1,720,957 research outputs found
Apology of scientific reason - IV: Dilemmas of choice and ethics of artificial intelligence (AI)
No full textScience and technology are two major drivers for development in the most advanced countries. Methodologically, critical thinking, motivated reasoning and cognitive reflection provide the conceptual framework and operational toolbox for decision making under uncertainty. The inherent limits (i.e., biases) of human bounded rationality can be overcome, so that scientific rationality is enhanced even more. Two cases are discussed to support this assumption. The first is the Newcomb's paradox, a logical and philosophical thought experiment entailing a game between two players, one of whom claims to be able to predict the future. The solution to this brainteaser is based on elementary algebra involving simple probabilities. By starting from the trolley problem, the focus of the second case is on ethical issues of artificial intelligence (AI), e.g., autonomous systems, such as driverless cars, or other disruptive and pervasive AI applications. Here, the term accountability applies to a designer who considers the question of how intelligent systems should be imbued with ethical values. The underlying argument is that the two cultures - humanities and techno-science - thanks to the many intersection and cross-fertilization points, are both faces of the same coin, i.e., interdisciplinary knowledge. This type of knowledge should belong to the education and training background of any leader, executive, or opinion maker, responsible for facing the incumbent challenges of the digital society
Apology of scientific reason - III: Strategic decisions and games
No full textHomo economicus - a term for a totally made-up conceptual model - is continually facing a number of situations that challenge his/her rationality Starting from the generic framework of game theory we discuss a variety of well-known puzzling situations arising from the real world of economics, telecommunications, human society and politics. The paper main theme is that problem solving can be provided by critical thinking and rationality The available toolkit - quantitative analytics, i.e., metrics (or measurement unit), probability and statistics, scientific method and logic, engineering approach - allows us to frame, face and solve a large amount of problems that will affect the ongoing digital transformation, now and in the future. Supporting examples are from game theory and paradoxical situations, which include economic, social and voting dilemmas
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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