1,721,009 research outputs found
The regulation of subsidies in international law
No full textSubsidies are the most important measure available to Government to protect and support national industries. The volume analyzes all the aspects of this complex issue
Effects on Trade and EU State Aid Law: Reality or Chimera?
Full text linkThe contribution addresses a quite neglected element of the notion of State Aid, namely the effect on trade between Member States. It shows how this element operates in reality by having a look at some recent cases, including especially pending requests for preliminary rulings. The thesis developed here is that the effects on trade criterion - which should operate as a jurisdictional diaphragm delimiting the scope of application of the Treaty’s provisions ‘designed to regulate competition’, including State Aid rules - is in fact applied in such a way that makes it almost impossible to for it to operate ex ante, i.e. without a prior decision of the Commission excluding the application of art. 107 TFEU in a given case. While since the so called Modernization the Commission is trying to adjust its practice in this field, and signals some criteria that should let it go “big on big things and small on small things”, the "guidance" one can infer from some Commission's cases is to a certain extent made irrelevant by the very way in which that criterion is developed in the 2016 Notice, based on the statements of principle adopted by the Court of Justice in the Eventech case. An analysis of recent practice shows, in my view, that the effect on trade criterion is essentially operating as a presumption. As a consequence, the effect on trade criterion fades away, especially in the practice of national judicial and administrative authorities, contributing to a radical transformation of EU State Aid law, and of the balance of power between national authorities and the EU executive in many fields. An automatic application of case law formulae, totally segregated from any appraisal of their significance in relation with the relevant facts of the case(s) where they were originally affirmed, has somehow become the working day normalcy of national jurisdictions applying art. 107 TFEU. Such an approach risks, on one side, essentially transforming State Aid control at the national level into a generalized application of a hard-line equal treatment clause, if not a tool to pursue given socio-economic agenda. On the other side, it involves a passive acceptance of the stretching the European Commission’s competence well inside the realm of socio-political choices that should be left to Member States’ democratically accountable institution
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
The European Union as a Staatenverbund? The endorsement of the principle of conferral in the Treaty of Lisbon
No full textAppropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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