1,721,021 research outputs found
Tourist Taxes in Italy: The Choices of the Policy Makers and the Preferences of Tourists
No full textAccording to the Polluter Pays Principle, a tourist tax should be used to reduce the negative externalities generated by tourism. In Italy, instead, local administrators use it primarily to levy fiscal revenues and know very little about tourists’ preferences for this fiscal policy. The purpose of the paper is to describe the choices of the policy makers in setting the tourism tax and to compare them with the preferences of tourists in particular with reference to the tax rates and the earmarking chosen.
To this aim in May 2019, we performed a Contingent Valuation experiment interviewing a sample of 884 Italian and international tourists staying in Trieste, the capital of Friuli Venezia Giulia, a region in the northeastern part of Italy. We asked the respondents the most they would be willing to pay for the tax and how their willingness to pay would change according to how the revenue raised would be spent. We tested the four types of allocation set by the Italian law introducing and regulating the tax since 2011. Analyzing the tourists’ preferences, we find that the acceptability of the tax significantly increases when the respondent knows that the tourist tax is earmarked. Moreover, we find that the willingness to pay is highly influenced by the tax earmark. If the revenue allocation is unknown, tourists’ willingness to pay for the tax is very low, however if the fiscal revenues are used for environmental protection or for the maintenance of the historical and architectural heritage, tourists’ willingness to pay significantly increases. The willingness to pay is also influenced by the tourists’ socio-demographic characteristics and by the journey type they choose.
The policy implications of our empirical results are drawn and an action framework to analyze the tourists’ preferences and to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the tax planning process is proposed.
To the best of our knowledge, no other paper before has ever estimated, the willingness of both international and domestic tourists to pay the Italian tourist taxes using a Contingent Valuation experiment. In fact, although this paper builds on a previous research carried out by the author, it substantially differs from the previous study with respect to the tourism type analyzed, the location where the data are collected and the type of tourists interviewed. Moreover, differently from the previous research, it also compares the tourists’ preferences for the revenue allocation with the allocation actually chosen by the local administrators
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Peer-to-peer carsharing in less-densely populated areas: An empirical analysis in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy)
Full text linkMobility plays a crucial role in wellbeing and quality of life. It enables access to services and resources necessary for economic and cultural development and is essential for social inclusion. Peer-to-peer carsharing (P2PCS) represents an effective solution with respect to the sustainability goals indicated by the European New Green Deal and in light of the accessibility objectives of the National Strategy for Internal Areas. For this reason, we estimated the potential supply and demand of P2PCS in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (FVG), an Italian region characterized by less-densely populated areas. We interviewed 200 individuals to test if they would rent a car and 249 car owners to test if they would rent out their car. We found that 10% of the sample would use a P2PCS service if the hourly rental rate was €7/h. The main reason preventing the service use is that the FVG residents are not aware of the platforms allowing the matching of car owners and renters. In the paper, we describe also the policies to be implemented to support both the demand and the supply side of the market and we estimate the contribution that P2PCS could make to the decarbonization of the regional transport system
INNOVATIVE FIRMS IN FRIULI VENEZIA GIULIA: A CONJOINT ANALYSIS EXPERIMENT
Full text linkThe European market is rapidly enlarging towards the Eastern part of the continent. This phenomenon is stimulating the enterprises localized in the North-Eastern part of Italy to innovate their productivity processes and their products in order to preserve their competitiveness in the national and international context.In order to measure the innovation attitude of a sample of firms localized in Friuli Venezia Giulia (an Italian region at the border with Slovenia and Austria) a conjoint analysis experiment has been performed. Conjoint Analysis (CA) is a research methodology employed originally in the marketing field in order to study the customers’ preferences for goods and services. Lately it has been successfully used in transport economics, in ecological economics and in health economics, but it has never been applied to innovation problems before. The objective of this paper, then, is twofold: on the one hand it wants to verify the effectiveness of the CA methodology in testing the firms’ attitude towards innovation processes, and on the other hand it aims at measuring the innovation propensity of the sampled enterprises. During the performed CA experiment the following innovation factors have been analysed: labour force reorganization, research and development activity implementation, typology of research and development to be performed, typology of machinery to be used. On the bases of the responses obtained during the interviews it has been possible to estimate the firms’ intervention priorities over the next 5 years. Moreover it has been possible to verify the usefulness of the CA methodology in describing and predicting the sample attitude toward innovation. The paper is organized as follows: after a brief description of the productivity context characterizing the FVG region, there will be a detailed description of the CA methodology and of the questionnaire used for the research project, the final results will then be commented and some conclusions on the validity on the application of the CA methodology will be drawn.innovation preferences, conjoint analysis, stated preferences
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