2,840 research outputs found
Partial complementation of Sinorhizobium meliloti bacA mutant phenotypes by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis BacA protein
No full textThe Sinorhizobium meliloti BacA ABC transporter protein plays an important role in its nodulating symbiosis with the legume alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The Mycobacterium tuberculosis BacA homolog was found to be important for the maintenance of chronic murine infections, yet its in vivo function is unknown. In the legume plant as well as in the mammalian host, bacteria encounter host antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). We found that the M. tuberculosis BacA protein was able to partially complement the symbiotic defect of an S. meliloti BacA-deficient mutant on alfalfa plants and to protect this mutant in vitro from the antimicrobial activity of a synthetic legume peptide, NCR247, and a recombinant human β-defensin 2 (HBD2). This finding was also confirmed using an M. tuberculosis insertion mutant. Furthermore, M. tuberculosis BacA-mediated protection of the legume symbiont S. meliloti against legume defensins as well as HBD2 is dependent on its attached ATPase domain. In addition, we show that M. tuberculosis BacA mediates peptide uptake of the truncated bovine AMP, Bac7(1-16). This process required a functional ATPase domain. We therefore suggest that M. tuberculosis BacA is important for the transport of peptides across the cytoplasmic membrane and is part of a complete ABC transporter. Hence, BacA-mediated protection against host AMPs might be important for the maintenance of latent infections
Empiryczna weryfikacja nośności bocznej pali oraz ich przemieszczeń w stanie przedgranicznym
No full textW zbiorze przedstawiono wyniki działania naukowego pt. "Empiryczna weryfikacja nośności bocznej pali oraz ich przemieszczeń w stanie przedgranicznym" realizowanego w ramach grantu MINIATURA, nr 2023/07/X/ST8/00851.Celem działania naukowego pt. ,,Empiryczna weryfikacja nośności bocznej pali oraz ich przemieszczeń w stanie przedgranicznym” było zbadanie wpływu ciągłych i cyklicznych obciążeń bocznych na zachowanie się pala w gruncie.Zakres prac obejmował badania pilotażowe przemieszczenia i siły na 6 modelowych palach, które zostaną zainstalowane w drewnianej skrzyni (o wymiarach w planie 1,25 m na 1,15 m i wysokości 1,5 m), wypełnionej średniozagęszczonym piaskiem średnim. Wykonane ze stali modele pali miały średnicę 0,04 m i długość 1 m i była zagłębione w gruncie na głębokość 0,8 m. Pale ponumerowano nr 1,2,3,4,5 i 6.Pojedyncze badanie pozwalało na pomiar nośności dwóch pali jednocześnie. W tym celu, pomiędzy dwie metalowe płytki połączone ze sobą czterema śrubami, umieszczono dwa pale. W ten sposób pale zostały połączone ze sobą parami: pal nr 1 z 2, nr 3 z 4 i nr 5 z 6. Skręcanie śrub za pomocą klucza powodowało zbliżanie się płytek do siebie i w konsekwencji wywieranie obciążenia bocznego na oba paleBadania zostały przeprowadzone w dwóch wariantach. W pierwszym przyłożono siły boczne do pali w sposób ciągły (stopniowo zwiększano obciążenia o 0,2-0,3 kN aż do osiągnięcia nośności pala). W drugim wariancie natomiast układ został obciążany w sposób cykliczny (wielokrotne obciążanie i odciążanie do około 70% nośności). Zmiana obciążenia następowała po stabilizacji przemieszczeń w poprzednim kroku obciążeniowym. Do pomiarów przykładanego obciążenia i przemieszczeń głowicy pala będą użyto czujniki odpowiednio siły i przemieszczeń, dokonujące rejestru zmian na bieżąco podczas trwania eksperymentu. Każde zmiany siłach i przemieszczeniach były zapisywane w pliku xlsx.Na dane zdeponowane w zbiorze składają się następujące pliki:- pliki st1.png - st6.png - zdjęcia stanowisk badawczych- pliki xlsx - wyniki pomiarów z czujników siły i przemieszczenia:nazwa b_3_p_5_6.xlsx oznacza, że plik opisuje badanie nr 3 przeprowadzone na palach 5 i 6każdy z plików zamiera pomierzone wartości F,si i sj, gdzie F to wartość przyłożonej siły do pali w kN, a si i sj to wartości przemieszczeń pali i oraz j w mm w zależności od przyłożonej siły- pliki p1_chart.png - p6_chart.png - wyniki pomiarów w postaci graficznej dla badania ciągłego dla pali 1-6:każdy wykres zawiera punktowe wyniki pomiarów w osiach obciążenie-przemieszczenie, aproksymacje wyników krzywą hiperboliczną oraz nośność boczną pala wyznaczone metodą Brinch-Hansena- pliki p3_chart_cyc.png oraz p4_chart_cyc.png - wyniki pomiarów w postaci graficznej dla badania cyklicznego pali 3 i 4:każdy wykres zawiera punktowe wyniki pomiarów na osiach obciążenie-przemieszczenie oraz zaznaczone kolejne cykle pomiarowe- pliki bad_c.py oraz bad_s.py - skrypty w języku Python, tworzące wykresy na podstawie pomiarów, odpowiednio dla badań cyklicznych i ciągłychUzyskane wyniki badań będą przydatne w kalibrowaniu modeli numerycznych pali, co może się przełożyć na efektywniejszą symulację problemów trudnych do rozwiązania analitycznie oraz lepszą walidację przyjętych metod</p
Notomicrus petrareptans sp. n., a new seep-dwelling species of Noteridae from Suriname (Coleoptera: Adephaga)
No full textBaca, Stephen M., Short, Andrew Edward Z. (2018): Notomicrus petrareptans sp. n., a new seep-dwelling species of Noteridae from Suriname (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Zootaxa 4388 (2): 182-190, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.
Dinâmica do NDVI para América do sul: 1981-2001.
No full textThis paper describes the work made with south-american NDVI - AVHRR/NOAA images. It has been determined statistical NDVI images (mean, median, standard deviation, minimun, maximun) using a serial monthly of images of this continent from 1981 to 2001. They show the dynamic of the climatic and rainfall regime. Another type of images show as monthly in each site (pixel) how much of NDVI gain or lost, showing the dynamic of the severity or well health of the vegetation
Emprego de técnicas geoestatísticas para correção e registro de coordenadas de dados vetorizados.
No full textO emprego de computadores na confecção de Documentos Cartográficos ( mapas, cartas, plantas, etc.) tem feito que sejam revistas as metodologias empregadas para a elaboração de tais documentos. A cartografia está empregando variadas metodologias que vão de procedimentos totalmente automatizados até os totalmente manuais com a digitalização em prancheta dos documentos digitais. Uma das metodologias é a totalmente automatizada, a qual a partir de um arquivo "raster" o qual é conseguido pelo emprego do "escaner" sobre uma carta em papel ou vegetal, seguidamente é feita um processamento digitais de imagens sobre tal arquivo para fazer a "separação de cores ou temas" e limpar e até corrigir os dados "raster", para finalmente aplicar algoritmos de software que automaticamente transfere a informação "raster" para "vetorial". Após esta etapa devem realizar-se correções de distorções e o registro de sistema de coordenadas e sistema de projeção do documento original. Esta ultima etapa é feita aplicando-se diversos algoritmos matemáticos e com diversos resultados aqui pretende apresentar-se uma nova metodologia que emprega técnicas geoestatísticas (krigeagem) para realizar estas etapas de correções de distorções e o registro de coordenadas. Considerando que a qualidade da informação cartográfica digital deve ser um dos objetivos a ser alcançados traduzindo a produção de documentos com qualidade e exatidão que é exigência de todo trabalho cartográfico é que o objetivo é apresentar este novo enfoque empregando métodos geoestatísticos
Suphisellus epleri Baca 2017, sp. nov.
No full textSuphisellus epleri sp. nov. (Figs. 1–17) Type locality: Mexico, Veracruz, Municipio Emiliano Zapata, Laguna Miradores, 19°28’21’’N; 96°47’12’’W, elevation 900 m asl. Type material. Holotype ♂ labelled: “ MEXICO: Veracruz, / E. Zapata, Laguna/ Miradores, 26.VI./ 1997, R. Arce col. Pantano” [typed, white label], “ HOLOTYPE / Suphisellus epleri / Arce-Pére z & Baca” [typed, red label] (IEXA). Paratypes (2339 total) same data as holotype, except “ 22.II.1997 ” (44 exs., IEXA); “ 28.III.1997 ” (139 exs., IEXA); “ 30.IV.1997 ” (80 exs., IEXA); “ 18.V.1997 ” (110 exs., IEXA); “ 26.VI.1997 ” (608 exs., IEXA, CNIN, MSBA, SEMC, MHNW); “ 30.VII.1997 ” (130 exs., IEXA); “ 28.VIII.1997 ” (357 exs., IEXA); “ 21.IX.1997 ” (443 exs., IEXA); “ 30.X.1997 ” (204 exs., IEXA); “ 16.XI.1997 ” (73 exs., IEXA); 7.XII.1997 (132 exs., IEXA), “ 11.I.1998 ” (18 exs., IEXA). All paratypes with the following label: “PARATYPE Suphisellus epleri Arce-Pére z & Baca” [typed, yellow label]. Diagnosis (Male): Head, pronotum, antennae, palpi and legs yellow; elytra brownish-red, with three longitudinally elongated yellow spots (Figs. 1, 3); elytra and base of pronotum punctate, surface with microreticulation appearing as thin irregular cells (Fig. 4); Prosternum as in Figs. 9, 17, with transverse row of setae consisting of 8–12 thick setae among smaller, more sporadic setae; prosternal process with apex broad, truncate, with straight posterior margin (Fig. 17). Male genitalia with median lobe curved, slender, with parallel lateral margins and rounded apex in dorsal aspect (Fig. 19a); width nearly uniform along length in lateral aspect, slightly wider in apical third with rounded apex (Figs. 19a, c)) Description. Holotype (Male): Small beetle, TL = 2.75 mm; body oval, dorsum moderately convex, broadest near base of elytra and posteriorly attenuated with narrowly rounded apex (Fig. 1), lateral margin continuous between pronotum and elytron (Figs. 1, 3). Appearance and color. Elytra brownish-red, with three longitudinally elongated yellow spots (Figs. 1, 3); dorsal surface with microreticulation appearing as transversally elongated irregular cells (Fig. 4); posterolateral angle on pronotum with clearly marked crease extending up to anterior half of pronotum (Fig. 5). Venter yellowishred; noterid platform flat, subrectangular with abundant short, thick setae scattered on surface (Figs. 2, 9, 17). Head. Broad, surface with indistinct sculpture, with weak setiferous punctation along the internal margin of the eyes; color yellow, darker at base and frontal region, eyes large (Figs. 1, 6). Antennae 11-segmented; scape short, subconical; pedicel subrectangular; antennomeres III–VI short, subconical; antennomeres VII–X subconical, larger than antennomeres III–VI; antennomere XI long, acuminate (Figs. 1, 6). Maxillary palpus four-segmented; palpomeres I–III short, subconical; palpomere IV clearly notched at apex. Labial palpus four-segmented; palpomeres I–III very short, subconical; palpomere IV larger than first three combined, broad and flat with small protuberance at inner lateral margin (Fig. 7). Thorax. Pronotum convex, with lateral bead narrow; punctation scattered; anterior and lateral margins with punctures producing long, thin golden setae, anterior margin with series of semicircular dark spots (Fig. 1, 3); crease at posterolateral angle clearly demarcated, extending to pronotal half length (Fig. 5). Elytra moderately convex; with maximum width slightly anterior to half of total length (TL) in dorsal view, with lateral margins widely curved, attenuated posteriorly to narrowly rounded apex; elytral surface with punctation more dense than pronotal surface, some punctures with long golden setae on base, lateral margins, and apical region (Figs. 1, 3, 4, 8); each elytron with three yellow elongated longitudinal spots, one on elytral disk at 1/2 elytral length, a second at 3/4 elytral length, nearer to elytral suture, and a third irregular spot at lateral margin; all spots isolated, not joining (Figs. 1, 3). Prosternum with anterior margin sinuate, prosternal disc with comb of 11 stout setae medially, anterior to procoxae and prosternal process; prosternal process with length greater than width, narrow between procoxae, with lateral margins distinctly separated (Fig. 17), apically broad and subtriangular, with weak medial longitudinal groove, apex truncate, posterior margin nearly straight. Metaventrite large, posteriorly continuous with noterid platform, rounded and notched anteriorly to receive apex of prosternal process. Noterid platform with lateral margins curved anteromedially anteriorly and subparallel posteriorly, posteriorly divided into two subtriangular lobes (metacoxal processes) separated by a deep angular notch medially (Figs. 2, 9). Prosternal process and noterid platform with short, stout setae scattered over entire surface, metacoxal lobes each with thick setal comb at anteroapical margins (Fig. 2, 9). Legs. Protibiae with comb of long setae on the outer margin, apex with robust, curved spur (Fig. 2, 9). Protarsus with protarsomere I large, subtriangular, larger than protarsomeres II–IV together (Fig. 10). Metafemora broad with thick comb of long setae at distal angle (Fig. 11). Tibiae and tarsi of meso- and metalegs with series of long natatory setae. Metatibiae with posterior spur serrate. Abdomen. Triangular; ventrites smooth. Ventrite I not visible, hidden under metacoxae in ventral aspects; ventrites II–VII visible; ventrite II divided by metacoxae; ventrites III and IV fused, sutures indistinct; ventrites V and VI each with transverse row of strong punctures; punctures producing long golden setae; ventrite VII subtriangular, with large shallow impression medially, surface with scattered long setae, more abundant at apex (Figs. 2 and 11); ventrite VIII hidden under ventrite VII, triangular, notched posteromedially. Male genitalia. Genital segment (ventrite IX), long, subrectangular, with apex strongly bifurcate (Fig. 15). Median lobe longer than lateral lobes, slender with lateral margins subparallel and apex rounded in dorsal aspect; curved in lateral aspect (Fig. 12), with width nearly uniform, slightly wider at apical third, with rounded apex. Right lateral lobe short, subtriangular, laminar, narrow at base and broad towards the apex. Left lateral lobe (Fig. 13) curved in lateral aspect, slightly widened at apical third, apex attenuate on dorsal margin, irregular near apex (Fig. 14), with long golden setae in apical third (Figs. 13, 14); ventral margin sinuate at the base and curved towards the apex. Female genitalia (paratype). Laterotergites long and slender, with expanded anterior portion (Fig. 16a). Gonocoxae long, oval, with sharp posterior apex and smooth margins. Gonocoxosternite large, laminar, subtriangular, broad anteriorly and attenuate posteriorly, with long and short longitudinal edges on surface (Fig. 16b). Measurements. Holotype (paratype measurements in square brackets []): Holotype: TL = 2.75 mm [2.55– 2.90 mm, mean = 2.72 mm]; GW = 1.45 mm [1.25–1.45 mm, mean = 1.35 mm]; TL/GW mean = 1.9 mm; TLVP = 1.24 mm [1.20–1.30 mm, mean = 1.25 mm]; HW= 0.78 mm [0.74–0.84 mm, mean = 0.79 mm]; EW = 0.39 mm [0.38–0.44 mm, mean = 0.41mm]; Male genitalia (Holotype): median lobe length = 0.52 mm; right lateral lobe = 0.28 mm, width = 0.16 mm; left lateral lobe = 0.50 mm. Female genitalia (Paratype): gonocoxosternite = 0.42 mm. Variability. There was no strong variation observed in shape and size. The dark spot on the head varies in position and size. Elytral color varies from dark brown to light reddish- or yellowish-brown; colors of the head, pronotum, venter and legs vary in relative darkness accordingly with elytra. Elytral pattern varies substantially among the observed specimens, with spots varying in prominence, length, and width. In some specimens, the patterning is quite reduced, with spots very small or indistinct; the elongate longitudinal spot nearest the elytral suture (Fig. 1) is often not present in specimens with reduced patterning. In contrast, patterning is very prominent in some specimens; many were observed to have an additional spot near the base of the elytra, sometimes the spot on the elytral disc extends anteriorly to meet this spot; some specimens also have a visible oblique spot or stripe near the apicolateral margin of the elytra; the pattern of such specimens is similar in appearance to S. varians as depicted in Fig. 1 of Young (1979). Ventral color ranges from yellowish-red to entirely yellow. Differential diagnosis. Suphisellus epleri sp. nov. appears very similar to S. neglectus Young, 1979 due to its body shape and size, dorsal ornamentation and male genitalia, but it is easily distinguishable by the apex of the median lobe of the aedeagus, which in S. epleri is generally of uniform width and broadens only slightly in lateral aspect (Fig. 19a, c). In specimens of S. neglectus, the median lobe is slender along its length to apex, where it is distinctly broadened into an ellipsoid lobe in lateral view (Fig. 20a, c). This shape of the aedeagus of S. neglectus remains quite consistent among observed specimens. Externally, the setal comb on the prosternum is generally more robust in S. epleri, with ca. 8 or more stout setae and several smaller ones (Fig. 17); in observed specimens of S. neglectus this comb consisted of ca. 4–8 stout setae mingled with only a few smaller ones (Fig. 18). Also, though the prosternal process is very narrow between the procoxae of both species, in S. neglectus it is slightly, but consistently narrower in this region, with the margins elevated from the surface (in ventral aspect) and convergent anteriorly, often nearly touching as they approach the setal comb of the prosternum (Fig. 18). In S. epleri the prosternal process is less narrow between the procoxae, with the margins subparallel anteriorly and not as strongly convergent approaching the setal comb of the prosternum (Fig. 9, 17). The prosternal process of S. epleri is generally wider and more truncate than S. neglectus, with the posterolateral margins more sharply angled and the posterior margin straight (Fig. 17). In S. neglectus, the apex of the prosternal process is less truncate, with posterolateral margins and posterior margin more rounded, (Fig. 18), though there is some variation in degree roundness of the apex of prosternal process among specimens of S. neglectus. Finally, the medial groove on the prosternal process (Young, 1979) appears to be more deeply impressed in S. neglectus than in S. epleri. As an observational note, it appears that this groove comprises several deep, close, and non-setiferous punctures in both specimens (Figs. 9, 17, 18). Distribution. So far known only from the type locality (Fig. 21). There is no evidence of sympatry of the new species with Suphisellus neglectus. This latter, in fact, is distributed from northern South American (Colombia and Venezuela), north through Central America (Panama), to Belize and Guatemala. A dubious record is known from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico (question mark in Fig. 21), but the poor condition of the specimens does not allow their clear identification (Young 1979). With this data, the northernmost record of S. neglectus is in Paso Antonio, Masagua, Escuintla, Guatemala 45 m a.s.l. (14.05°N, 90.71°W) on the Pacific slope (Young 1970), 870 km from the type locality of S. epleri in Veracruz, Mexico, on the slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Dr. John Epler because of his contribution to knowledge on aquatic Coleoptera in North America. The name is a noun in the genitive singular. Habitat and Biology. Adults of S. epleri were captured in the swampy environment of the lagoon. They were found in greater abundance during the rainy season and presenting a sex ratio of 1:1 (one female per male) in a sample of 100 specimens. S. epleri cohabits with other species of Noteridae (Suphisellus lineatus (Horn, 1871), S. nigrinus (Aubé, 1838), Hydrocanthus marmoratus Sharp, 1882, Mesonoterus laevicollus Sharp, 1882, Notomicrus sharpi J. Balfour-Browne, 1939), as well as other aquatic beetles: Dytiscidae (Rhantus Dejean, Copelatus Erichson, Celina Aubé, Thermonectus Dejean, Laccophilus Leach) and Hydrophilidae (Berosus Leach, Tropisternus Solier, Enochrus Thomson, Paracymus Thomson, Hydrophilus Geoffroy).Published as part of Baca, Stephen M., 2017, A new species of Suphisellus Crotch from Mexico (Coleoptera: Noteridae), pp. 277-285 in Zootaxa 4323 (2) on pages 278-282, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4323.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/89885
FIGURES 19–20 in A new species of Suphisellus Crotch from Mexico (Coleoptera: Noteridae)
No full textFIGURES 19–20. Aedeagi of 19) S. epleri and 20) S. neglectus. a) median lobe, left lateral aspect; b) median lobe, dorsal aspect; c) median lobe, right lateral aspect; d) left lateral lobe; e) right lateral lobe.Published as part of Baca, Stephen M., 2017, A new species of Suphisellus Crotch from Mexico (Coleoptera: Noteridae), pp. 277-285 in Zootaxa 4323 (2) on page 283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4323.2.11, http://zenodo.org/record/89885
Aggregation of a Giant Bean-like {Mn 26 Dy 6 } Heterometallic Oxo-Hydroxo-Carboxylate Nanosized Cluster from a Hexanuclear {Mn 6 } Precursor
No full textStarting from a well-known hexanuclear mixed-valent manganese cluster, we report a synthetic protocol for its extension toward very large 3d-4f clusters. The exemplary case study demonstrates that a combination of such Mn6 clusters with a DyIII salt and an auxiliary triazine-type ligand yields a large bean-like, heterometallic dotriacontanuclear mixed-valent nanocluster [Mn26Dy6O16(OH)12(O2CCHMe2)42]. This compound, which possesses a molecular C2 symmetry and crystallizes in a dense packing arrangement without inclusion of solvents, comprises 16 MnIII, 10 MnII, and 6 DyIII ions, thus leading to a plurality of intracluster magnetic exchange interactions. Interestingly, this results in the highest-nuclearity Mn-Dy cluster that shows a single-molecule magnetic (SMM) behavior
EKSPLORASI STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI PERSUASIF TAMAN BACA MASYARAKAT (TBM) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LITERASI BACA DI MASA PANDEMIC COVID-19; (Studi Kasus TBM Rumah Kreatif Sahabat Nusantara Pulau Ende)
No full textThis study aims to examine the strategies employed by the Community Reading Gardens in Ende Island, East Nusa Tenggara, to enhance community literacy using the persuasive communication approach of Melvin L. DeFleur and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach. The research methodology utilized a qualitative approach, and data analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions, and testing. The findings of this research contribute relevant theories that support the formulated research problem. The conclusion drawn from the analysis of the persuasive communication strategies employed by the Community Reading Gardens to enhance reading literacy among children indicates the identification of specific strategies utilized in their approach, particularly towards children and youth, such as educational socialization and age-group approaches, as well as collaborative programs.
Keywords : Communication, Community Reading Gardens, Literacy, Persuasive.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat strategi Taman Baca Masyarakat di Pulau Ende Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam meningkatkan literasi masyarakat melalui pendekatan komunikasi persuasif Melvin L. Defleur dan Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach, dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan model Miles dan Huberman yaitu, reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan serta uji kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini terdapat teori yang relevan dan mendukung rumusan masalah yang diteliti. Kesimpulan dari analisis strategi komunikasi persuasif Taman Baca Masyarakat dalam meningkatkan literasi membaca pada anak yaitu menemukan strategi khusus yang digunaka dalam pendekatannya kepada masyarakat terutama pada anak dan pemuda seperti sosialisasi edukatif dan, pendekatan kelompok umur dan program bersama.
Kata Kunci : Komunikasi, Taman Baca Literasi, Persuasif
Metodologia para analisar a dinâmica da paisagem, projetar simulações futuras e construir cenários.
No full textEste trabalho é uma parte da pesquisa desenvolvida na tese de doutorado do autor e orientada pelos co-autores (Mansilla Baca, 2002). Nele é apresentado um esquema para análise da dinâmica da paisagem a partir de duas imagens em dois momentos diferentes, de um conjunto de classes que formam a paisagem; são criadas uma Matriz de Área (MA) e uma Matriz de Porcentagens (MP) de áreas totais que permitem extrair a dinâmica da paisagem entre os tempos considerados. Como informação marginal destas matrizes, são criados os Vetores de Área e Porcentagens (VA e VP) com as áreas totais e porcentagens das diferentes classes nos referidos tempos. Com a MA ou MP é formada a Matriz de Transição (MT), denominada também "Matriz Estocástica". Foi desenvolvido o "algoritmo de efeito de borda", que, conjuntamente com o VP e a MT, permite espacializar a ocorrência de classes em cada elemento (pixel) da paisagem para tempos futuros. Com este esquema foi possível simular a cobertura e uso do solos do Maciço da Tijuca em Rio de Janeiro anualmente de 1972 até 2032 inicialmente e posteriormente até 2092. Com o uso de diferentes MT foram geradas diferentes imagens de simulação, ou seja, diferentes cenários, que permitem analisar os efeitos de "Se a paisagem é gerenciada de uma forma ..., então o resultado para o futuro será ...". Este tipo de exercício permite desenvolver hipóteses sobre gerenciamento das paisagens, importante ferramenta nas tomadas de decisões
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