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Constructing International Law. The Birth of a discipline
No full textIl volume raccoglie gli atti di un convegno svoltosi a Lecce e Copertino nel maggio del 2009 e dedicato alla fondazione del diritto internazionale come scienza giuridica
Monuments of International law: Albericus Gentilis and Hugo Grotius in constructing a discipline (1875-1886)
No full textThis article deals with the construction of international law discipline during the second half of Nineteenth Century. During this periode it is very strong the search for a "geneaology" of the modern international law. Particularly, it is interesting to follow the history of the monuments dedicated to Alberico Gentili and Ugo Grotius showing the intertwinement of ideology, law doctrine and international institutions
METHOTREXATE, VINBLASTINE, EPIDOXORUBICIN AND CISPLATIN (M-VEC) IN PATIENTS WITH LOCALLY ADVANCED TRANSITIONAL BLADDER-CANCER
No full textM-VEC (methotrexate, vinblastine, epidoxorubicin and cisplatin), a new combined drug regimen in which epidoxorubicin has been substituted to adriamycin to reduce the toxicity of the original M-VAC chemotherapy, has been tested in 23 patients with locally advanced transitional cell bladder cancer (TCBC) (stage T2-T4 N(o) M(o). After two to four courses, an objective response was observed in 19 patients, with 13 clinical complete responses. Seven patients underwent cystectomy after chemotherapy: one patient had no residual tumor on bladder specimens, rive patients had a surgical eradication of the disease, while one patient had only a partial resection. Eight relapses of bladder carcinoma were observed, three among the surgically treated patients and five among patients who did not undergo cystectomy, with a median time-to-relapse of 9.7 months. Progression-free survival at 24 months was 52.3%. M-VEC regimen appears to be effective in locally advanced TCBC, with acceptable toxicity
Empirismo e scienza : il crocevia del diritto internazionale nella prima metà dell'Ottocento
No full textA seguito delle straordinarie vicende che sconvolsero il quadro politico europeo tra fine Settecento e metà Ottocento (rivoluzione americana e francese, nascita e caduta dell’Impero Napoleonico), i principi e le regole di diritto internazionale sostenuti dal ‘concerto’ delle nazioni europee cristiane e civilizzate che, con il Congresso di Vienna e la Santa Alleanza, ritenevano di aver rafforzato il suo dominio sull’Europa e sul mondo, sono messi in discussione da una parte della scienza giuridica europea e anglosassone. Nella contestazione contro la natura convenzionale di un diritto internazionale fondato sulla ‘forza’ e sulla ‘convenienza’ sono avanzate diverse proposte in nome di un nuovo sistema positivo della disciplina dei rapporti internazionali, fondato sui principi generali e universali riconoscibili, innanzitutto, nel diritto naturale. In altre parole, il tentativo di costruire un nuovo diritto internazionale ‘scientifico’ sorge dalla reazione, talvolta espressamente dichiarata, contro le Potenze europee che pretendevano di esercitare il loro controllo sul mondo intero attraverso una diplomazia supina agli interessi dei più forti.
Contro la diplomazia, la dottrina rivendica il proprio primato nella costruzione di una scienza del diritto internazionale positivo che assicuri la pace e con essa la libertà dei popoli.
L’elaborazione di ciascuno dei diversi sistemi proposti da pensatori e da giudici tra fine Settecento e metà Ottocento è certamente influenzata dal diritto e dal contesto politico e culturale dello Stato di appartenenza dei singoli autori. Il contrasto di opinioni e di proposte, tuttavia, alimenta una rapidissima e diffusa circolazione di opere, principi e idee, e un acceso dibattito in vista dell’incipiente globalizzazione su temi fondamentali quali la natura del diritto internazionale e le sue fonti, la pace e la solidarietà tra i popoli, la globalizzazione, la sovranità dello Stato e l’intervento a sostegno delle nazioni governate da ‘tiranni’, la schiavitù.As a result of extraordinary events – the American and the French revolution, the birth and fall of the Napoleonic Empire - that disrupted the political European order between the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th, a significant part of the European and United States doctrine and jurisprudence questioned the international law principles and rules supported by the ‘concert’ of the ‘Christian and civilized European States’. These principles were enforced as a consequence of the agreements reached in Wien and the Holy Alliance and aimed to strengthen the control over Europe and the rest of the world .
To oppose the conventional nature of the international law sources strongly based over the prevalence of the force or of the convenience, several proposals were made to construct a new positive system of international relationships based on universal and scientific principles, which were identifiable in the natural law.
In other words, attempting to build a new ‘scientific’ international law was a reaction, sometimes very explicit, against those European States that pretended to exert their powers over the world by the means of diplomacy and rules based entirely on the interests of the strongest. Legal science reclaimed its primacy over diplomacy in constructing a new positive international law, with the aim of insuring the peace and the freedom of the oppressed peoples.
Of course, all systems designed for this aim were influenced by the cultural, the legal and the social context of the State to which the authors belonged. Nonetheless, contrasting opinions and proposals promoted an intense circulation of ideas and heated debates about the fundamental issues of international relations: the nature of international law and its sources, the need for peace and solidarity between peoples and Nations, the globalisation, the state’s sovereignty, the legitimacy of intervention in favour of the nations governed by tyrants, the abolition of slavery
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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