152 research outputs found
HYPERLACTEMIA INDUCTION MODES AFFECT THE LACTATE MINIMUM POWER AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN CYCLING
No full textZagatto, AM, Padulo, J, Muller, PTG, Miyagi, WE, Malta, ES, and Papoti, M. Hyperlactemia induction modes affect the lactate minimum power and physiological responses in cycling. J Strength Cond Res 28(10): 2927-2934, 2014The aim of this study was to verify the influence of hyperlactemia and blood acidosis induction on lactate minimum intensity (LMI). Twenty recreationally trained males who were experienced in cycling (15 cyclists and 5 triathletes) participated in this study. The athletes underwent 3 lactate minimum tests on an electromagnetic cycle ergometer. The hyperlactemia induction methods used were graded exercise test (GXT), Wingate test (WAnT), and 2 consecutive Wingate tests (2 x WAnTs). The LMI at 2 x WAnTs (200.3 +/- 25.8 W) was statistically higher than the LMI at GXT (187.3 +/- 31.9 W) and WAnT (189.8 +/- 26.0 W), with similar findings for blood lactate, oxygen uptake, and pulmonary ventilation at LMI. The venous pH after 2 x WAnTs was lower (7.04 +/- 0.24) than in (p <= 0.05) the GXT (7.19 +/- 0.05) and WAnT (7.19 +/- 0.05), whereas the blood lactate response was higher. In addition, similar findings were observed for bicarbonate concentration [HCO3] (2 x WAnTs lower than WAnT; 15.3 +/- 2.6 mmol center dot L-1 and 18.2 +/- 2.7 mmol center dot L(-)1, respectively) (p <= 0.05). However, the maximal aerobic power and total time measured during the incremental phase also did not differ. Therefore, we can conclude that the induction mode significantly affects pH, blood lactate, and [HCO3] and consequently they alter the LMI and physiological parameters at LMI.Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Phys Educ, Bauru, BrazilUniv Roma Tor Vergata, Fac Med & Surg, Rome, ItalyTunisian Res Lab Sports Performance Optimizat Nat, Tunis, TunisiaFed Univ Mato Grosso Sul UFMS, Lab Res Exercise Physiol, Campo Grande, BrazilUniv Sao Paulo, Sch Phys Educ & Sport Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, BrazilSao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Phys Educ, Bauru, Brazi
Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program
No full textPapoti, M., L.E.B. Martins, S.A. Cunha, A.M. Zagatto, and CA. Gobatto. Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2):538-542. 2007. - The purpose of this research was to examine how an 11-day taper after an 8.5-week experimental training cycle affected lactate levels during maximal exercise, mean force, and performance in training swimmers, independent of shaving, psychological changes, and postcompetition effects. Fourteen competition swimmers with shaved legs and torsos were recruited from the Sao Paulo Aquatic Federation. The training cycle consisted of a basic training period (endurance and quality phases) of 8.5 weeks, with 5,800 m center dot d(-1) mean training volume and 6 d center dot wk(-1) frequency; and a taper period (TP) of 1.5 weeks' duration that incorporated a 48% reduction in weekly volume without altering intensity. Attained swimming force (SF) and maximal performance over 200-m maximal swim (Pmax) before and after taper were measured. After taper, SF and Pmax improved 3.6 and 1.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations (p < 0.05) between SF and Pmax before (r = 0.86) and after (r = 0.83) the taper phase. Peak lactate concentrations after SF were unaltered before (6.79 +/- 1.2 mM) and after (7.15 +/- 1.8 mM) TP. Results showed that TP improved mean swimming velocity, but not in the same proportion as force after taper, suggesting that there are other factors influencing performance in faster swimming.21253854
Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and ALS concentrations and physical performance in young swimmers during a training season
No full textIntroduction: The GH/IGF-I axis is a system of growth mediators, receptors, and binding proteins that regulate somatic and tissue growth; and it has been shown that exercise programs are related to the anabolic function of this axis.Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the changes of serum IGF-I concentration and that of its binding proteins IGFBP-3 and ALS in adolescent swimmers at different stages of a training season, and compare them with physical performance parameters and body composition of the athletes. Material and methods: Nine male athletes, aged 16 to 19 years and -who trained regularly throughout the season, were included in this study. Serum IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and ALS concentrations were recorded before and after (pre x post) standardized training sessions during the different stages of a training season (extensive x intensive x tapering). Endurance in freestyle, anaerobic fitness in tied swimming (Peak Force and Average Force), body mass, fat percentage, and lean body mass were also analysed at the different stages of training in order to compare the changes of the IGF-I/IGFBP/ALS system with the physical performance and body composition of the athletes. Variations in the IGF-I/IGFBP-3-ALS system before and after a standardized training session, and at the different stages of training were analysed by the Wilcoxon and Friedman non-parametric tests, respectively. Significance was considered at 5%.Results: The results from this study demonstrate that IGF-I is sensitive to the acute and chronic effects of training, exhibiting biphasic behaviour throughout the season. The catabolic phase was characterized by a reduction in serum IGF-I concentrations during the intensive stage (Delta(IGF-I): - 4333 +/- 4732 ng/ml; P < 0.05) while the anabolic phase was marked by similar basal concentrations at the different stages of training and an increase in post-training serum IGF-I concentrations during the tapering stage (320 +/- 40; 298 +/- 36 and 359 +/- 94 ng/ml; P < 0.05). IGFBP-3 was only sensitive to the chronic effects of training, with a reduction in post -training serum concentrations during the intensive stage and an increase during the tapering stage (4.7 +/- 0.7, 4.6 +/- 0.4 and 5.0 +/- 0.7 mg/I; P < 0.05). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in pre- or post -training IGFBP-3 concentrations (hq, Delta(IGFB-3)) at the different stages. ALS concentrations remained unchanged throughout the season, demonstrating that in adolescent athletes they are unaffected by the acute or chronic effects of swimming. Peak Force (25.0 +/- 63, 24.2 +/- 5.7 and 28.5 +/- 6.5 N; P < 0.05) and Average Force (10.3 +/- 3.6, 8.8 +/- 1.8 and 14.7 +/- 1.8 N; P < 0.05) followed IGF-I and IGFBP-3 variations, with a decrease during the intensive stage and a significant (P < 0.05) increase during the tapering stage. The body composition and cardiorespiratory condition of the swimmers did not vary significantly throughout the season, exhibiting behaviour independent of IGF-I or IGFBP-3.Conclusion: Serum IGF-I and IGFPB-3 concentrations have proven to be sensitive markers of training status and, thus, may be used as guides for coaches and athletes in the challenging task of modulating training intensity in young athletes. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Effects of training and taper on neuromuscular and energetic profile in 100-m swimming performance
No full textNa natação, séries de tolerância a lactato são frequentemente utilizadas no período preparatório específico a fim de desenvolver maior resistência à instauração da fadiga neuromuscular durante provas de velocidade. No entanto, o perfil da fadiga neuromuscular (i.e., central ou periférica) ainda não foi caracterizado na prova de 100 metros livre, bem como os efeitos de séries de tolerância a lactato sobre o desempenho, parâmetros mecânicos, e perfil energético da prova de 100 metros livre também não foram investigados. A partir dos experimentos realizados, dois manuscritos foram confeccionados. O Manuscrito I teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil da fadiga neuromuscular da prova de 100 metros livre. Para isso, 17 nadadores realizaram um esforço máximo de 100m crawl na linha de base, após seis semanas de preparação específica, e após duas semanas de polimento. O perfil da fadiga neuromuscular foi caracterizado por meio de estimulações elétricas percutâneas no nervo femoral durante uma contração voluntária isométrica máxima realizada nos momentos pré-esforço e pós-esforço. Foi encontrado uma diminuição da força do pulso potenciado entre pré-esforço × pós-esforço na linha de base (189,49 ± 28,08 × 158,66 ± 46,12 N; p = 0,004), após a preparação específica (170,15 ± 28,79 × 150,23 ± 31,32 N; p = 0,006) e após o polimento (168,90 ± 26,05 × 147,17 ± 29,07 N; p = 0,003). Além disso, a força da contração voluntária isométrica máxima também diminuiu na linha de base (620,46 ± 109,00 × 578,44 ± 118,50 N; p = 0,011) e após a preparação específica (554,24 ± 128,40 × 502,52 ± 107,51 N; p = 0,039). Os resultados encontrados indicam que a fadiga neuromuscular durante a prova de 100m é desenvolvida exclusivamente por fatores periféricos. O Manuscrito II teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de três diferentes séries de tolerância a lactato, sendo: (i) 5 × 100m máximos a cada 360 s, 10 × 50m a cada 180 s, e 20 × 25m a cada 90 s, sobre o desempenho, parâmetros mecânicos de nado e perfil energético da prova de 100m livre. Para isso, 20 nadadores foram divididos em 3 grupos (G5×100m = 7; G10×50m = 7; G20×25m = 6) e realizaram um esforço máximo de 100m crawl em três momentos: linha de base, após seis semanas de preparação específica, e após duas semanas polimento. Foi encontrado uma melhora no desempenho do G5×100m entre linha de base × pós-polimento (64,44 ± 10,35 × 61,43 ± 8,66 s; pTukey = 0,036). Além disso, a potência metabólica total sofreu um efeito de tamanho moderado (d = 0,70) e provavelmente positivo (92,6/3,1/4,2 %) no G5×100m, e grande (d = 1,52) e muito provavelmente positivo (99,2/0,3/0,5 %) no G20×25m. Os resultados encontrados indicaram que estas séries parecem ser efetivas na melhora do desempenho e aumento da potência metabólica total em esforços máximos de 100m crawl.Lactate tolerance sets are often performed in the specific preparatory period to prevent the onset of neuromuscular fatigue during competition events. However, the neuromuscular fatigue profile (i.e., central or peripheral) has not yet been characterized in the 100-m race-pace events, and the effects of lactate tolerance sets on performance, arm stroke kinematics, and energetics of the 100-m events were also not investigated. From the experiments carried out, two manuscripts were confectioned. Manuscript I aimed to investigate the neuromuscular fatigue profile in the 100-m front crawl maximum effort. Seventeen swimmers performed a 100-m front crawl maximum effort at baseline, after six weeks of specific preparatory period, and after two weeks of taper period. The neuromuscular fatigue profile was characterized through percutaneous electrical stimuli on the femoral nerve during an isometric maximal contraction performed at pre-effort and post-effort. A significant decrease in the potentiated twitch force was found between pre-effort × post-effort at baseline (189.49 ± 28.08 × 158.66 ± 46.12 N; p = 0.004), after specific period (170.15 ± 28.79 × 150.23 ± 31.32 N; p = 0.006) e after taper (168.90 ± 26.05 × 147.17 ± 29.07 N; p = 0.003). In addition, the maximal isometric contraction force also decreased significantly at baseline (620.46 ± 109.00 × 578.44 ± 118.50 N; p = 0.011) and after specific period (554.24 ± 128.40 × 502.52 ± 107.51 N; p = 0.039). The results found indicate that neuromuscular fatigue during the 100m at pace-race is exclusively developed by peripheral orders. Manuscript II aimed to investigate the effects of three different lactate tolerance sets, as follows: (i) 5 × 100-m maximal efforts every 360 s, 10 × 50-m maximal efforts every 180 s, and 20 × 25-m maximal efforts every 90 s. Twenty swimmers were divided into three groups (G5×100-m = 7, G10×50-m = 7, and G20×25-m = 6) and performed a 100-m front crawl maximum effort at baseline, after six weeks of specific preparatory period, and after two weeks of taper period. An improvement in the performance of the G5×100-m was found between baseline × post-taper (64.44 ± 10.35 × 61.43 ± 8.66 s; pTukey = 0.036). In addition, total metabolic power showed a moderate effect size (d = 0.70) and likely positive (92.6/3.1/4.2 %) in the G5×100-m, and a large effect size (d = 1.52) and very likely positive (99.2/0.3/0.5 %) in the G20×25m. The results found indicate that lactate tolerance sets appear to be effective in improving performance and increasing total metabolic power in the 100-m front crawl at race-pace
Assessment Of Aerobic Capacity Through Blood And Ventilatory Responses In Four Different Ergometers [avaliação Da Capacidade Aeróbia Determinada Por Respostas Sanguíneas E Ventilatórias Em Quatro Differentes Ergômetros]
No full textThe objective of the study was to compare intensities of respiratory compensation point (RCP), anaerobic threshold at onset blood lactate accumulation (OBLA3,5), and anaerobic threshold at lactate abrupt increase (AnTLAC) determined in four different ergometers. Hence, eleven table tennis players (19±1 years) performed graded exercise tests on cycle ergometer, arm cranking ergometer, treadmill and specific table tennis test. Te respiratory response and lactatemia were measured during the tests. We did not find significant differences among RCP, AnTLAC and OBLA3,5 in arm cranking ergometer (63.4±4.8W, 66.9±4.5W and 64.5±6.1W, respectively), treadmill (11.4±0.4km.h-1, 11.3±0.3km.h-1 and 11.1±0.3km.h-1, respectively), and specific table tennis test (40.5±1.8bolas.min-1, 42.6±3.6bolas.min-1 and 42.8±5.6bolas.min-1, respectively). However, the OBLA3,5 (131.9±6.6W) was significantly lower than RCP (149.3±4.9W) and AnTLAC (149.3±4.7W) in the cycle ergometer. Strong and significant correlation coefficients were found in the specific test for all methods (r range 0.83 to 0.95), in arm cranking ergometer between RCP and OBLA3,5 (r=0.78), and on treadmill running between OBLA3,5 a n d A n T LAC (r=0.76). Therefore, we conclude that RCP, OBLA3,5 a n d A nT LAC seem to correspond to the same physiological phenomenon, mostly during specific table tennis test.153350360Heck, H., Mader, A., Hess, G., Mücke, S., Muller, R., Hollmann, W., Justifcation of the 4-mmol/l lactate threshold (1985) Int J Sports Med, 6, pp. 117-130Beneke, R., Methodological aspects of maximal lactate steady state-implications for performance testing (2003) Eur J Appl Physiol, 89, pp. 95-99Zagatto, A.M., Papoti, M., Gobatto, C.A., Validity of critical frequency test for measuring table tennis aerobic endurance through specific protocol (2008) J Sports Sci Med, 7, pp. 461-466Sotero, R.C., Cunha, V.N.C., Madrid, B., Sales, M.M., Moreira, S.R., Simões, H.G., Identifca-ção do lactato mínimo de corredores adolescentes em teste de pista de três estágios incrementais (2011) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 17, pp. 119-122Baron, B., Noakes, T.D., Dekerle, J., Moullan, F., Robin, S., Matran, R., Why does exercise terminate at the maximal lactate steady state intensity? 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How valid are they (2009) Sports Med, 39, pp. 469-490Matsumoto, I., Araki, H., Tsuda, K., Odajima, H., Nishima, S., Higaki, Y., Tanaka, H., Shindo, M., Effects of swimming training on aerobic capacity and exercise induced bronchoconstriction in children with bronchial asthma (1999) Torax, 54, pp. 196-201Macintosh, B.R., Esau, S., Svedahl, K., Te lactate minimum test for cycling: Estimation of the maximal lactate steady state (2002) Can J Appl Physiol, 27, pp. 232-249Kindermann, W., Simon, G., Keul, J., Te significance of the aerobic-anaerobic transition for the determination of work load intensities during endurance training (1979) Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 42, pp. 25-34McDaniels, J., Durstine, J.L., Hand, G.A., Martin, J.C., Determinants od metabolic cost during sub maximal cycling (2002) J Appl Plysiol, 93, pp. 823-828Tokui, M., Hirakoba, K., Effect of internal power on muscular efficiency during cycling exercise (2007) Eur J Appl Physio, 101, pp. 565-57
MAOD Determined in a Single Supramaximal Test: a Study on the Reliability and Effects of Supramaximal Intensities
No full textThe main barrier to the wide use of maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) is the considerable time required to apply several sub- and supra-maximal exercise sessions. The main question of this study was whether the determination of MAOD using a single supramaximal exercise session (MAODALT) is valid and reliable in running. We investigated the effects of the supramaximal exercise intensity (A) and the reliability of a single supramaximal exercise session (B) to assess MAOD in treadmill running. For this aim 29 subjects participated in A & B studies with single allocation "A" (n=15) and "B" (n=14). The conventional MAOD and 8 MAODALT were determined in exhaustive efforts varying between 100-150% at an intensity associated with maximal oxygen uptake (i+V ̇O2MAX). In B study 2 supramaximal efforts were applied to analyze the test-retest reliability. Non-significant differences were found between MAOD and the 8 values of MAODALT. Despite the MAOD being statistically correlated with the MAODALT 100% i+V ̇O2MAX (0.490.59), MAODALT determined at 115% of i+V ̇O2MAX (52.4±1.7 mL·kg(-1)) presented the higher correlation values (0.650.77) and concordance. In addition, the MAOD at 115% of i+V ̇O2MAX presented high test-retest reliability. MAODALT determined at 115% of i+V ̇O2MAX was a valid and reliable method to assess MAOD in running
Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program
No full textPapoti, M., L.E.B. Martins, S.A. Cunha, A.M. Zagatto, and C.A. Gobatto. Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program. J. Strength Cond. Res. 21(2):538-542. 2007.- The purpose of this research was to examine how an 11-day taper after an 8.5-week experimental training cycle affected lactate levels during maximal exercise, mean force, and performance in training swimmers, independent of shaving, psychological changes, and postcompetition effects. Fourteen competition swimmers with shaved legs and torsos were recruited from the São Paulo Aquatic Federation. The training cycle consisted of a basic training period (endurance and quality phases) of 8.5 weeks, with 5,800 m·d -1 mean training volume and 6 d·wk -1 frequency; and a taper period (TP) of 1.5 weeks' duration that incorporated a 48% reduction in weekly volume without altering intensity. Attained swimming force (SF) and maximal performance over 200m maximal swim (Pmax) before and after taper were measured. After taper, SF and Pmax improved 3.6 and 1.6%, respectively (p < 0.05). There were positive correlations (p < 0.05) between SF and Pmax before (r = 0.86) and after (r = 0.83) the taper phase. Peak lactate concentrations after SF were unaltered before (6.79 ± 1.2 mM) and after (7.15 ± 1.8 mM) TP. Results showed that TP improved mean swimming velocity, but not in the same proportion as force after taper, suggesting that there are other factors influencing performance in faster swimming. © 2007 National Strength & Conditioning Association
Energy Systems Contribution in the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test
No full textThe aims of the present study were to verify the contributions of the energy systems during repeated sprints with a short recovery time and the associations of the time-and power-performance of repeated sprints with energetic contributions and aerobic and anaerobic variables. 13 healthy men performed the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) followed by an incremental protocol for lactate minimum intensity determination. During the RAST, the net energy system was estimated using the oxygen consumption and the blood lactate responses. The relative contributions of oxidative phosphorylation, glycolytic, and phosphagen pathways were 38, 34, and 28 %, respectively. The contribution of the oxidative pathway increased significantly during RAST especially from the third sprint, at the same time that power-and time-performances decreases significantly. The phosphagen pathway was associated with power-performance (peak power = 432 +/- 107 W, r = 0.65; mean power = 325 +/- 80 W, r = 0.65; minimum power = 241 +/- 77 W, r = 0.57; force impulse = 1 846 +/- 478 N . s, r = 0.74; p < 0.05). The time-performance (total time = 37.9 +/- 2.5 s; best time = 5.7 +/- 0.4 s; mean time = 6.3 +/- 0.4 s; worst time = 7.0 +/- 0.6 s) was significantly correlated with the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (0.57 < r > 0.65; p < 0.05) and glycolytic pathway (0.57 < r > 0.58; p < 0.05). The oxidative pathway appears to play an important role in better recovery between sprints, and the continued use of the glycolytic metabolic pathway seems to decrease sprint performances. Finally, the phosphagen pathway was linked to power production/maintenance
Relationship of aerobic and anaerobic parameters with 400 m front crawl swimming performance
No full textThe aims of the present study were to investigate the relationship of aerobic and anaerobic parameters with 400 m performance, and establish which variable better explains long distance performance in swimming. Twenty-two swimmers (19.1±1.5 years, height 173.9±10.0 cm, body mass 7l.2±10.2 kg; 76.6±5.3% of 400 m world record) underwent a lactate minimum test to determine lactate minimum speed (LMS) (i.e., aerobic capacity index). Moreover, the swimmers performed a 400 m maximal effort to determine mean speed (S400m), peak oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) and total anaerobic contribution (CAM). The CAM was assumed as the sum of alactic and lactic contributions. Physiological parameters of 400 m were determined using the backward extrapolation technique (VO2PEAK,<and alactic contributions of CANA) and blood lactate concentration analysis (lactic anaerobic contributions of CANA). The Pearson correlation test and backward multiple regression analysis were used to verify the possible correlations between the physiological indices (predictor factors) and S400m (independent variable) (p<0.05). Values are presented as mean 1 standard deviation. Significant correlations were observed between S400m (l.4±0.1 ms-1) and LMS (1.3±0.1 m.s-1; r=0.80), VO2PEAK (4.5±3.9 L.min-1; r=0.72) and CANA (4.7±1.5 L•O2; r= 0.44). The best model constructed using multiple regression analysis demonstrated that LMS and VOQPEAK explained 85% of the 400 m performance variance. When backward multiple regression analysis was performed, CANA lost significance. Thus, the results demonstrated that both aerobic parameters (capacity and power) can be used to predict 400 m swimming performance
EFFECTS OF 14-WEEK SWIMMING TRAINING PROGRAM ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL, HORMONAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ELITE WOMEN ATHLETES
No full textSanthiago, V, da Silva, ASR, Papoti, M, and Gobatto, CA. Effects of 14-week swimming training program on the psychological, hormonal, and physiological parameters of elite women athletes. J Strength Cond Res 25(3): 825-832, 2011-The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of a 14-week swimming training program on psychological, hormonal, and performance parameters of elite women swimmers. Ten Olympic and international-level elite women swimmers were evaluated 4 times along the experiment (i.e., in T1, T2, T3, and T4). On the first day at 8: 00 AM, before the blood collecting at rest for the determination of hormonal parameters, the athletes had their psychological parameters assessed by the profile of mood-state questionnaire. At 3: 00 AM, the swimmers had their anaerobic threshold assessed. On the second day at 3: 00 AM, the athletes had their alactic anaerobic performance measured. Vigor score and testosterone levels were lower (p <= 0.05) in T4 compared with T3. In addition, the rate between the peak blood lactate concentration and the median velocity obtained in the alactic anaerobic performance test increased in T4 compared with T3 (p < 0.05). For practical applications, the swimming coaches should not use a tapering with the present characteristics to avoid unexpected results.CNPq[130441/2004-0]FAPESP[04/15241-4]Fundunesp[00844/03-DFP]CAPE
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