155,582 research outputs found
Frequency domain iterative feedforward/feedback tuning for MIMO ANVC
No full textA new iterative feedback/feed-forward tuning (IFFT) method is presented for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) control systems that relies on efficient computation of the negative gradient of the controller cost function in the frequency domain. The iterative method is using only one experiment per iteration and it is therefore suitable for realtime implementation for periodic adjustment of the controller. The primary target application area of the presented method is self-tuning feedback control in active noise and vibration control (ANVC)
FIGURE 5. R. tomurensis L. Luo, C in Rosa tomurensis, a new species of Rosa (Rosaceae) from China
No full textFIGURE 5. R. tomurensis L. Luo, C. Yu & Q. X. Zhang, A. Habit, B–C. Leaf, D. Stipule, E. Prickle, F–H. Flower, I. Pink flower, J–K. Bud, L–N. Hip, O. Whole plant.Published as part of Deng, Tong, Luo, Le, Yu, Chao, Zhang, Qi-Xiang, Liu, Xue-Sen & Deng, Ze-Yi, 2022, Rosa tomurensis, a new species of Rosa (Rosaceae) from China, pp. 169-177 in Phytotaxa 556 (2) on page 173, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/696599
Rosa tomurensis L. Luo, C. Yu & Q. X. Zhang
No full textRosa tomurensis L. Luo, C. Yu & Q. X. Zhang (Figures 3, 4, 5) Type: — CHINA. Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Akesu Prefecture, Wensu County, Tuomuerfeng Natural Preservation Areas, in river valleys, ca. 1800m, 10 June 2017, L. Luo, C. Yu, Y. J. Sui, F. Yang & S. Zhao 171022 (holotype BJFC00107674!). Diagnosis: — R. tomurensis is different from R. laxa in the following characteristics: prickles are rare, single prickles are larger, and the tip of prickles is not curved significantly; leaf blade apex serrate only, subbase one-third entire; flowers often solitary, and single flowers are larger than R. laxa; receptacles purplish red, occasionally green; pedicels very long, purplish red or green; sepals are purplish red or green; hips are larger than R. laxa, often pendulous, hip apex without short neck; hip pedicels slightly inflated at base; sepals abaxially, receptacle and pedicel glandular or glandless together, the glands in the pedicel sometimes shed at anaphase. (Table 2). Description: —Shrubs, erect, 2.5–3 m tall, basal branching. Branchlets slender, brownish red; branchial spines are rare, scattered, rarely opposite, pale yellow and white, unequal in length, slender, broad at base, apex slightly downward curved. Leaflets 5–9, usually 7, elliptic, obovoid, ovoid or oblong, 0.6–2 × 0.5–1 cm, abaxially sparsely pilose, adaxially smooth; leaf margin simple serrate, often entire subbase one-third. Stipules usually wider, base mostly adnate to petiole, free portion ovate, triangulate, margin glandular spot. Flowers often solitary, sometimes 2–3 in corymbose cymes, (3) 3.5–6.5 (7) cm in diam; pedicel 1.5–3.5 cm, pedicel and calyx tube glabrous or tomentose and sparsely glandular hairs; bracts ovate, margin glandular teeth, abaxially with distinct midrib and lateral veins; sepals long lanceolate, margin entire, apex elongated widened into appendages, abaxially glandular and densely tomentose, adaxially densely pubescent, margin more densely; petals white, sparse pink,or pale pink, at bud stage, petal tips are often pink or pale pink. Hip subglobose or ovoid, red, shiny, 1–2.1cm in diam, 1.5–2 cm long, sepals persistent and spreading; fruit pedicel straight or bent. Distribution and habitat: —This species is produced in the Tuomuerfeng Natural Preservation Areas of Wensu County in Aksu Perfecture, the Pamir Plateau Mountain Area of Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture, Tajik Autonomous County of Taxkorgan in Kashgar Prefecture and the south slope of Duku Highway, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It borns in arid mountains, river valleys and riparian thickets, at elevations between 1700 m and 3000 m. The associated woody plants in this area are R. laxa, R. albertii, Berberis sp., Caragana sp., etc. Phenology: —Flowering from June to July, fruiting from August to October. Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the distribution where the new species was first discovered. Paratypes: — CHINA. Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, Akesu Prefecture, Wensu County, Tuomuerfeng Natural Preservation Areas, in river valleys, ca. 1800m, 24 September 2017, L. Luo, C. Yu, Y. J. Sui, F. Yang & S. Zhao 171023 (BJFC00107688!); the same locality, 8 June 2017, L. Luo, C. Yu, Y. J. Sui, F. Yang & S. Zhao 171024 (BJFC00107671!). Conservation status: —Based on currently available data, the species should be assigned to the ‘Data Deficient’ (DD) category of IUCN (2022). There is little human interference in this species’ distribution areas, so these populations are not easy to be destroyed.Published as part of Deng, Tong, Luo, Le, Yu, Chao, Zhang, Qi-Xiang, Liu, Xue-Sen & Deng, Ze-Yi, 2022, Rosa tomurensis, a new species of Rosa (Rosaceae) from China, pp. 169-177 in Phytotaxa 556 (2) on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.556.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/696599
Structure characterization and tribological study of magnetron sputtered nanocomposite nc-TiAlV(N, C)/a-C coatings
Full text linkGrown by reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering in a mixed N2 and CH4 gaseous medium, heterogeneous nanocomposite coatings in the Ti-Al-V-N-C system show extraordinarily excellent tribological performance of coated machining tools. Using analytical high resolution TEM, EELS, FEG-SEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, this paper reports detailed structural and chemical characterization of the coatings grown at various CH4: N2 ratios. Meanwhile, the mechanical and tribological properties were also measured, including hardness, Young’s modulus, residual stress and the dry-sliding friction and wear at varying environmental humidity. When CH4 gas was introduced in the deposition, the structure of the coatings has been found to experience a change from nano-scale TiAlN-VN multilayer architecture to a complex mixture of columnar grains of nc-TiAlV(N,C)/a-C nanocomposites and inter-column network of sp2-type amorphous carbon. Carbon incorporation and segregation also shows remarkable influence on the columnar growth model by leading to finer grain size. As compared to the carbon-free nitride coating, the nanocomposite coatings showed substantially reduced residual stress owing to the free-carbon precipitation, whereas the coatings maintained comparable hardness to the carbon-free TiAlN/VN. Their tribological properties were found to be strongly dependent on the environment. In humid air at RH > 30%, the coatings showed low friction coefficient less than 0.4 and extremely low wear rate at a scale of ~10-17 m3N-1m-1
Intonation in Luo
Full text linkThis thesis investigates the intonation of Luo. It shows how intonation distinguishes sentences. It also investigates how information structure (i.e. focus, dislocations and topics) is intonationally cued in a sentence. The aim is to establish the phonological and phonetic representation of Luo intonation by examining the factors that contribute to the observed F0 contours. Data were collected in Rorya and Tarime districts in Tanzania, where Luo is predominantly spoken. The materials designed comprise of scripted Luo sentences, Swahili sentences to be translated into Luo and picture-based tasks. The analysis is based on the Auto-segmental metrical theory which maps phonological elements to continuous acoustic parameters (Ladd, 1996, 2008). It is found that Luo is a tone-terracing language with four lexical tones: High, Low, Falling and Rising. The observed downtrends are downstep, declination and final lowering. Downstep is the most significant process, contrasting automatic and non-automatic downstep. The latter has no evidence of floating L and thus attributed to right edge boundary effect. Declination is observed in all-High and all-Low tone sequences, as a phonetic effect. Final lowering is also observed as a final effect in both declaratives and questions. Downstep is also a final effect triggered by a boundary L%. Questions are produced with Pitch Range Expansion triggered by a left edge -H intonational tone. There is no prominence on focused constituents but focus constructions are produced with a higher register. Luo dislocations are asymmetrical, with right dislocations phrased with the main clause while left dislocations are phrased separately from the main clause. Complex clauses, except complementizer clauses, are recursive
Lepadella jingruae Luo & Segers 2020, n. sp.
No full textLepadella jingruae n. sp. Figures 6 a–c, I-5 Type locality. Lohulu River near Bomane, DR Congo 24 May 2010 (KM48, KM49). Material examined. Holotype: one female specimen in permanent slide, deposited in RBINS (RIR.305); Paratypes: six permanent slides containing one female specimen each, deposited in RBINS (RIR.306 to RIR.311), one permanent slides containing one female specimen and one permanent slide containing two female specimens in CSB-UK; one permanent slide containing two female specimens, deposited in SHNU. Differential diagnosis. The relatively flat lorica of L. jingruae n. sp. places the species in the vicinity of L. ovalis (Müller, 1786) and L. eurysterna Myers, 1942. The new species is diagnosed from both by the remarkable protruding projections laterally of the head aperture, and further from L. ovalis by its smaller size and posteriorly rounded lorica (relatively large and with a sharply set-of posterior concavity in L. ovalis). Lepadella jingruae n. sp. can easily be distinguished from species of the L. patella— complex, including the similarly rounded L. discoidea Segers, 1993 by its flat lorica and the protruding lateral projections of the head aperture. Differential diagnosis. Parthenogenetic female (male unknown): Lorica rounded, about as wide as long. Ventral lorica flat, dorsally with a central dome, lateral parts strongly flattened, lorica about thrice as wide as high. Head aperture ventrally a deep V-shaped sinus, dorsally semi-circular in anterior view, broadly U-shaped in ventral view, with weak collar. Anterior of lorica protruding into a pair of well-developed, sharp projections. Lateral margins of lorica smooth, evenly curved, posterior edge convex. Dorsal lorica smooth, without markings. Apertures to the lateral antennas situated slightly posterior the level of the anterior margin of the foot aperture, arranged symmetrically about medially from median axis to the lateral margin of the lorica. Foot aperture elongate, lateral margins diverging to posteriorly. Foot with three distinct pseudosegments, the distal one about twice as long as the second, bearing a dorsal sensory groove near its basis. A pair of equal-sized toes present, these almost parallel-sided basally, more strongly tapering from about midway to distally. Measurements (n=10). Lorica length: 100–110 (106), width: 90–101 (93); head aperture width: 25–31 (28), depth dorsally: 15–21 (18), depth ventrally: 24–28 (25), foot aperture width: 15–19 (18), length: 26–31 (28), toe length: 26–29 (29). Etymology. The specific name is as a noun in the genitive case, after Miss Jingru Zhu, daughter of the first author of this paper.Published as part of Luo, Yongting & Segers, Hendrik, 2020, Eight new Lepadellidae (Rotifera, Monogononta) from the Congo bring to level endemism in Africa's rotifers, pp. 371-387 in Zootaxa 4731 (3) on page 376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4731.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/365363
Studies on the effects of preheated β-lactoglobulin on the physicochemical properties of theaflavin-3,3′-digallate and the interaction mechanism
No full textTeaflavin-3,3 '-digallate (TFDG) is a sensory and health benefit substance in tea beverage, but is usually eliminated during processing due to the formation of tea cream by binding with proteins. In order to retain the TFDG, beta-lactoglobulin (beta-LG) was used to bind with TFDG and avoid the formation of tea cream. The results of physicochemical tests and entropy weight-TOPSIS showed that the best beta-LG-TFDG dispersion (TFDG concentration: 0.468 g/L) had low particle size (37.29 nm), high electrical potential (-32.43 mv), high transmittance (88.52%), and strong antioxidant activity (84.82%), when the preheated temperature of beta-LG was 85 degrees C and the molar ratio was 1:2. The multispectral experiment results showed that TFDG interacted with beta-LG via static quenching, and preheated treatment of beta-LG enhanced the interaction between beta-LG and TFDG. CD spectroscopy suggested that TFDG induced slight changes in the secondary structure of beta-LG. The results of molecular dynamics showed that preheated treatment leading in the changes in tertiary structure of beta-LG, opening of key ring region of beta-LG and exposing the active cavities of beta-LG, which enhances the intermolecular forces between TFDG and beta-LG. What's more, molecular docking was proved that preheated treatment of beta-LG enhances the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, which dominated the interaction between TFDG and beta-LG. The results proposed in this research could further reducing tea cream formation and improving the healthy and sensory performances of tea beverage by using preheated beta-LG without preserving both the tea pigments and the active nutrients
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Lycodon gongshan Vogel & Luo, 2011, spec. nov.
No full textLycodon gongshan spec. nov. (Figs 3–4) Holotype. KIZ 730034 adult male (tail dissected), from “Bapo, Gongshan, China ”, today Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China (Figs 3–4). Collector unknown. Paratypes (n = 3). KIZ 730008, juvenile male (tail dissected), from “Bapo, Gongshan, China ”, today Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; collector unknown. HNU 200609001, adult male, from Dulongjiang Township, Gongshan County, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; collected by Qingbai Hou. HNU 200505002, adult female, from Xiaoheishan, Longjiang Township, Longling County, Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China; collected by Yan Hengmei, Liang Hongbin and Guo Keji. Diagnosis. A species of the genus Lycodon characterized by: (1) a loreal scale entering the orbit; (2) 17 dorsal scale rows anteriorly and at midbody; (3) upper and vertebral dorsal rows (6–12) are keeled; (4) 210–216 ventrals in males, and 215 ventrals in the single female known; (5) 95–96 subcaudals in males, and 92 subcaudals in the single female; (6) relative tail length ca. 0.231–0.232 in males, and 0.215 in the female; (7) 8 supralabials with SL 4– 6 touching the orbit; (7) 32–40 pale bands on a dark body; (8) breadth of the anteriormost band 1 dorsal scale middorsally, 3–4 ventrals, midventrally; (9) belly with discreet bands throughout, and (10) dark ventrals on the throat. This species can be recognized by its long tail (tail length/total length 0.231–0.232 in males, 0.215 in females, vs. 0.198–0.225 in males, 0.193–0.219 in females of L. fasciatus), and the high number of subcaudals (95–96 in males, and 92 in females). Also, its anteriormost pale band is very narrow, being 1 dorsal scale broad middorsally in all 4 known specimens, vs. 1–5 dorsals (x = 2.5 in 62 specimens) in the L. fasciatus group, with the anteriormost band starting at ventral 4–7 (vs. usually ventral 10-16 in L. fasciatus and in species of the L. ruhstrati group). Furthermore, the new species has a dark throat, whereas in L. fasciatus usually the throat is white (except in some individuals from parts of Yunnan. Vogel et al. unpublished data). Detailed comparisons with other species of the genus Lycodon appear below in the Discussion. Comparison. Superficially, Lycodon gongshan spec. nov. resembles other species of the Lycodon fasciatus group. It differs from L. fasciatus by its much longer tail, more ventrals in males (210–216 vs. 190–211), more subcaudals in males (94–96 vs. 74–90) and females (92 vs. 67–88). In L. gongshan in all eight occurrences only four lower labials touch the anterior chin shields, whereas in L. fasciatus this is usually five, and only rarely four (on both sides only in five of 64 specimens). The anteriormost band lies closer to the head in L. gongshan (first band starts at ventral 4–7 vs.usually 8–18 in L. fasciatus, rarely 5-8 in five of 67 specimens), and is very narrow, only one dorsal scale broad in the four available specimens, vs. usually 1.5–6 in L. fasciatus (rarely one dorsal scale broad, 5 of 67 specimens). The number of subcaudals and tail length are sexually dimorphic in the new species, but not in L. fasciatus (Table 2). Lastly, L. gongshan spec. nov reaches a larger size than L. fasciatus: two of the three available males of the new species are considerably larger than the largest of the 32 males of L. fasciatus at hand; the single female of the new species is larger than the 36 examined females of L. fasciatus. Dinodon yunnanensis Werner, 1922 was described from Yunnanfu, now Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. It is currently regarded as a synonym of Lycodon fasciatus (Pope, 1935; Zhao & Adler, 1993). As with Lycodon fasciatus, the holotype of Dinodon yunnanensis differs from L. gongshan spec. nov. in the number of ventrals and subcaudals, in the relative tail length, and in having fewer bands on the body + tail (23 + 7 vs. 32–40 + 12–16 in L. gongshan spec. nov.). A comparison of L. gongshan spec. nov. with species of the L. fasciatus and L. ruhstrati groups is given in Table 4. Etymology. The specific name refers to the area of origin of this species, Gongshan County. We suggest the following common names: Gongshan Baihuanshe (Chinese), Gongshan Wolf Snake (English), Gongshan Wolfszahnnatter (German). Description of the holotype. Habitus. Body elongate, somewhat laterally compressed; head flattened anteriorly, well distinct from neck; snout depressed and elongated; nostril oval, large. Eye moderate, pupil vertically elliptic. SVL 740 mm; TaL 223 mm; TL 963 mm. Body scalation. 212 ventrals (+ 1 preventral), 96 subcaudals, all paired. Anal entire. Dorsal scales in 17 – 17 – 15 rows, the 6 upper rows feebly keeled. Vertebral row not enlarged. No apical pit detected. Head scalation. Rostral triangular, hardly visible from above; nasal vertically divided by furrow below and above nostril; two small internasals, widely in contact with each other and prefrontals; two large prefrontals, longer and wider than internasals; rather small, more or less triangular frontal; 2 large parietals, each bordered by three large scales, 2 upper temporals and larger paraparietal posteriorly; 1 / 1 supraocular; 1 / 1 preocular, above posterior part of loreal; 2 / 2 subequal postoculars; 1 / 1 loreal, rather elongate and narrow, entering orbit, in contact with SL 2 and 3, preocular, prefrontal and posterior part of nasal; 8 / 8 SL, SL 1–2 in contact with nasal, SL 3–5 entering orbit, 6 th SL largest; 2 + 2 / 2 + 3 temporals, lower anterior temporal slightly broader than upper; 8 / 8 infralabials, IL 1–4 in contact with first pair of chin shields anterior and posterior chin shields about same length on right, on left anterior larger than posterior, anterior pair wider. Coloration in preservative. Body and tail dark brown, with 37 crossbands on body and 15 on tail, anteriorly narrow, becoming wider posteriorly; crossbands about 1 dorsal scale broad middorsally, widening ventrolaterally to about 3–4 dorsals broad; first crossband beginning at level of ventral 5; second crossband 4 scales behind first; crossbands on body darker centered with dark brown speckles; crossbands on tail also darkly speckled. Head uniformly blackish-brown; no collar. Underside of head dark on anterior third, otherwise cream; throat cream with dark, cloudy speckles on first four ventrals. Venter dark with clear, rather irregular cream bands, 2-3 ventrals broad, with 2–4 ventrals between each band. Within bands some ventrals dark on one half and cream on other, especially on posterior of body. Under surface of tail banded as body venter, clear cream bands about 3 subcaudals broad. Variation. The paratypes, agree in most respects with the description of the holotype. A comparison of the most important morphological characters is summarized in Table 3. Distribution. China. Lycodon gongshan is presently only known from the Gongshan County and Longling County areas, in Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China. Both localities are situated in the Hengduan Mountains (Fig 5). Biology. There is no information available on the biology of this species. There are four specimens of Lycodon fasciatus available, collected in the Hengduan Mountains. All stem from Yunnan Province. These are KIZ 74 II 0 263 from Tuantian, Tengchong County, KIZ 74 I 0 145 from Husa, Longchuan County, KIZ 74 I 0 0 35 from Gongwa, Longchuan County, and KIZ 74 II 0 262 from Tengchong County. Longchuan, Tengchong and Yingjiang are located in the southwest of Gaoligong Mountain, in the Hengduan Mountains. The first three specimens are females, the last is male. All of them are typical L. fasciatus and the morphology is well within the range of this species. Thus, L. fasciatus is sympatric (but perhaps not syntopic) with L. gongshan spec. nov. in at least some areas. Lycodon gongshan spec. nov. seems to be endemic to the Hengduan Mountains, a range of about 500 km in length, reaching 6,740 m a.s.l. This range is already known as a centre of endemism and high biodiversity (Venell 2006; Fu et al. 2007), but still seems to be relatively underexplored for reptiles and amphibians (Stotz et al. 2003). In 2003, UNESCO included the area “Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan” in the World Heritage List. One reason was explained as follows: “Northwest Yunnan is the area of richest biodiversity in China and may be the most biologically diverse temperate region on Earth. The property encompasses most of the natural habitats in the Hengduan Mountains, one of the world's most important remaining areas for the conservation of the Earth's biodiversity” (UNESCO 2003). Previously, 23 reptile species were regarded as endemic to the Hengduan Mountains (Zhao & Yang 1997), and there are ten endemic snake species here, namely: Gloydius monticola (Werner, 1922) (Yunnan Province), Ovophis zayuensis (Jiang, 1977) (Tibet Autonomous Region), Protobothrops xiangchengensis (Zhao, Jiang, & Huang, 1978) (Sichuan and Yunnan provinces), Achalinus meiguensis Hu & Zhao, 1966 (Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces), Calamaria yunnanensis Chernov, 1962 (Yunnan Province), Euprepiophis perlaceus (Stejneger, 1929) (Sichuan Province), Oligodon multizonatus Zhao & Jiang, 1981 (Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces), Pareas nigriceps Guo & Deng, 2009 (Yunnan Province), Rhabdophis pentasupralabialis Jiang & Zhao, 1983 (Sichuan and Yunnan provinces), and Thermophis zhaoermii Guo, Liu, Feng & He, 2008 (Sichuan Province) (Luo et al. 2010). Several endemic subspecies of snakes have also been described from this area, and the following are sometimes regarded as valid but should be checked for their status: Sibynophis chinensis miyiensis Zhao & Kou, 1987 (Sichuan and Yunnan provinces), Elaphe carinata deqinensis Yang & Su, 1984 (Yunnan Province), Macropisthodon rudis multiprefrontalis Zhao & Jiang, 1981 (Sichuan Province), and Ovophis monticola zhaokentangi Zhao, 1995 (Yunnan Province) (Luo et al. 2010). Having in mind that several subspecies of Oriental snakes proved to be valid species in recent years (e.g., Wüster & Thorpe, 1992; Vogel & David, 2007, Vogel & Rooijen, (2011 in print), it is expected that some of these may eventually receive full species status. As already mentioned (Vogel & David, 2010), there are still several lineages combined under the name Lycodon fasciatus. This fact explains the large ranges of some characters in Lycodon fasciatus sensu lato. Thus, some characters of Lycodon gongshan spec. nov. might currently appear less diagnostic than they actually are. More material, especially from remote Chinese areas, is needed for a better understanding of the L. fasciatus complex. This is another example of a supposedly widespread species that, upon closer examination, proves to be a species complex. A similar situation in other taxa would represent a greater underestimation of diversity in the ophidian fauna of the Oriental region than currently appreciated, a topic that requires further investigation. Centers of endemicity can be overlooked by inaccurate and/or imprecise taxonomies, which may lead to dire consequences in nature conservation, especially for taxa less well studied than vertebrates.Published as part of Vogel, Gernot & Luo, Jian, 2011, A new species of the genus Lycodon (Boie, 1826) from the southwestern mountains of China (Squamata: Colubridae), pp. 29-40 in Zootaxa 2807 on pages 33-37, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20251
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