margin; latero-anterior surface moderately punctate, concavity weakly punctate, disc smooth (Fig. 10D). Legs: Protarsus not thickened, claws simple. Venter: Proventrite with a long furrow at anterolateral angles (Fig. 10F). Abdomen: Ventrite VI triangular shaped, not emarginate apically. Tergite VIII flattened in lateral view. Geographic distribution. Brazil: Minas Gerais, Paraná, Santa Catarina. Paraguay: Caaguazú (Fig. 12E). Bothynus araya occurs in open fields predominantly characterized as having shrubby vegetation within the “Campos Gerais” region from southern Brazilian to Paraguay.Published as part of Duarte, Paulo R. M. & Grossi, Paschoal C., 2020, Bothynus entellus (LePeletier & Serville) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) species group: taxonomic revision and description of two new species, pp. 101-121 in Zootaxa 4750 (1) on pages 111-113, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4750.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/370286
Effects of different aerodynamic configurations on crosswind stability of a conventional train
No full textCrosswind stability studies have been multiplied since the 90s due to the increase in speed and the continuous weight reduction of the railway vehicles. At beginning, most of the attention was devoted to high-speed trains but recent studies have shown also conventional trains that runs at considerably lower speeds may also have a high risk of overturning due to crosswind. In this study, a conventional train designed by CAF has been analysed to evaluate the impact that different roof and underbodies have on the aerodynamic performance of the train. In the Wind Tunnel of Politecnico di Milano, a modular scaled model was tested to determine the aerodynamic coefficients of the different train configurations. Moreover, the procedure described in the European Standard EN14067-6 to assess train stability under crosswind was applied to evaluate the Characteristic Wind Curve (CWC) using time-dependent multibody simulations and the ‘Chinese hat’ wind time history for each train composition. Results have shown a significant improvement is obtained for some configurations, especially when the roof is closed covering the roof equipment with an increment of around 4 m/s on characteristic wind speed
Lilloiconcha lopezi Araya & Aliaga, 2015, new species
No full textLilloiconcha lopezi new species Figs. 1 A– 1 E. Diagnosis. Shell small, trochoid, slightly wider than high, with elevated spire; nearly five whorls, colored in bands of translucent caramel brown and white. Protoconch with 1.5 whorls, smooth. Teleoconch with about one hundred prosocline ribs (about 23 on last whorl), interspersed with many fine riblets; aperture circular, umbilicus ample and well developed. Description. Shell small (measuring up to 3.8 mm in width), trochoid, spire slightly elevated, shell height about 0.4 of shell width; with five and a half to six convex whorls. Protoconch clearly differentiated from teleoconch; of about one and a half whorls; almost smooth, sculptured only with very faint spiral threads, most noticeable near the sutures. Teleoconch of about four and a half whorls, sculptured with 96 to 104 prosocline coarse axial ribs, 21–24 of them on last whorl, with interspaces filled by about 15 to 21 slightly raised riblets; very faint irregular nodulae at their intersection with vestigial spiral threads, noticeable especially towards the sutures; suture deep and well-marked; aperture 0.4 of shell height, oval to almost circular; lip simple, callus a mere glaze; umbilicus very ample, deep, of about 0.3–0.4 of shell width; periostracum thin, projecting on the most prominent axial ribs; shell colored with alternating axial bands of translucent caramel brown and white. Animal unknown. Type material. Holotype: SBNHM 456358, paratypes: SBNHM 452239 (3 specimens), MPCCL 0 1572015 (2 specimens). All the material collected at the type locality by J. F. Araya & C. López, 0 3 th February 2014. Type locality. Los Molles (32 º 14 ’ S; 71 º 31 ’ W, 31 m), Commune of La Ligua, Region of Valparaíso, central Chile. Distribution and habitat. Only known from the type locality; the shells were found buried in humus and underneath stones, large boulders and rotten leaves. Etymology. Named in honor of our friend Christian López (Santiago, Chile). Remarks. The relationship of the new species with presumptive congeneric species from elsewhere in South America is still unknown; unfortunately all of the material consists only of empty shells and the diagnostic aspects of the anatomy, especially that of the penis, epiphallus and marginal radular teeth, are unknown. Hausdorf (2005) noted that although the protoconch of species in the genus appear to be smooth, it has spiral microsculpture when viewed in detail. This characteristic is apparent in the detail of the unworn sections of Fig. 1 E for the new species. Lilloiconcha lopezi is one of the largest species within the genus Lilloiconcha Thiele, 1927; among the congeneric species, only the Brazilian Lilloiconcha superba (Weyrauch, 1965) can be compared with the new species in size or morphometry; however it differs from Lilloiconcha lopezi in having a more elongated shell, with more whorls, less axial ribs (70 in L. superba and about a hundred in the new species) and a much smaller umbilicus (Miquel et al. 2007). Lilloiconcha tucumana Hylton Scott 1963, the type species of the genus, found in Tucumán, Horco Molle, northern Argentina, has a higher but comparatively smaller and much narrower shell, with more whorls (Fernández & Castellanos 1973). The new species differs from Lilloiconcha aysensis Miquel & Barker, 2009 —the only other Chilean species in the genus, described from Puerto Chacabuco, Aysén, about 1470 km from Los Molles—in having a much larger shell with a higher profile, sculptured with fewer and smaller axial ribs and in having an oval to almost circular aperture (which is subcircular and narrower in L. aysensis). This new species thus extends the distribution in Chile of the genus Lilloiconcha, previously known from the southern regions, to Los Molles, central Chile. Advancing our knowledge of the terrestrial malacological fauna in Chile is of high conservation importance given the ongoing increase in the introduction (or recognition) of nonindigenous or invasive land snails to the country, some of them a direct threat to micromollusks (Araya 2015). Further sampling in northern or central Chile will probably reveal more snail species to be discovered and described.Published as part of Araya, Juan Francisco & Aliaga, Juan Antonio, 2015, A new species of Lilloiconcha Weyrauch, 1965 (Pulmonata: Charopidae) from central Chile, pp. 295-297 in Zootaxa 4007 (2) on pages 295-296, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.2.13, http://zenodo.org/record/24385
A Speed-Dependent Condition Monitoring System for Track Geometry Estimation Using Inertial Measurements
No full textIn this paper, a methodology to predict the track longitudinal level using bogie vertical acceleration from in-service vehicles is proposed. To account for the effect of vehicle speed, the acceleration levels are double integrated on-board the vehicle. Synthetic indicators like the RMS are then computed over predefined track sections of 100 m, to reduce the amount of data to be stored and analysed. Then, a linear regression model between the double integrated indicators and the direct track geometry measurements collected by a TRV is built, to verify the degree of correlation of the two quantities. To this end, data collected during a long-term monitoring campaign along the Italian railway network are considered. The regression model is finally adopted to predict the RMS of the longitudinal level using the signals collected on-board the vehicle. The comparison between the redicted and measured data is shown to be promising towards the possibility of condition monitoring of the track geometry both on high-speed and conventional lines
A Speed-Dependent Condition Monitoring System for Track Geometry Estimation Using Inertial Measurements
No full textIn this paper, a methodology to predict the track longitudinal level using bogie vertical acceleration from in-service vehicles is proposed. To account for the effect of vehicle speed, the acceleration levels are double integrated on-board the vehicle. Synthetic indicators like the RMS are then computed over predefined track sections of 100 m, to reduce the amount of data to be stored and analysed. Then, a linear regression model between the double integrated indicators and the direct track geometry measurements collected by a TRV is built, to verify the degree of correlation of the two quantities. To this end, data collected during a long-term monitoring campaign along the Italian railway network are considered. The regression model is finally adopted to predict the RMS of the longitudinal level using the signals collected on-board the vehicle. The comparison between the predicted and measured data is shown to be promising towards the possibility of condition monitoring of the track geometry both on high-speed and conventional lines
Camelobaetidius guaycara Sibaja-Araya & Esquivel 2018, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Camelobaetidius guaycara</i> Sibaja-Araya & Esquivel, sp. nov. <p>FigureS 1 –8.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis. Mature nymphs</b>. 1) labrum with anterior margin with about 13 Small, double, frayed Setae; arc of anterodorSal Setae of labrum with 1 + 6 Setae, the two inner oneS frayed; intermediate Setae preSent; Several Small Simple Setae near poSterior margin; ventral Surface with a denSe arc of Short, fine Setae near the anterior margin and with 4 Short Setae near lateral margin; a minute Seta near the anterior margin on both SideS of the cleft (Fig. 4a); 2); left mandible with 5 Short inciSorS, tip of the Slender proceSS eXtended at about the Same level aS the inciSorS (Fig. 4b); 3) Segment II of labial palp with a Short triangular diStomedial projection (FigS. 5c, d, e); 4); one Small thoracic gill at the baSe of foreleg; 5) tarSal clawS with 27–32 denticleS (Fig. 6b); 6) poSterior margin of abdominal tergum IV with rounded SpineS of different SizeS (Fig. 6c); 7) paraproct with 1–3 SpineS (Fig. 6e).</p> <p>Size: Mature nymphS. Body length: 4.5–5.5 mm, femaleS larger than maleS; antenna: 2.0–3.0 mm; cerci 3.5– 4.0 mm; terminal filament 3.0– 3.5 mm.</p> <p> Body coloration: head with olive SpotS on fronS; pro and metanotum homogeneouS dark olive; meSonotum with elongate dark olive markS; femora with elongate olive markS on anterior face; abdominal terga coloration SeXually dimorphic, additionally both SeXeS from both SlopeS have diStinct patternS of abdominal coloration (Fig 2), that of maleS being aS followS: <b>a)</b> tergum VIII completely white while other terga have a dark/light olive pattern (14 individualS), <b>b)</b> terga I, II, VIII completely white, other terga with dark/light olive pattern (21 individualS), <b>c)</b> tergum VIII light gray with two Small SpotS and other terga with dark/light olive pattern (21 individualS), and <b>d)</b> all terga with dark/light olive pattern (12 individualS); femaleS preSent two coloration patternS: one Similar to male pattern <b>c)</b> (15 individualS), and the other like male pattern <b>d)</b> (31 individualS); femora with elongate olive markS on anterior face, femur-tibia articulation dark brown; tibiae and tarSi white; cerci dark grey and terminal filament white (Fig. 3).</p> <p> <b>Body morphology. Head</b>: Antennae Scape and pedicel with minute, Simple Setae on lateral marginS; both dorSal and ventral SurfaceS bare.</p> <p>Labrum (Fig. 4a) broader than long; anterior margin with about 13 double, frayed Setae, arc of anterodorSal Setae with 1 + 6 Setae, Second inner Seta longer than the firSt, both frayed, remainder of Setae Simple, all Setae of arc long, eXtending beyond margin of labrum; intermediate Seta abSent; lateral margin with 4 Simple Setae and 9–11</p> <p>frayed, anterolateral Setae. Ventral Surface with a denSe arc of Short, fine Setae near anterior margin, 4 Small Setae near the lateral margin and a minute Seta near the anterior margin on both SideS of cleft.</p> <p>Left mandible (Fig. 4b): inciSorS with 6 denticleS Similar in Size; proStheca well developed; no Setae between proStheca and mola; area bearing the Slender proceSS (thumb) raiSed, the tip of the Slender proceSS eXtending to about Same level aS inciSorS; molar region longer than length between proStheca and Slender proceSS; and three Simple Setae on the mandible’S baSal region.</p> <p>Right mandible (Fig. 4c): inciSorS with 6 denticleS Similar in Size; proStheca not well developed; three Small Simple Setae between proStheca and mola; molar region with a well developed diSk-like proceSS (“molar diSk”) (fig. 4d); molar region Shorter than length between proStheca and molar diSk and four Simple Setae on mandible’S baSal region.</p> <p>HypopharynX (Fig. 5a): lingua Shorter than Superlinguae, apically hairy on dorSal and ventral SurfaceS; Superlinguae apically hairy on dorSal and ventral SurfaceS and with Serrate area at the middle of lateral margin.</p> <p>MaXillae (Fig. 5b): robuSt; galea with four apical canineS and two apical rowS of Setae, Some Setae of one of theSe rowS large and thick while otherS are thin, and Setae of other row Shorter and curved; three Setae on SubdiStal internal margin; maXillary palp not SurpaSSing apical canineS, Segment I Short; Segment II thick, bicepS-like; Segment III elongate, longer than Segment II.</p> <p>Labium (Fig. 5c): paragloSSa and gloSSa equal in length, both dorSally and ventrally with numerouS elongate and curved Setae on apeX; palp Segment I thick, aS long aS SegmentS II + III, dorSal Surface with Several microporeS along eXternal margin; Segment II with a Short triangular diStomedial projection, variable aS Shown in Fig. 5d and 5e; diStomedial projection diStinctly larger on the right palp of Some individualS, dorSal Surface with Several microporeS and a row of 3–4 Simple Setae, 5–8 Simple marginal Setae on ventral Surface; Segment III rounded, broader than longer, with numerouS robuSt SpineS on ventral Surface, dorSal Surface with a row of robuSt Setae on apeX.</p> <p> <b>Thorax:</b> DorSally with dark olive pattern, pro and metanotum entirely dark olive, meSonotum with elongate dark olive markS; ventrally yellowiSh. Hind wing padS preSent. Small nipple-like thoracic gillS preSent at baSe of forecoXa; femora with elongate olive markS on anterior face, dorSal edge with one row of 40–45 long Spine-like Setae, ventral edge with numerouS microporeS and Several Short Spine-like Setae, anterior face with Several fine and Short Setae, articulation femur-tibia dark brown; tibia light brown, patella-tibial Suture preSent, two rowS of Setae on dorSal edge, one of them with fine long Setae and the other with fine, Short Setae, ventral edge with Several microporeS near articulation with femur-tibia and 5–6 Spine-like Setae along itS margin, anterior face with Several fine and Short Setae; tarSi light brown, Several Short fine Setae on dorSal edge, ventral edge with 6 Setae along margin, 2 of them long and 1 Short on apeX (Fig. 6a); clawS with 27–32 denticleS (Fig. 6b).</p> <p> <b>Abdomen:</b> poSterior margin of abdominal terga with rounded SpineS of different SizeS and Simple fine Setae not SurpaSSing length of larger SpineS (Fig. 6c); gillS white, oval; reduced on SegmentS I and VII and with no pigmented tracheation; well-developed tracheation on otherS gillS, marginS with fine, Small Setae (Fig. 6d); paraproct with 1–3 Sclerotized SpineS, Several microporeS and Simple, fine Setae on dorSal Surface, (Fig. 6e); cerci dark gray and terminal filament white, cerci approXimately 12% longer than the central filament (Fig. 3).</p> <p> <b>Adults.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Material examined: Holotype</b>, mature ♀ nymph on 95% alcohol (mouthpartS, legS, gillS, terga and paraproctS in microvial), CoSta Rica, PuntarenaS province, Río Claro de Golfito, Río Claro, 8°41’13.05’’N / 83°02’48.78’’W, 70 meterS above Sea level, IV/15/2017, F. Sibaja-Araya coll., depoSited at the <b>MNCR</b>. <b>Paratypes</b>, two mature nymphS (partS in microvial), Same data aS the holotype, houSed at <b>LEUNA</b>; two mature nymphS (partS in microvial), Same data aS the holotype, houSed at <b>MZUCR</b>; two mature nymphS, Same data aS the holotype, houSed at <b>PERC</b>; eight mature nymphS, CoSta Rica, LimÓn province, Guácimo, Duacarí, Rio Jiménez, 10°18’04.95’’N / 83°37’24.67’’W, 45 meterS above Sea level, VI/15/2017, F. Sibaja-Araya, M. Guevara-Mora, D. Romero-Serrano, reSpectively depoSited at <b>MNCR</b> (two mature nymphS), <b>LEUNA</b> (two mature nymphS), <b>MNRJ (</b> two mature nymphS), and <b>FAMU (</b> two mature nymphS).</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b>: The name of thiS SpecieS honorS the indigenouS king Guaycara who Several centurieS ago ruled the Boruca people in Southern CoSta Rica where thiS new SpecieS waS firSt collected.</p>Published as part of <i>Sibaja-Araya, Fabián & Esquivel, Carlos, 2018, Camelobaetidius guaycara, a new species of Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) from Costa Rica, Central America, pp. 89-98 in Zootaxa 4434 (1)</i> on pages 90-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4434.1.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/1290988">http://zenodo.org/record/1290988</a>
Osornolobus violetaparra Grismado & Pizarro-Araya 2023, n. sp.
No full text<i>Osornolobus violetaparra</i> n. sp. <p>(Figures 1–4)</p> <p> <b>Type Material.</b> Male holotype from CHILE: Maule: Talca Province: Linares, Achibueno Natural Reserve, Andes Sur, Congl. 781575, -36,140994, -71,369108; elev. 606 m. 01-03/XII-2021, pitfall (J. Pizarro-Araya, F. M. Alfaro, A. A. Ojanguren-Affilastro, H. Iuri & J. E. Calderón). Proyecto SIMEF VI-Maule (MHNS, N°8386). Male paratype from the same locality, date and collectors, Congl. 781405, -36,076539, -71,398583; elev. 439 m (MACN-Ar N°43777, vch CJG-2068).</p> <p> <b>Other material examined.</b> None.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Osornolobus violetaparra</i> <b>n. sp.</b> resembles <i>O. trancas</i> Forster & Platnick in the general morphology of the palpal organ (see Forster & Platnick, 1985, figs 141–142), but differs by having forwardly directed terminal paraembolic elements, by lacking the dorsal embolar sheath, and by the less conspicuous constriction of the base of the embolic division (Figs. 2 A–C). <i>O. violetaparra</i> <b>n. sp.</b> also resembles superficially to <i>O. nahuelbuta</i> in the shape of the terminal elements (Forster & Platnick, 1985, figs 137, 138), but they are more closely arranged, converging to the embolus; it is also distinguished by their larger body size (2.1vs. 1.8 mm) and their slender copulatory bulb (Figs. 1 F–I).</p> <p> <b>Female unknown</b>.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is a noun in apposition in honor of the memory of Violeta Parra (1917–1967), a world-renowned leading figure in Chilean folk music. Her artistic vein was expressed in many forms: radio performer, composer and folk compiler, visual artist, and poetess. Parra was fundamental to the Chilean New Song, a musical movement that emerged in Chile in the 1950s. As part of this movement, she reflected on the evolution of folk music in the different spaces in which she took part, becoming the leading figure in Chilean and South American folk music.</p> <p> <b>Description</b> (Holotype male). Total length 2.1. Carapace 0.96 long, 0.72 wide. Abdomen 1.1 long, 0.72wide. Coloration: carapace light orangish brown, sternum slightly lighter, uniform; eye group on black pigment; dorsum of abdomen with purple chevron markings, well delimited on the postero-dorsal part, but almost entirely fused anteriorly in a purple area; abdominal venter light grey, with two purple patches immediately behind epigastric furrow; spinnerets flanked from behind and sides by purple pigment. Eye ratio, ALE:PME:PLE, 6:5:5. Chelicerae 0.38 long. Sternum 0.58 long, 0.46 wide. Leg spination: tibiae: III p1-1, v0-0-1; IV p1-1, r0-1-1, v0-1-2; metatarsi: III p1-1-1, r1-1, v0-1-2; IV p1-1-1, r0-1-1, v0-1-0-2. Tarsal organ elongate, with receptor spine longer than base (Fig. 2D). Leg measurements (femora, patellae, tibiae, metatarsi, tarsi = total): I: 0.84, 0.38, 0.78, 0.72, 0.4 = 3.12; II: 0.78, 0.34, 0.62, 0.6, 0.34 = 2.68; III: 0.68, 0.26, 0.52, 0.58, 0.32 = 2.36; IV: 0.9, 0.36, 0.76, 0.82, 0.4 = 3.24. Leg formula: 4123. Genitalia: palpal bulb relatively slender, with relatively elongated embolic division; spermophore describing two open coils before the less sclerotized section (asterisks in Figs. 2 A–C); when runs slightly sinuously until ingressing in the embolus, which is nearly tubuliform, prolaterally located, and with a very small terminal lamella next to the ejaculatory opening. Two terminal prongs, one ventral-prolateral, widened and flattened, with a distal indentation, and other retrolateral, more sclerotized, with a darkened, acute tip and a dorsal triangular extension (arrow, in Figs. 2 B–C).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Only known from the type locality, in Talca (Maule, Chile, Fig. 3).</p> <p> <b>Habitat</b>. <i>Osornolobus violetaparra</i> <b>n. sp.</b> has only been collected in a small section within the Achibueno Natural Reserve (Región del Maule, Chile), an area of high biological value due to its unique landscapes and its role as a transition area between the Chilean Sclerophyllous Matorral and the Valdivian Temperate Forest biomes (Myers <i>et al.</i> 2000; San Martín 2022). They are characterized by species such as <i>Schinus molle</i> L., <i>Nothofagus glauca</i> (Phil.) Krasser, <i>Nothofagus obliqua</i> (Mirb.) Oerst., <i>Nothofagus dombeyi</i> (Mirb.) Oerst., <i>Persea lingue</i> (Miers ex Bertero) Nees, <i>Lomatia dentata</i> (Ruiz & Pav.) R. Br., and <i>Podocarpus saligna</i> D. Don. (Fig. 4).</p> <p> <b> Implications for the conservation of the habitat of <i>Osornolobus violetaparra</i> n. sp.</b> The Maule forest is a unique, highly diverse ecosystem where central Chile's sclerophyllous vegetation meets southern Chile's temperate vegetation (San Martín 2022; Smith-Ramírez <i>et al.</i> 2023). Even though it has been recognized as a high conservation value area globally due to its high endemicity and species richness, this forest has been intensively deforested and fragmented (Miranda <i>et al.</i> 2017; Smith-Ramírez <i>et al.</i> 2023) to the extent that its surface area has decreased by 67% since the mid-1970s (Echeverría <i>et al.</i> 2006; Becerra & Simonetti 2020), resulting in isolated native vegetation fragments that are surrounded by plantations of <i>Pinus radiata</i> D. Don., and <i>Eucalyptus globulus</i> Labill. (White <i>et al.</i> 2020). This suggests that the biota associated with these ecosystems, particularly the edaphic epigeal fauna, such as spiders – a group that is sensitive to substrate perturbations– and the endemic fauna present in these unique environments face a critical conservation challenge (De La Vega <i>et al.</i> 2012). The highly endemic species of Orsolobidae in general, and <i>Osornolobus violetaparra</i> <b>n. sp.</b> in particular, might be a useful tool for implementing arthropod conservation strategies as part of the conservation of threatened environments. Niche specificity and bioindicator levels might be interesting questions for future research.</p>Published as part of <i>Grismado, Cristian J. & Pizarro-Araya, Jaime, 2023, A new species of the genus Osornolobus Forster & Platnick from the maulino forests of Chile (Araneae, Orsolobidae), pp. 585-592 in Zootaxa 5284 (3)</i> on pages 586-588, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.9, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7929768">http://zenodo.org/record/7929768</a>
Producción de un biocompuesto a base de almidón termoplástico de yuca amarga (Manihot esculenta crantz) y nanocelulosa obtenida de rastrojo de piña (Ananas comosus)
No full textAraya Navarro, J.L. (2021). Producción de un biocompuesto a base de almidón termoplástico de yuca amarga (Manihot esculenta crantz) y nanocelulosa obtenida de rastrojo de piña (Ananas comosus). [Tesis de Licenciatura]. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica.En este estudio se produjo un biocompuesto a base de almidón termoplástico de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y nanocelulosa obtenida de rastrojo de piña (Ananas comosus), la elaboración de este bioplástico se presenta como una opción que pretende dar valor agregado a la yuca amarga para la extracción de almidón cuya caracterización morfológica mostró un contenido de amilosa de 20,1 %, almidón total 76,7 % y un porcentaje de rendimiento de extracción del 22 % de gránulos nativos. Además, el almidón mostró una temperatura de gelación de 79 °C. Por otra parte, el sustrato celulósico obtenido del rastrojo de piña contiene: 28,97 % de extraíbles, 71,96 % de humedad, 1,26 % de ceniza, 2,85 % de lignina, 19,38 % de hemicelulosa y 13,97 % de α-celulosa; con un rendimiento de extracción de 4,95 % NCC extraída del sustrato celulósico cuya morfología presentó un aspecto alargado en forma de varilla al ser analizado por TEM. Además, la extracción condujo a una mezcla de partículas de tamaños entre 400 y 5300 nm, estas últimas consideradas dentro del rango de macropartículas según el análisis por DLS. Las elaboración de películas de TPS permitió observar una disminución en las propiedades térmicas y mecánicas y un aumento en las interacciones con el agua de 6,34 a 7,34 % en solubilidad y de 0,14 y 0,20 (g mm h-1 m-2 kPa-1) para WVP con respecto al incremento de glicerol ocasionado por el aumento del grupo hidroxilo en la película que aumenta las interacciones por puentes de hidrógeno con el agua. Además, se investigó el refuerzo de la matriz por medio de la adición de NCC para generar TPS/NCC con concentraciones de 5, 10 y 15 % en peso de NCC cuyas propiedades mecánicas mostraron un aumento gradual en la resistencia a la tracción de hasta 1,795 MPa. Además, la adición de NCC a la matriz termoplástica condujo a una reducción en la interacción de las películas con el agua mostrando una disminución en la solubilidad, WVTR y WVP según el aumento de NCC de 5, 10 y 15 % en el TPS respectivamente, debido a que los nanocristales de celulosa pueden limitar la disponibilidad de los grupos hidroxilo presentes en las macromoléculas del almidón para formar enlaces hidrófilos con agua. Por otra parte, la adición de AER aumentó las interacciones con el agua debido a que a pesar del carácter hidrofóbico de los aceites esenciales, estos generan una disminución de las interacciones polímero-polímero y polímero – NCC lo que facilita la difusión de moléculas de agua entre las cadenas de polímeros. Por otra parte, el alargamiento a la rotura presentó la tendencia creciente debido a que el AER se comporta como plastificante aumentando la capacidad de estiramiento de la película. Finalmente, la utilización de AER como agente antimicrobiano dentro de la matriz termoplástica presentó actividad contra las bacterias E. coli y S. Aureus y los hongos A. niger y A. flavus y F. oxysporum en menor medida, a una concentración mínima inhibitoria de 4000 ppm siendo los resultados más efectivos para las películas de TPS/AER frente a TPS/NCC/AER y al aumentar la concentración a 5000 ppm. La caracterización previa del AER mostró como componentes principales el 1,8-cineol, alcanfor, β-mirceno, α-pineno, canfeno, bornil acetato y β– pineno y con un contenido de fenoles totales de 6,71 mg AGE/g romero, los cuales son responsables de la actividad antimicrobiana detectada en el AER. Por lo cual, la combinación de elementos como la NCC en polímeros naturales permite obtener biocompuestos con posibles aplicaciones para la sustitución de plásticos de un solo uso y la adición de compuestos antimicrobianos como el AER puede promover una mayor vida útil y promover la inocuidad de los alimentos.In this study, a biocomposite based on thermoplastic cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and nanocellulose obtained from pineapple stubble (Ananas comosus) was produced, the elaboration of this bioplastic is presented as an option that aims to give added value to bitter cassava for the extraction of starch whose morphological characterization showed an amylose content of 20.1%, total starch 76.7% and an extraction yield percentage of 22% of native granules. Furthermore, the starch showed a gelation temperature of 79 ° C. On the other hand, the cellulosic substrate obtained from pineapple stubble contains: 28.97% extractables, 71.96% moisture, 1.26% ash, 2.85% lignin, 19.38% hemicellulose and 13 97% α-cellulose; with an extraction yield of 4.95% NCC extracted from the cellulosic substrate whose morphology presented an elongated rod-shaped appearance when analyzed by TEM. Furthermore, the extraction led to a mixture of particles with sizes between 400 and 5300 nm, the latter considered within the range of macroparticles according to the DLS analysis. The elaboration of TPS films allowed observing a decrease in the thermal and mechanical properties and an increase in the interactions with water from 6.34 to 7.34% in solubility and from 0.14 and 0.20 (g mm h- 1 m-2 kPa-1) for WVP with respect to the increase in glycerol caused by the increase of the hydroxyl group in the film that increases the hydrogen bonding interactions with water. In addition, the reinforcement of the matrix by means of the addition of NCC was investigated to generate TPS / NCC with concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% by weight of NCC whose mechanical properties showed a gradual increase in the tensile strength of up to 1,795 MPa. In addition, the addition of NCC to the thermoplastic matrix led to a reduction in the interaction of the films with water showing a decrease in solubility, WVTR and WVP according to the increase of NCC of 5, 10 and 15% in the TPS respectively, because cellulose nanocrystals can limit the availability of hydroxyl groups present in starch macromolecules to form hydrophilic bonds with water. On the other hand, the addition of AER increased interactions with water because, despite the hydrophobic nature of essential oils, they generate a decrease in polymer-polymer and polymer-NCC interactions, which facilitates the diffusion of water molecules. between polymer chains. On the other hand, the elongation at break showed an increasing trend due to the fact that AER behaves as a plasticizer, increasing the stretch capacity of the film. Finally, the use of AER as an antimicrobial agent within the thermoplastic matrix showed activity against the bacteria E. coli and S. Aureus and the fungi A. niger and A. flavus and F. oxysporum to a lesser extent, at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4000 ppm being the most effective results for TPS / AER films compared to TPS / NCC / AER and when increasing the concentration to 5000 ppm. The previous characterization of the AER showed as main components 1,8-cineole, camphor, β-myrcene, α-pinene, camphene, bornyl acetate and β– pinene and with a total phenol content of 6.71 mg AGE / g rosemary , which are responsible for the antimicrobial activity detected in the AER. Therefore, the combination of elements such as NCC in natural polymers allows obtaining biocomposites with possible applications for the replacement of single-use plastics and the addition of antimicrobial compounds such as AER can promote a longer useful life and promote the safety of the food.Universidad Nacional, Costa RicaEscuela de Químic
Obsidian-bearing lava flows and pre-Columbian artifacts from the Ecuadorian Andes: first new multidisciplinary data
No full textAll known outcrops of obsidian flows in the Cordillera Real (Ecuador) have been mapped and sampled to reconstruct their eruptive history using geological observations, age determinations, and trace element data. Our results bear also on the recognition of the sources of obsidian artifacts, used in pre-Columbian tools, and on the reconstruction of ancient trading patterns in Ecuador. Three obsidian flow groups were identified on the basis of flow structures and state of preservation. The groups are further defined by differences in radiometric age, fission-track measurements made at two laboratories (Pisa, Italy, and Campinas, Brazil), and different trace element patterns, determined by neutron activation analysis (Pavia, Italy). The oldest obsidian flows form the upper part of the Basal Volcanic Complex (BVC), the basement of Quaternary Ecuadorian stratovolcanoes. Their ages fix the upper limit of the BVC at 1.5 Ma, in the central Cordillera Real. The two more recent episodes of obsidian rhyolitic volca-nism are dated at ~0.8S Ma and slightly less than 0.2 Ma, corresponding in age to the present volcanic ar
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