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État actuel des connaissances sur la relation entre l'épilepsie idiopathique et le microbiome intestinal chez le chien
No full textThe rapid development of analysis techniques over the last ten years has enabled in-depth exploration of the intestinal microbiota and its genome. Sometimes described as a ‘second brain', the digestive tract has its own enteric nervous system and communicates bidirectionally with the central nervous system. The aim of this literature review is to bring together the current evidence for a link between the intestinal microbiota and idiopathic epilepsy in dogs, also based on those found in humans and rodents. The intestinal microbiota plays a key role in stimulating the immune system and in the metabolism of proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates. This microbiota changes according to breed, age, diet, stress and possible chronic intestinal disorders. In humans, altered diversity and dynamics of bacterial populations have been observed, particularly in drug resistant epileptic patients. The only available study in dogs shows a reduction in the abundance of bacteria producing short-chain fatty acids, which is antioxidant, and GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Epilepsy activates the immune system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system, modifying intestinal mucus secretion, intestinal motility, as well as the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its production of metabolites. Conversely, alteration of the microbiota can influence intestinal inflammation through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, permeability of the intestinal barrier leading to leakage of lipopolysaccharides, secretion of neurotransmitters by intestinal cells, and production of protective antioxidant molecules. Around 30% of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy are drug resistant, which makes the exploration of other therapeutic approaches particularly interesting. Several pilot studies in dogs focus on methods such as faecal transplantation, transcutaneous vagal stimulation, probiotics and dietary supplements. The majority of studies on dogs focus on the application of a so-called ketogenic diet, which modifies the composition of the intestinal microbiota and is likely to reduce the frequency of seizures. However, the narrow amplitude of the biological effect and the inclusion of dogs whose seizure frequency is not stabilised make any small modification difficult to interpret. These factors underline the need for future studies on this subject.L'évolution rapide des techniques d'analyse au cours des dix dernières années a permis une exploration approfondie du microbiote intestinal et de son génome. Parfois décrit comme un "deuxième cerveau", le tractus digestif possède en effet son propre système nerveux entérique et communique de manière bidirectionnelle avec le système nerveux central. Cette étude bibliographique a pour objectif de rassembler les preuves actuelles de l'existence du lien entre le microbiote intestinal et l'épilepsie idiopathique chez le chien en se basant également sur celles retrouvées chez l'homme et les rongeurs. Le microbiote intestinal joue un rôle clé dans la stimulation du système immunitaire, le métabolisme des protéines, des vitamines, ainsi que des glucides. Ce microbiote varie selon la race, l'âge, le régime alimentaire, l'état de stress et les possibles affections plus ou moins chroniques de l'intestin. Chez l'homme, une diversité et une dynamique modifiées des populations bactériennes ont été observées, notamment chez les patients épileptiques réfractaires à certains traitements. La seule étude disponible chez le chien montre une diminution de l'abondance en bactéries productrices d'acides gras à chaînes courtes, aux propriétés notamment antioxydantes, et de GABA, un neurotransmetteur inhibiteur. L'épilepsie active le système immunitaire, l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysaire- surrénalien, le système nerveux entérique et le système nerveux autonome, modifiant la sécrétion intestinale de mucus, la motilité intestinale, ainsi que la composition du microbiote intestinal et sa production de métabolites. Inversement, une altération du microbiote peut influencer l'inflammation intestinale par la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires, la perméabilité de la barrière intestinale provoquant une fuite de lipopolysaccharides, la sécrétion de neurotransmetteurs par les cellules intestinales, ainsi que la production de molécules antioxydantes protectrices. Environ 30 % des chiens atteints d'épilepsie idiopathique sont réfractaires aux traitements médicamenteux, justifiant l'exploration d'autres approches thérapeutiques particulièrement intéressantes. Plusieurs études pilotes chez le chien orientent les recherches vers certaines méthodes comme la transplantation fécale, la stimulation vagale transcutanée, les probiotiques, les compléments alimentaires. Une majorité des études sur les chiens se concentre sur l'application d'un régime dit cétogénique, modifiant la composition du microbiote intestinal et susceptible de réduire la fréquence des crises. Cependant, l'étroite amplitude de l'effet biologique et l'inclusion de chiens dont la fréquence des crises n'est pas stabilisée rend toute faible modification difficilement interprétable. Ces éléments soulignent la nécessité de mener des futures études sur le sujet
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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