2,204 research outputs found
Defining absolute environmental limits for the built environment
No full textThe question addressed is whether it is possible to define working limits on environmental impacts from the built environment in terms of global carrying capacity. The main focus is on energy-related impacts, since these are global and relatively well-understood. Four possible approaches to defining limits are explored: static equilibrium, asymptotic, integral of excess and planned future. The conclusions that emerge from this exploration are that global environmental constraints are very tight, but also that they are dynamically and strongly influenced by the trajectory of social and technological development over the coming century. Their use as the basis for practical, quantitative metrics of sustainability, therefore, involves a large measure of subjectivity. A fifth approach - the developmental approach - is identified, which instead of focusing on long-term external constraints to human activity, focuses instead on the internal, short- to medium-term dynamics of the built environment itself. It appears likely that the developmental approach, guided by qualitative conclusions from the analysis of global carrying capacity, is likely to be most fruitful
Leiurus macroctenus Lowe & Yağmur & Kovařík 2014, sp. n.
No full textLeiurus macroctenus sp. n. (Figs. 12–22, 58A, 59A–B, 87G, 88G, 89G, 90G, 91B, 92H–I, 93H, 95, 98–100, Tabs. 1, 3B, 4) http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:55E2C0 48-986D-43A2-AF63-5874138435D6 REFERENCES Buthus quinquestriatus: Finnegan, 1932: 91–92 (in part; record from Wadi Ghabartan). Leiurus quinquestriatus: Gallagher, 1978: 36–37; Lowe, 1993: 2; Kovařík 1998: 112 (in part); Fet & Lowe, 2000: 155 (in part); Lowe, 2001: 176; Fet et. al., 2003: 3; Soleglad & Fet, 2003b: 149, fig. B-1, B-2; Hendrixson 2006: 84–91, fig. 18 (in part, record from Oman). Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus: Kamenz & Prendini, 2008: 40. Leiurus sp.: Lowe, 2010a: 23; Lowe, 2010b: 26, 37. HOLOTYPE. Adult ♂, Oman, Nejd Desert; S of Thumrait, UV detection, fine silty soil, open plain with rock outcrops and small wadis, 17°30.76'N 54°02.76'E, 580 m a.s.l., 16.X.1993, 19:28 h, leg. G. Lowe, NHMB. PARATYPES. Oman: 2 ♂, Thamarit, Dhofar, sand & rock (limestone), 17°38'N 54°01'E, 350 m a.s.l., I.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes & M.D. Gallagher MDG 5954 (MNHN); 2 ♀, Thamarit, Dhofar, sand & rock, 17°38'N 54°01'E, 350 m a.s.l., I.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes & M.D. Gallagher MDG 5952, 5953 (MNHN); 1 immature ♀, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on gravel in wadi, 17°41'N 54°03'E, 440 m a.s.l., 22. II.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes & M.D. Gallagher MDG 5973 (MNHN); 1 ♂, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, 17°42'N 54°02'E, 440 m a.s.l., 4. III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes & M.D. Gallagher MDG 5972 (MNHN); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, on sand, 17°40'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 22. III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 50A (MNHN); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17°40'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 22.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 54 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, 17°40'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 22.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 52 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17°40'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 22. III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 37 (MNHN); 1 ♂, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under rock, 17°41'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 23.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17°40'N 54°00'E, 450 m a.s.l., 24.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 35 (NHMB); 1 ♀, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, under object on sand, 17°40'N 54°00'E, 450 m a.s.l., 24.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes (NHMB); 1 ♂, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, 17°41'N 54°03'E, 450 m a.s.l., 24.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 33 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, on sand, 17°40'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 24.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 55, (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Thamarit, Dhofar, on gravel, 17°40'N 54°02'E, 450 m a.s.l., 30.III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes 58 (NHMB); 1 ♂, 3 mi. NW of Thamarit, under sack on sand, 17°43'N 54°00'E, 420 m a.s.l., 8. III.1980, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 5971 (MNHN); 1 ♂, 4 mi. NE of Thamarit, Dhofar, in soft sand under sack in green wadi, 17°42'N 54°03'E, 8. III.1980, leg. J.N. Barnes & M.D. Gallagher MDG 5975 (MNHN); 1 ♂, nr Al Ashkara, 22°00'N 59°40'E, XII.1980, leg. A.B. Paltrinieri (NHMB 17bq); 1 ♂, Yalooni, Jiddat al Harasis, in house, sand on stony plateau, 19°57'N 57°07'E, 154 m a.s.l., 22.IV.1982, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 6428/1,2 (ONHM); 1 ♂, Wadi Haytam, sandy depression in rocks, 19°11'N 57°00'E, 13.V.1983, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 6770 (NHMB); 1 ♂, Thamarit, under rock on soft sand, 17°42'N 53°59'E, 24. V.1983, leg. J.N. Barnes 126 (BMNH); 1 ♂, Thamarit, under rock on soft sand, 17°42'N 53°59'E, 24. V.1983, leg. J.N. Barnes 125 (ONHM); 1 ♂, Yalooni, Jiddat al Harasis, 19°57'N 57°06'E, 154 m a.s.l., 17.XII.1984, leg. M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 juv, Qarhat Mu'ammar, 21°38'N 59°18'E, 130 m a.s.l., 28.II.1986, leg. W. Büttiker (NHMB 17bt); 1 ♀, Ra's al Hadd, on sand under object, 0.5 km from sea, 22°31.8'N 59°46'E, 5 m a.s.l., 3.II.1988, 10:00 h, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 8020 (NHMB 17br); 1 juv, Huqf, central Oman, under rock on sand, 20°53'N 57°36'E, 15.III.1988, 14:00 h, M.D. Gallagher MDG 8031 (NHMB 17bs); 1 ♂, between Bani bu Ali & Al Ashkharah, 3 km W Qumaylah turning, under rubbish on sand, 21°56'N 59°35'E, 17.I.1991, leg. S.M. Farook & A.S. Gardner (MNHN); 1 ♂, 1♀, 3 km N of Khubah, 22°16'N 59°48'E, 11.II.1993, leg. A.S. Gardner (NHMB); 6 ♂, between Khabbah & Daffah, under stones on limestone plateau, 22°15'N 59°48'E, 29.VIII.1993, leg. A.S. Gardner & S.M. Farook (NHMB); 6 ♂, 4 ♀, 5 juvs, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, near or partly in burrows, fine silty soil, open plain rock outcrops & small wadis, 17°30.76'N 54°02.76'E, 580 m a.s.l., 16.X.1993, 19:28 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 4 ♂, 4 ♀, 4 juvs, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, on soil & at mouths of burrows, fine silty soil, open plain rock outcrops & small wadis, 17°30.8'N 54°02.94'E, 580 m a.s.l., 16.X.1993, 20:57 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB, ONHM 1 ♀, WDS 1 ♂); 1 ♂, Salalah-Thumrait road, Nejd Desert, UV detection, on ground, hills near main road, 17°25.56'N 54°03.14'E, 600 m a.s.l., 16.X.1993, 21:49 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 1 juv, E of Thumrait, road to Marmul, UV detection, open desert plain, sparse vegetation, 17°38.99'N 54°08.29'E, 500 m a.s.l., 19.X.1993, 21:10 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, E of Thumrait, road to Marmul, UV detection, open plain, low rocky hills, 17°38.33'N 54°07.77'E, 500 m a.s.l., 19.X.1993, 21:31 h, leg. G. Lowe (ONHM); 3 ♂, 1 juv, S of Thumrait, Nejd Desert, UV detection, open alluvial plain with rock outcrops and small wadis, on fine soil & partially in burrows, 17°30.77'N 54°02.82'E, 600 m a.s.l., 19.X. 1993, 23:02 h, leg. G. Lowe (NHMB); 2 juvs, Yalooni, UV detection, on gravel plain with Prosopis woodland, 19°57'N 57°06'E, 150 m a.s.l., 21.X.1993, leg. M. Fisher (NHMB); 2 juvs, Yalooni, on sand, amongst fallen twigs, clear moonless sky, slight breeze, 19°56'N 57°05'E, 154 m a.s.l., 15.III.1994, 22:00 h, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 8564.3-4 (NHMB); 1 ♀, 2 km N of Yalooni, Jiddat Al Harasis, under barrel with beetles on sand, 19°58'N 57°07'E, 154 m a.s.l., 17.III.1994, 13:30 h, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 8569 (NHMB); 1 juv, nr Ad Daffah, low dunes, below rocky escarpment, 22° 15'N 59°48'E, 24.XI.1994, leg. A.S. Gardner (NHMB); 1 juv, Jabal Qara, hilltop, UV detection, 17°14.51'N 54°04.25'E, 800 m a.s.l., 30.IV.1995, leg. J. Dundon (NHMB); 1 ♂, Jabal Qara, hilltop, UV detection, 17° 14.51'N 54°04.25'E, 800 m a.s.l., 30.IV.1995, leg. J. Dundon (USNM); 1 ♀, 2 juvs, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, low rock littered slopes, compact silty soil, UV detection, 20°34.48'N 58°55.36'E, 25 m a.s.l., 20.IX.1995, 19:50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 1♀, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, UV detection near edge of wide wadi with small side wadis, from edges of slopes, 20°35.68'N 58°53.98'E, 20 m a.s.l., 20.IX.1995, 21:10 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, wadi with row of trees & flowing water close to beach with hermit crabs, UV detection on gravelly ground away from trees, 20°39.78'N 58°54.28'E, 5 m a.s.l., 20.IX.1995, 22:30 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (MNHN); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 6 juvs, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, UV detection on sand and gravel, by row of trees along wadi with flowing water, 20°40.14'N 58°54.4'E, 20.IX.1995, 23:20 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (GL); 1 ♀, 2 juvs, Masirah Island, north Masirah, east coast, UV detection, near beach, gravelly/ silty flat with shrubs, 20°41.01'N 58°54.63'E, 21.IX.1995, 0:05 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (BMNH); 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 3 juvs, Masirah Island, south Masirah, base of Jabal Suwayr, seepage area with trees & standing water at base of Jabal rock and boulder slopes, UV detection on sand & gravel plain below not far from beach, 20°11.65'N 58°39.42'E, 20 m a.s.l., 21.IX.1995, 18:10 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 3 ♂, 8 ♀, 3 juvs, Masirah Island, south Masirah, Wadi Qitaar, UV detection on sand deposits along edges of wide sandy wadi, 20°13.78'N 58°38.4'E, 20 m a.s.l., 21.IX.1995, 21:20 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 6 ♂, 11 ♀, 5 juvs, Masirah Island, south Masirah, UV detection on sand, area with shrubs by low rocky hills, 20°16.05'N 58°38'E, 25 m a.s.l., 21.IX.1995, 22:30 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (ONHM); 2 ♂, 3 ♀, 5 juvs, Masirah Island, UV detection on sand in wide wadi system, densely vegetated with low shrubs, 20°23.48'N 58°41.32'E, 30 m a.s.l., 21.IX.1995, 23:50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, Masirah Island, north Masirah, west coast, SE of Dafiyat, under wood debris on ground, gravel flat, 20°35.28'N 58°50.76'E, 22.IX.1995, 0:50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (BMNH); 1 ♀, nr Duqm, cliff with nearby wadi and trees, 19°36.06'N 57°37.29'E, 50 m a.s.l., 23.IX.1995, 18:50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (MZUF); 1 ♂, 3 juvs, nr Duqm, UV detection, 19°30.59'N 57°34.9'E, 95 m a.s.l., 23. IX.1995, 18:40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 2 ♂, 1 juv, nr Duqm, UV detection, vegetated wadi, 19°33.53'N 57°37.38'E, 75 m a.s.l., 23.IX.1995, 23:00 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (MNHN); 1 ♂, 1♀, E. of Duqm, UV detection on ground, densely vegetated wadi, 19°39'N 57°40'E, 30 m a.s.l., 23. IX.1995, 23:50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 11 ♂, 8 ♀, 10 juvs, N edge of Wadi Dirif, UV detection on sandy substrate, rocky knoll overlooking wadi and on open flats of wadi, 18°57.51'N 57°21.73'E, 20 m a.s.l., 24.IX.1995, 18:40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 1♀, Wadi Dirif, above beach zone, UV detection, fine silty soil by rock outcrops, 18°57.57'N 57°20.63'E, 5 m a.s.l., 24.IX.1995, 23:30 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (MCZN); 4 ♂, 2 juvs, Wadi Dirif, W edge of wadi, UV detection on sand, 18°57.2'N 57°20.63'E, 10 m a.s.l., 24.IX.1995, 23:40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (BMNH); 13 juvs, Wadi Dirif, E edge of wadi, UV detection, rock outcrops on sand, 18°57.1'N 57°20.71'E, 10 m a.s.l., 25.IX.1995, 0:25 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (ONHM); 6 ♂, 6 ♀, Wadi Dirif, E edge of wadi, UV detection on sand, with rocks, 18°57.1'N 57°20.71'E, 10 m a.s.l., 25.IX.1995, 0:25 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 juv, Wadi Dirif, dunes by road, UV detection on sand, 18°57.07'N 57°20.09'E, 20 m a.s.l., 24.IX.1995, 22:50 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 4 juvs, Wadi Shuwaymiyah, UV detection, base of cliff along southern edge of wadi, sand and loose rock along base, 17°54.9'N 55°34.63'E, 25.IX.1995, 22:00 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, coast W of Shuwaymiyah, UV detection on sand, wide sandy wadi along coast, gentle slopes up to cliffs on edges, 17°53.91'N 55°39.16'E, 5 m a.s.l., 25.IX.1995, 23:40 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (FKCP); 2 ♂, 2 juvs, plateau between Shalim & Ash Shuwaymiyah, UV detection, open rocky windswept plateau with sparse shrubs ground with bare rock and patches of soil, strong wind, 18°02.44'N 55°36.91'E, 265 m a.s.l., 26.IX.1995, 1:32 h, leg. G. Lowe & M.D. Gallagher (GL); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 2 juvs, Saiwan, Rudist outcrop, 20°42.94'N 57°36.96'E, 20. II.1996, leg. A.S. Gardner (ONHM); 1 ♂, Marmul, 18°10.09'N 0°14.76'E (FKCP); 1 ♂, 30 km N of Haima, near Haylat Harashif, dry level sand desert, in large open area, arid gravel desert, 20°11.43'N 56°33.58'E, 6. XII. 1996, leg. M.D. Gallagher MDG 8798 (FKCP); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Khawr Dirif, on sand under small plants and rocks, 18°56.7'N 57°20.73'E, 5 m a.s.l., 7. XII.1996, leg. I.D. Harrison & M.D. Gallagher MDG 8802 (USNM); 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 5 juvs, 20km N of Liqbi, Sahil al Jazr, sand and scrub, 18°24.17'N 56°33.95'E, 15 m a.s.l., 8.XII.1996, leg. I.D. Harrison & M.D. Gallagher MDG 8805 (NHMB); 11 ♂, 1♀, 1 juv, Thumrait, wadi area SE of Thumrait and golf course, 17°42'N 53°59'E, 11-12. II – 9.X.1997, leg. J.N. Barnes (ONHM, EV 1 ♂); 1 ♂, Huqf, on open sand between bushes at foot of low hills, three quarter moon, strong wind, 20°25.7'N 57°26.42'E, 18.IV.1997, M.D. Gallagher MDG 8859 (ONHM); 3 ♂, 2 ♀, 4 juvs, Ra's Al Ghubbah, hiding under shrubs from three quarter moon, on sand over rock slope from beach, 20°07.95'N 57°49.77'E, 5 - 20 m a.s.l., 19.IV.1997, 19:00–21:00 h, leg. M.D. Gallagher & I.D. & M. Harrison MDG 8866 (NHMB); 8 ♂, 2 ♀, Duhai, low aeolianite hilltop & slope to sand, to edge of trees, 500 m 2 area, 21°06.26'N 58°22.29'E, 70 m a.s.l., 21.X.1997, leg. M.D. Gallagher & I.D. Harrison MDG 8889, (ONHM 2 ♀, GL); 4 ♀, 1 juv, NE of Ras Al Jibsh, slope of sand and scrub hummocks, between sea and rocky mountains, on rocks, sand and under scrub, 21°35.4'N 59°25.1'E, 100 m a.s.l., 19. II.1998, leg. J. Peterson, I.D. Harrison & M.D. Gallagher MDG 8945 (MZUF); 6 ♂, 1♀, 2 juvs, N of Al Ashkharah, beach sand, scrub and rocks, most hiding in scrub from three quarter moon, 21°54.7'N 59°36.78'E, 2 m a.s.l., 7.IV.1998, leg. I.D., S. & R. Harrison. & M.D. Gallagher (NHMB); 1 ♂, E. of Hayma, on sparse vegetation, 19°46.05'N 56°35.77'E, 3.X.1998, leg. I.D. Harrison (NHMB); 3 ♂, 1♀, 1 juv, between Al Ashkharah and A'Seelal, under small bushes, 21°55.4'N 59°37. 67'E, 21.XI.1998, leg. I.D. Harrison (MNHN); 1 juv, Jiddat al Harasis nr Habab (site F/9), under rocks in road cut, 19°42.28'N 56°48.72'E, 250 m a.s.l., 29.XII. 1998, 14:45 h, leg. A. Winkler & B. Winkler (NHMB); 5 ♂, 2 juvs, nr Al Ashkharah, on grass, on sandy plain between sea & mountains, 21°54'N 59°36'E, 15.IV.1999, leg. I.D. & S.E. Harrison (NHMB); 1 ♀, nr Ras Khaysat al Liiyakh, ca. 20 km N Ras Madrakah, Al Wusta region, sitting under small plant 30 cm × 30 cm, 19° 13.5'N 57°45'E, 21.IX.2000, leg. R. Harrison & S. Harrison (ONHM); 1 ♂, Al Hayl, by rock, in rock/ pebble strewn sand on low ridge overlooking wide sandy wadi, 20°42'N 58°15'E, 11.XI.2001, leg. I.D. Harrison (ONHM); 2 ♂, Wadi Abaytham, under rock on low ridge overlooking wadi, sparse vegetation on ridge, denser in wadi, 18°58'N 57°36'E, 12.XI.2001, leg. I.D. Harrison (MCZN); 1 ♀, S Duqm (site F/24), UV detection, in small dunes, mouth of burrow, 19°26.75'N 57°35.78'E, 147 m a.s.l., 26.XII.2001, 19:00–20:00 h, leg. A. Winkler (NHMB); 1 juv, S Duqm (site F/24), UV detection, in small dunes, mouth of burrow, 19°26.75'N 57°35.78'E, 147 m a.s.l., 27.XII.2001, 04:00–05:00 h, leg. A. Winkler (NHMB); 1 ♀ subadult, 3 juvs, Al– Saadanat, 19°20.37'N 57°35.47'E, 97 m a.s.l., 18. III. 2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, UV detection 20:00–22:00 h, Wadi Dirif, 18°56.51'N 57°20.73'E, 7 m a.s.l. 19. III.2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP); 4 ♀, UV detection 20:00–22:00 h, Shalím, 18°02.46'N 55°36. 93'E, 290 m a.s.l., 20. III.2014, leg. D. Hoferek (FKCP). ETYMOLOGY. The name macroctenus (= ‘large comb’) refers to the large size of the pectine teeth in both sexes, which distinguishes this species from other members of the genus. DIAGNOSIS (adults). Medium to large Leiurus, 61–88 mm in length, carapace L 7.1–10.2 mm, base color yellow to pale orange, carapace with limited fuscosity on median interocular tubercle; metasoma V slightly fuscous to dark except for posterior end; carapace with area between anterior median carinae smooth or bearing sparse medium to fine granules, area between posterior median carinae with moderately deep median furrow flanked by lateral arcs of medium to fine granules; medial intercarinal surfaces of tergites II – III densely shagreened and granulated; posterior margin of coxa III smooth or with sparse, fine granules; metasoma robust to moderately slender, metasoma II L/ W 1.48 –1.82, metasoma III L/ W 1.59 –2.03, metasoma IV L/ W 1.87 –2.40; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II and III with 14–23 denticles (78/80 carinae); metasoma V with enlarged subtriangular or lobate denticles on ventrolateral carinae; pedipalps moderately slender, patella L/W ♂ 2.83– 3.64, ♀ 2.55–3.32; leg III patella L/D ♂ 3.43–4.48, ♀ 3.38–4.00; pectine teeth ♂ 33–43, ♀ 30–37; pectines large, broad, pectine L/ carapace L ♂ 1.15–1.52, ♀ 1.03–1.26, mid-pectine sensillar margin L/ metasoma I W ♂ 0.216 –0.254, ♀ 0.156 –0.203; basal 3–6 pectine teeth of males overlap if anterior pectine margins aligned to posterior margins of coxae IV; pectine basal piece lightly, finely shagreened; leg III basitarsus with 15–26 retrosuperior setae; pedipalp chela fixed finger with trichobothrium db either distal or proximal to est; sternite VII with area between median carinae smooth or slightly roughened anteriorly; sternite carination: males: sternite III with median carinae strong, sternites IV– V with lateral carinae moderate to strong, median carinae weak or obsolete, shagreened; females: sternite III with median carinae weak and finely granulated, or smooth and obsolete, sternites IV– V with lateral carinae weak or moderate, finely granulated, median carinae obsolete. COMPARISONS. L. macroctenus sp. n. is distinguished from most other species of Leiurus by its large pectine teeth, a distinction that is more pronounced when comparing females, and by strongly overlapping basal pectine teeth of males. The male of L. brachycentrus also has large pectine teeth, but the teeth of females are much smaller than those of female L. macroctenus. The number of retrosuperior setae in the basitarsal bristle combs of L. macroctenus is significantly higher than in other species, which is likely an adaptation to soft sandy substrates. DESCRIPTION (holotype male). Coloration. Base color pale orange or yellow; melanic pigmentation confined to patches around median ocular tubercle and carinae of interocular triangle; ventromedian carinae of metasoma II–IV without pigmentation; metasoma V darkened except for distal portion of segment. Carapace. Subrectangular, W/L 0.97, with steep lateral flanks; top nearly flat, with median eyes strongly raised; interocular triangle convex laterally, depressed medially; anterior margin very slightly emarginate, minutely denticulate laterally with several fine median granules, bordered by row of coarse granules; 11 short macrosetae on anterior margin, carapace otherwise devoid of macrosetae; 5 lateral eyes (3 large, 2 small) on each side; carination: anterior median, central lateral, posterior median and posterior lateral carinae strongly developed, coarsely granular; supraocular section of superciliary carinae with weaker granulation (likely due to abrasion), postocular section coarsely granular; anterior median carinae not extending to anterior margin of carapace, separated from anterior marginal row of granules; central lateral and posterior median carinae fused into lyre configuration; central median carinae coarsely granular, bifurcated, posterior branch weakly curved; posterior lateral carinae curved with lateral extension, projecting past posterior margin of carapace; lateral ocular carinae moderate, with small, spaced granules; granulation: sparse patches of 11 medium to large granules on anterolateral corners of interocular triangle, 7–8 small and large granules in front of lateral ocular carinae; surface between anterior median carinae sparsely, finely shagreened with few isolated small granules; other intercarinal surfaces smooth or faintly microshagreened or with isolated small granules; posterior median furrow very shallow, nearly flat, with few fine granules or micro-shagreened along median line, flanked by lateral arcs of small to medium granules; posterior margin of carapace between posterior lateral carinae rimmed by regular row of small contiguous granules. Chelicera. Dorsal surface of manus smooth, glabrous, with 6 short, pale microsetae, 3 near apical margin, 3 subapical, each surrounded by granules; dorsointernal carina at base of fixed finger strong, well granulated, terminating anteriorly with prominent granules projecting over front of manus; single long macroseta in middle of dorsointernal carina; dorsal surface of movable finger smooth, with 4 pale microsetae; fingers with characteristic buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963); movable finger dorsal margin with 5 teeth: dorsal distal tine, subdistal, median and 2 basal teeth fused in bicusp; ventral margin with 3 teeth: ventral distal tine, median and basal teeth; fixed finger margin with 4 teeth: distal tine, subdistal, median and basal teeth; ventral aspect of fixed finger with 2 teeth. Coxosternal area. Coxae smooth; coxal endite II with weak, finely granulated carina; coxae II–III with coarsely granular anterior carinae, distal margins bearing medium to coarse granules; proximal 1/3 of anterior carina of coxa III finely granulate; 3 long macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa II, 3 macrosetae along anterior carina of coxa III; anterior carina of coxa IV with regular small to medium granulation, with single proximal macroseta; posterior margin of coxa IV with very finely granulated carina on proximal half; sternum with scattered fine granules, subtriangular with slightly convex, nearly straight lateral margins, deep posteromedian longitudinal sulcus and pit with finely granulated posterior lip, two short macrosetae; genital opercula smooth with 4 short macrosetae. Pectines. Basal piece with concave anterior margin divided by small median groove, surface finely shagreened medially, almost smooth laterally; 4 short macrosetae on anterior margin, 1 posteromedial; pectines long, tips extending past proximal 4/5 of trochanter IV; pectines with 3 marginal lamellae, small accessory lamella distal to first marginal lamella, 9 middle lamellae, 38–39
Good Words (Magazine) for 1868
No full textAs Abbey writes, the fable articles here precede and are different from their first appearance in book form a year later. For it was then that Ralston published the first edition of Krilof and His Fables. See my comments on the third (1871) and fourth (1883) editions. The book smells of its many years! The three fable articles are on 39-46, including six illustrations on 40-41; 215-221, including six illustrations on 216-17; and 413-20, including six illustrations on 416-17. These are magazine articles. They comment on Krilof's views and particularly on Russian foibles. Thus one prose text after another is integrated into the article. In the book, there will be, after a preface and a memoir, a simple collection of texts. In fact, the selection of Krilof fables within the article here is excellent, and the author puts them into a good cultural and political context. At least some of the illustrations are the same as those in the third edition.. The texts are close to those found in the published books. It makes sense to see the texts in the magazine here as forerunners of those fable texts there. I presume that Ralston had opportunity to edit and amend between his magazine articles and his book's first edition. The publisher of the magazine is of course the publisher of the third edition that I have. The print is minuscule! I needed a magnifying glass for normal reading. The index just after 774 assigns J.B. Zwecker and A.B. Houghton as illustrators for the eighteen illustrations in the three fable articles. Dalziel, Houghton, and Zwecker are the names I can make out on the illustrations. Dalziel is not mentioned on the title page, but there is reference to others.This is a hardbound book (hard cover)Norman MacLeod; W.R.S. Ralston for fable
Simple drag prediction strategies for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle’s hull shape
No full textThe range of an AUV is dictated by its finite energy source and minimising the energy consumption is required to maximise its endurance. One option to extend the endurance is by obtaining the optimum hydrodynamic hull shape with balancing the trade-off between computational cost and fluid dynamic fidelity. An AUV hull form has been optimised to obtain low resistance hull. Hydrodynamic optimisation of hull form has been carried out by employing five parametric geometry models with a streamlined constraint. Three Genetic Algorithm optimisation procedures are applied by three simple drag predictions which are based on the potential flow method. The results highlight the effectiveness of considering the proposed hull shape optimisation procedure for the early stage of AUV hull desig
The effect of climate on lake mixing patterns and temperatures
No full textThe maritime geographical location has been said to give distinctive characteristics of water mixing to lakes (Hutchinson 1957, pp. 443-444), but such effects have never been described in detail. New Zealand's lakes should exemplify well these maritime distinctions, and in this chapter features of water column mixing and temperature changes are identified which can distinguish New Zealand lakes from those elsewhere
The use of computational fluid dynamics to assess the hull resistance of concept autonomous underwater vehicles
No full textAutonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV’s) provide an important tool for collecting detailed scientific information from the oceans depths. The hull resistance of an AUV is an important factor in determining the powering requirements and range of the vehicle. This paper discusses the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to determine the hull resistance of three existing AUV’s, of differing shape and size. The predictions are compared with available experimental data and good agreement found. This work has demonstrated that with use of suitable shape parameterisation it is possible to carry out concept design evaluation using a RANS flow solver
The impact of placement method on Antifer-block stability
No full textThe main objective of this research was to assess the impact of different placement methods, with different packing densities, on the stability of double layered Antifer-block armour layers. This was done by experimental research in the wave-flume of the Fluid mechanics laboratory of the Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences at Delft University of Technology. 17 experiments were performed with packing densities between 44.8 and 61.1 percent. For every experiment the under layer, toe and armour layer were rebuilt. The placed Antifer layer was tested with eight irregular wave series with increasing significant wave heights from 9cm up to 20cm. From these experiments followed that regular placement methods behave more stable than irregular placement methods with a similar packing density. Also the more irregular (less accurate) positioning of blocks within a regular placement method caused a decrease in stability. Higher packing densities for equal placement methods lead to higher stabilities and higher reflection coefficients. The resulting -values were between 4.0 and 23.7. If the reflection coefficients during the first wave series were high, this resulted in more overtopping during the latest wave series, which indicates that there is a positive correlation between the reflection and the overtopping. Overall it could be concluded that, when the under layer and the toe are smooth and the blocks can be placed accurately, the best performing placement methods are the closed pyramid placement method for packing densities around 45% and 50% and the double pyramid placement method for packing densities around 55% and 60%. The size of the openings to the under layer, of the double pyramid placement method, influenced the reflection coefficients. When the second layer was shifted half a nominal diameter upwards the reflection coefficients were minimal. It is recommended to investigate the possible negative influence of oblique incoming waves on the stability of the double pyramid placement method. The eventual choice of the placement method and packing density depends on the allowed reflection and/or overtopping and the construction costs. The construction costs can be divided into the production costs, the placement costs and the constant costs. For equal constant costs and equal or small differences in placement costs the placement with the higher packing density and accompanying stability value is cheaper for high design wave heights. When the placement costs decrease for both placements or only for the placement with the higher packing density, then the placement with the higher packing density becomes also cheaper for lower wave heights.Civil Engineering and Geoscience
The M.A.C. record. Vol. 25 no. 2 (1919 October 3)
No full textMajor articles in this issue include: President Prudden's Letter -- A.B. King, '19 -- Samuel Rothenberg, with '19 -- "Merk" Smith, '17, Honored -- Faculty Changes -- Ming Lowe, '15, Brings Chinese Collegians to U.S. -- The Bessey Memorial Tablet -- Aggies Put on Practice Battles -- Weddings -- Minutes of Summer Board Meetings -- Alumni Note
The simulation of free surface flows with Computational Fluid Dynamics
No full textComputational fluid dynamics is a powerful and versatile tool for the analysis of flow problems encountered in themaritime environment. The University of Southampton Fluid-Structure Interactions research group use ANSYS CFX tomodel a wide variety of flow problems; to gain insight into flow physics, improve designs and increase the efficiencyand safety of marine vehicles. A series of three case studies from on-going research looks at: loads applied on liquefiednatural gas tanks due to sloshing, slamming pressures experienced by high speed craft as well as the influence ofpropellers on the resistance characteristics of autonomous underwater vehicles. The presence of the free surface,complex shapes and the unsteady nature of these applications make their simulation with computational fluid dynamicsparticularly challenging. The successful validation of the computational models has resulted in the development of aselection process for suitable multiphase models as well as cost-effective meshing strategies
From Lowe syndrome to Dent disease: correlations between mutations of the OCRL1 gene and clinical and biochemical phenotypes.
No full textInternational audienceMutations of OCRL1 are associated with both the Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome, a multisystemic and Dent-2 disease, a renal tubulopathy. We have identified a mutation in 130 Lowe syndrome families and 6 affected by Dent-2 disease with 51 of these mutations being novel. No founding effect was evidenced for recurrent mutations. Two mutations initially reported as causing Dent-2 disease were identified in patients, including two brothers, presenting with Lowe syndrome thus extending the clinical variability of OCRL1 mutations. mRNA levels, protein content, and PiP(2) -ase activities were analyzed in patient's fibroblasts. Although mRNA levels were normal in cells harboring a missense mutation, the OCRL1 content was markedly lowered, suggesting that enzymatic deficiency resulted mainly from protein degradation rather than from a catalytic inactivation. Analysis of a splicing mutation that led to the elimination of the initiation codon evidenced the presence of shortened forms of OCRL1 that might result from the use of alternative initiation codons. The specific mapping of the frameshift and nonsense mutations, exclusively identified in exons 1-7 and exons 8-23, respectively, for Dent disease and Lowe syndrome together with the possible use of alternative initiation codons might be related to their clinical expression, that is, Lowe syndrome or Dent-2 disease
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