7,997 research outputs found
Il caso Lutsenko davanti alla Corte europea dei diritti dell'Uomo
No full textPubblichiamo un breve resoconto dell'udienza tenutasi il 17 aprile 2012 davanti alla Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo, relativa al procedimento "Lutsenko c. Ucraina". La vicenda riguarda l'ex ministro dell'Interno e attuale leader dell'opposizione in Ucraina, detenuto dal dicembre 2010 per alcuni episodi di abuso di ufficio. Il ricorrente lamenta di essere vittima di repressione politica e chiede che la Corte riconosca la violazione dell'art. 5 Cedu (diritto alla libertà ed alla sicurezza) e la violazione dell'art. 18 Cedu (in materia di tassatività delle restrizioni dei diritti sanciti dalla Cedu), quest'ultima fino ad oggi pronunciata in un unico caso
Copyright, contratto e accesso alla conoscenza: un’analisi comparata = Copyright, contract and access to knowledge: a comparative analysis.
No full textIl processo di digitalizzazione e lo sviluppo dei media, stravolgendo il paradigma tradizionale del copyright/diritto d’autore conducono a reazioni opposte. Da un lato, estendendo in vario modo l’ampiezza dell’esclusiva autorale favoriscono l’adozione di regole restrittive di accesso e uso dei contenuti; dall’altro, alimentano le logiche di condivisione, specie in alcune aree di produzione del sapere.
Il contratto, pur mutata la propria natura nella dimensione digitale, rappresenta la prima leva per l’affermazione di tali divergenti dinamiche, che, in entrambe le direzioni, riguardano anche la circolazione della conoscenza scientifica. Nel senso dell’apertura, lo strumento negoziale consente di perseguire i principi affermati dal movimento dell’Open Access (OA), abbattendo le barriere economiche e giuridiche all’accesso e utilizzo dei contenuti.
Dal deposito e pubblicazione su archivi istituzionali e disciplinari di opere transitate già attraverso i canali editoriali convenzionali, comunemente definita green road, alla pubblicazione su riviste ad accesso aperto, gold road, il fenomeno si sviluppa dal basso verso l’alto grazie alle dichiarazioni di principio e alle norme informali che hanno sin ora guidato le comunità accademiche nell’affermazione dell’OA. Di recente, tuttavia, i principi dell’OA sono oggetto di attenzione da parte del decisore pubblico che, pur timidamente, ne “impone” l’attuazione a tutte le comunità accademiche. Eppure, il diritto formale non sembra da solo sufficiente: è soltanto il primo tassello di una disciplina organica tesa a definire regole e incentivi per la produzione e la disseminazione della conoscenza scientifica, allo scopo di bilanciare la libertà “accademica” con il diritto di accesso alla conoscenza. = ENGLISH VERSION = Along with a comparative perspective that takes account of the U.S. and Italian law, this work aims to explore the interface between copyright and contract lae in publishing process.
In the current publishing environment, contracts and technology play a dominant role in the exploitation of copyrighted works. Publishers are granted by assignment of all copyright rights to reproduce and publish the work, but also to exercise control over its contents through technological protection measures. At the same time, mass digitization allows libraries and other organizations to make contents available online, which it entails a redefinition of the traditional publishing process and introduces new players to the scene (e.g., Google Books).
Hence, technology proves to be a powerful instrument for the spread of knowledge and it is on this pattern that Open Access (OA) is rapidly gaining ground.
Mostly based on a bottom-up approach that is on soft law, institutional policies and contracts, OA designs a new legal environment targeting the objectives of free accessibility, further distribution, and proper archiving of publications. These aims can be achieved through the creation of new open access business models to publish on OA journals (gold road) or to self-archive in institutional or disciplinary repositories works that have been originally published in conventional journals (green road).
However, in order for OA to be fully developed it is necessary to devise a principled and feasible approach to the dissemination of scholarly works against the current social, economic and legal background.
Indeed, the importance of OA is steadily recognized by legislators who integrate OA provisions into their legal system. This is an innovation of great significance, which was first fostered in the USA, and then extended in some European countries such as Italy and Germany in the European framework. Nevertheless, considering the different law systems, the formal law need to be combined with national strategies and institutional policies providing adequate incentives to the authors, while also promoting academic freedom and the right to knowledge access
The housing market in the Russian Federation : privatization and its implications for market development
No full textThe author reviews sociological data on privatization and the development of a housing market in Russia through 1996. Using data from urban surveys largely unknown outside Russia, she also considers demand for housing and household mobility in Russia. Since early 1997 the Russian government has increasingly focused on housing reform. Current policy calls for a reduction (in stages) of housing subsidies (for which both owners and tenants of privatized apartments are eligible), with the goal of 100 percent cost recovery by 2003. But household incomes are not expected to rise commensurately, so housing's share of the household budget is likely to grow for most Russians. By the end of 1996 about 55 percent of Russian housing was privately owned. The rate of privatization peaked in Moscow in 1993 and has since abated considerably, essentially coming to a halt in 1996. The pattern was the same in smaller cities, but with a later starting date. Not surprisingly, high-quality apartments in city centers have much higher rates of privatization than lower-quality housing some distance from the center. Also affecting the decision to privatize are demographic characteristics of the occupants and household incomes, values, and education levels. Privatization has produced a far-from-uniform class of owners. The two groups most likely to have privatized their apartments--pensioners and the relatively well-off--have quite different effects on the housing market . Pensioners--the larger group--are generally not inclined to move and thus exert a negative effect on housing mobility. The well-off--a much smaller group--can be expected to participate actively in the housing market. There has been some movement toward a more efficient allocation of housing. Because of economic forces, part of the mover households moved from their original apartments to apartments that were somehow inferior. Moreover the housing market allows poorer households to find housing more in keeping with their ability and willingness to pay for it. Many renters in Russia have chosen not to privatize their apartments, influenced largely by the sense of"occupation rights"inherited from the former Soviet Union. Many Russians have little incentive to privatize their housing, but data from Moscow and two smaller cities indicate that market ideas about searching for housing are beginning to penetrate the Russian public's mentality.Real Estate Development,Land andReal Estate Development,Municipal Housing and Land,Banks&Banking Reform,Housing&Human Habitats,Housing&Human Habitats,Urban Housing,Municipal Housing and Land,Real Estate Development,Land and Real Estate Development
Chapter Alla cieca e il testimone di secondo grado
No full textThe essay focuses on the modalities adopted by Magris in his novel, Alla cieca, to merge literature and civil engagement through a fine narrative construction. By populating his writing with precise documentary research and taking advantage of the possibilities of invention, the author succeeds in giving voice to minimum destinies of History and save their high moral lesson. This can also be seen through a comparative reading of the pages of the novel dealing with Tito’s gulag, Goli Otok, and Scotti’s book, which is a historical reconstruction provided by witnesses of the events suffered by Italians who lived there
Classification of quasigroups according to directions of translations I
No full textsummary:It is proved that every translation in a quasigroup has two independent parameters. One of them is a bijection of the carrier set. The second parameter is called a direction here. Properties of directions in a quasigroup are considered in the first part of the work. In particular, totally symmetric, semisymmetric, commutative, left and right symmetric and also asymmetric quasigroups are characterized within these concepts. The sets of translations of the same direction are under consideration in the second part of the work. Coincidence of these sets defines nine varieties, among them are varieties of , , and quasigroups. Quasigroups in other five varieties also have some invertibility properties
La censura in Italia dall'Inquisizione alla Polizia
No full textLa censura in Italia dall’Inquisizione alla Polizia costituisce la prima storia della censura in Italia dall’introduzione della stampa alla fine dell’Ottocento. Il libro mette a frutto il grande movimento di ricerche sulla congregazione dell’Indice e la censura ecclesiastica seguito all’apertura dell’Archivio della congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede e vi connette le nascenti ricerche sulla censura politica e la nascita dei giornali per tracciare il lungo periodo della censura e individuare le forme e le cesure fondamentali che l’hanno caratterizzata. Oltre alle diverse fasi politico-religiose che ne hanno segnato l’evoluzione, l’autore individua due forme fondamentali di censura corrispondenti a due forme di potere: la censura religiosa o, in età contemporanea, ideologica, volta ad affermare una verità e proibire ciò che qualifica come errore, e la censura politica che impedisce la diffusione delle notizie verso il largo pubblico. Il primo tipo di censura informa un potere totalitario, il secondo tipo informa un governo autoritario.La censura in Italia dall’Inquisizione alla Polizia is the first history
of censorship in Italy from press importation to the beginning of unitarian State. The book makes use of several researches on Index Congregation and ecclesiastical censorship grown in the last years after the Opening of the Archive of the Congregation for Faith Doctrine and joins them with the new Researches on political censorship and the birth of newspapers in order to describe the “longue période” of censorship and single out its forms and characterize its discontinuities. The author individuates two basic forms of censorship related to two basic forms of power: the religious or ideological censorship that proclames a truth and forbids an error and the political censorship that prevents new’s diffusion to the large public
Economic Impact of Rural Development Plan 2007 2013 in Tuscany
No full textIn 2007 in every European Union region, involved in the planning of Rural Development Plan (RDP), an independent evaluator should asses the impact of the plan in term of value added and productivity. Each region has adopted different methodologies but few of them have followed the indications of Common and Monitoring Evaluation Framework (CMEF) to evaluate the net value deriving by direct and indirect effect. IRPET, the Independent evaluator of Tuscany, utilising REMI-IRPET model has assed the impact of RDP on the main economic variables until 2020. Among 30 different measures it has been chosen only 5 of them that cover more than 54% of total amount of public and private investments. The economic impacts are also evaluated at provincial level.evaluation, regional model, rural development, Community/Rural/Urban Development,
В’язка многовидів квазігруп з властивістю оборотності.
No full textIn this article, the analysis of the fundamentals of the theory of quasigroups in view of the introduction of the parastrophic symmetry is continued. Parastrophic classes of inverse property quasigroups are considered. The concept of middleВ данной статье мы продолжаем анализ основ теории квазигрупп учитывая введенное в понятие парастрофной симметрии. Рассматриваются парастрофные классы квазигрупп со свойством обратимости. Введено понятие среднейВ данiй статтi ми продовжуємо аналiзувати основи теорiї квазiгруп з огляду на введене в поняття парастрофної симетрiї. Розглядаються парастрофнi класи квазiгруп з властивiстю оборотностi. Введено поняття середньо
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ НЕПРИБУТКОВИХ УСТАНОВ ТА ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ В ПЕРІОД ДІЇ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ
No full textIntroduction. In Ukraine, the number of non-profit institutions and organizations is growing every year, which indicates an increase in their importance in the real sector of the economy, which accumulates a significant amount of state and donor funds. The specific activities of non-profit entities lead to peculiarities in the taxation of this area, and the constant change of domestic tax legislation to take into account the new challenges posed by hostilities in Ukraine requires further research in this area. Purpose. The article examines the peculiarities of taxation of non-profit institutions and organizations, including during martial law in Ukraine. Results. The conditions under which non-profit entities are recognized as non-payers of income tax are defined. It is noted that non-profit tax status is acquired by institutions and organizations only by the decision of the tax authority and the inclusion of such legal entities in the Register of non-profit institutions and organizations with the attribute of their nonprofitability. The incomes of non-profit economic entities and the conditions of their exemption from corporate income tax are highlighted. It is noted that the prerequisite for maintaining the status of a non-profit entity is the use of its income (profits) solely to finance its maintenance costs, goals (objectives, objectives) and activities defined by the constituent documents. It is determined that non-profit institutions and organizations, having non-profit status, can be a payer of value added tax, land tax or land rent,real estate tax other than land, transport tax, repatriation tax. It is stated that non-profit entities are tax agents for the payment of personal income tax and military duty. Conclusions. The main changes in the taxation of non-profit institutions and organizations during the martial law on the territory of Ukraine are highlighted. It is determined that in a special period, non-profit institutions and organizations are exempt from paying land tax, penalties and penalties for late payment of taxes and fees, any liability for late submission of tax reports. Prospects for further development of this area are to study the effectiveness of taxation of non-profit institutions and organizations during martial law in Ukraine and after its completionУ статті підкреслено суспільно важливе значення неприбуткових організацій і установ. Досліджено умови, відповідно до яких неприбуткові суб’єкти господарювання визнаються неплатниками податку на прибуток. Наведено види доходів неприбуткових суб’єктів господарювання та умови звільнення їх від оподаткування податком на прибуток підприємств. Визначено, що неприбуткові установи та організації, маючи неприбутковий статус, можуть бути платником податку на додану вартість, податку на землю або орендної плати за землю, податку на нерухоме майно, відмінне від земельної ділянки, транспортного податку, податку на репатріацію. Зауважено, що неприбуткові суб’єкти господарювання є податковими агентами зі сплати податку на доходи фізичних осіб, військового збору та єдиного соціального внеску. Розкрито основні зміни в оподаткуванні неприбуткових установ та організацій в період дії воєнного стану на території України. Запропоновано напрямки подальшої податкової лібералізації для неприбуткових організацій. 
Lettera intorno alla sferistica, o sia, Giuoco alla palla degli antichi /
No full textSignatures: A-F⁸.Place and printer from colophon. Date is that of imprimatur.Mode of access: Internet.Binding, c. 2: coarse gray paper. Author and title "Lettera Intorno alla Sferistica" written on spine. Edges roughly trimmed.Binding, c. 1: coarse gray paper. Title "Giuco alla Palla" and author written on spine. Edges roughly trimmed. Bookplate of Sormani Andreani Verri
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