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AN LU-SHAN KÖROĞLU MU?
No full textTheoretically, epics are formed a) with the glorification of historical and social events that left a deep impact and lasting impression on the collective conscience of the society and the nation, and the heroes who played a leading role in these events, b) by idealizing these events and heroes and adapting them in line with the characteristics of different periods and cultural environment, enriching them with new tales and epic motifs, and transferring them from region to region and from generation to generation in oral culture milieu, and c) with a powerful poet bringing together the pieces of legend, narration, and epic about the events and heroes in the oral tradition and reinterpreting them within the framework of the epic tradition and logic. Within in this context, the epic of Koroghlu must first have been based on a historical and social event that left a deep impact and lasting impression on the collective conscience of the society and nation. Could An Lu-shan and his adventures be the first model and core event for the Goroghlu/Koroghlu epic? This is what we address in our article. An Lu-Shan ? ? ? is a Turk who lived in China in the 8th century A.D., rebelled against the Tang Dynasty (618-907) in 755, dethroned Emperor Xuan Zong, and established his own Great Yan state in Luo Yang. With the argument introduced by Edwin G. Pulleyblank that the Chinese name An Lu-Shan is the Sogdian form of Rox?an/Rokhshan “bright” in Chinese, connections have begun to be established between An Lu-shan and Koroghlu, who is also known with the names of Ali Ruşen/Ruşen Ali/Ruşen/Rauşan/Rövşen/İrişvan. Although the name An Lu-shan is based on the Sogdian Rox?an/Rokhshan meaning "bright," this name, in our opinion, originally comes from the Turkish word Alyaruk. Because when An Lu-shan's Turkish and shaman mother married An Yan-yan, who was later claimed to be Sogd, the Turkish name Alyaruk was transformed into Sogdian and became Alroşan/Alrushen. This name has been documented in Chinese as Ya Luo-shan, A Luo-shan, and An Lu-shandue to some phonetic, morphological, and semantic changes and transformations. An examination of Chinese historical documents reveals striking similarities between Turkish epics, particularly Goroghlu/Koroghlu, and An Lu-shan's name, birth, character, love adventure, blindness, and struggle. In Chinese historical records, An Lu-shan is depicted as ruthless, cruel, cunning, and a thief. He stole sheep when he was 20 years old, was caught, and received a death sentence. Moreover, An Lu-shan's forbidden relationship with Emperor Xuan-zong's wife, Yang Gui-fei, is also men-tioned. By using his connection to this woman, An Lu-shan has gained access to various opportunities. An Lu-shan has a life full of adventures. He started a rebellion against the Tang emperor in 755. He attacked Luo-yang in 756 and established the Great Yen State, then declared himself emperor. Chinese historical sources state that An Lu-shan lost his sight in his old age. All these parallels indicate a relationship between An Lu-shan and Koroghlu. In light of these data, it can be concluded that An Lu-shan's historical personality is the first model of the Goroghlu/Koroghlu character. An Lu-shan's adventures also constitute core events for the Koroghlu epic. This first model and core event have been treated by the narrator and folk imagination within the framework of the Turkish epic tradition and logic and have been recreated by the characteristics of different geographies and cultural environments. © 2023, Milli Folklor Dergisi. All rights reserved
Shang Lu Shan
No full text红司批彭德怀戰线绘.文字: 上庐山 ;下款: 红司批彭德怀戰线绘.裝裱後高寬: 145 x 38 cm.Title devised by cataloguer.Hong si pi Peng Dehuai zhan xian hui.Wen zi : Shang Lu Shan ; Xia kuan : Hong si pi Peng Dehuai zhan xian hui.Zhuang biao hou gao kuan : 145 x 38 cm
The Political Background of the An Lu-shan Rebellion (concluded)
Full text linkLi Lin-fu 李林甫, who dominated most of the remaining years before the rebellion of An Lu-shan belonged to the Kuan-chung aristocracy. At first he conflicted with the examination-bureaucrats and removed them by subtle intrigues. As he was well aware of the new foci of power that were being created in the Chieh-tu-shih 節度使 armies, he tried to assert his control over the most important of these armies. At the same time he attacked the men who achieved prominence through the roads of military service and finance and brought them to ruin. He advocated a policy of appointing only non-Chinese or men of lower origin as commanders. Not long after Li Lin-fu was at the very peak of his personal power, the men who had been in his instruments began to conspire against him. Yan Kuo-chung 楊國忠 was in the strongest position to do this. He was quickly appointed Chief-Minister, after Li Lin-fu fell ill and died. Then Yang Kuo-chung became at strife with An Lu-shan, who had benefited Li Lin-fu’s short-sighted policy of using non-Chinese commanders and had become a favourite of Hsüan-tsung 玄宗 and Yang Kuei-fei 楊貴妃. Beyond endurance of Yang Kuo-chung’s attacking An Lu-shan rebelled.journal articl
The Political Background of the An Lu-shan Rebellion (continued)
Full text linkIt is a widely known fact that the rebellion of An Lu-shan 安祿山 has a great significance as a turning point in the history of China. The writer attempts to make clear the political background of the rebellion. The dynasty of T’ang was established with the northern military=Kuan-chung (關中) aristocracy for the backbone of the Fu-ping 府兵 system. By the policy of Tsə-t’ien Wu-hou the power of these aristocrats was weakened and they were replaced by the successful candidates of the civil service examination. The latter represented the new landowners and monopolized the higher offices of the government so as to establish a bureaucracy. In ten years after the enthronement the financial policy of Emperor Hsüan-tsung came to conflict with the interests of these landlords. It was not the emperor’s favourites or eunuchs, but the descendants of the northern military aristocracy that he utilized for the oppression of these officials. First Yü-wen Jung 宇文融 was appointed prime minister and then Li Lin-fu 李林甫 succeeded him. After Li’s death a violent struggle for the office was opened and finally brought about the rebellion of An Lu-shan. Three personages who played the leading roles of the struggle were Yü-wen Jung, Li Lin-fu and Yang Kuo-chung 楊國忠.Yü-wen Jung made his debut by his success in dealing with the problem of T’ao-hu 逃戸, i. e. the flight of small peasants from the land. He achieved a considerable success in registering fugitives, but he was overthrown by the strong opposition of the officials after his administration for a hundred days.journal articl
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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