1,720,957 research outputs found
Co-opetition and urban worlds, c. AD 1050-1150: archaeological and textual case studies from northwestern Europe
Get PDFThis article explores the complex combinations of collaborative and competitive social relations that catalyzed the development of towns and urban societies in northwestern Europe, during the century between c. AD 1050 and 1150. It aims to evaluate the initiative or agency of different social groups in the formation of different urban social fabrics. Case studies are considered from major port cities and centres of regional (and sometimes state) government, to small ports and even rural villages that carried the judicial status of towns. Both archaeological and textual evidence is utilized to try to shed light on the nature of different urban societies and how they developed. The regional scope of the case studies encompasses examples principally from England, France and Flanders, with some additional comparative material from Wales and northern Iberia
Specialist artisans and commodity producers as social actors in early medieval Britain, c. AD 500-1066
Get PDFThis contribution explores the many questions that need to be asked in regard to how specialist craft-working was organised in early medieval Britain, and how specialist artisans and traders exercised initiative as social actors. A particular emphasis is placed on exploring their activities within the context of their family dynamics and changing social and settlement hierarchies, between c. AD 500 and 1066. The development of elite patronage, protection and taxation of artisans, specialist traders and their activities is viewed as a strategy of mutual benefit and alliance between elites and specialists. By the later tenth and eleventh centuries some merchant-artisans, usually citizens of major towns, became indistinguishable from the lower aristocracy as they possessed both urban residences and rural estates. Yet, the foundation of their wealth and their growing power was specialist production, trade, portable wealth and the collective solidarity of urban societies
The dynamics of portable wealth, social status and competition in the ports, coastal zones and river corridors of northwest Europe, c. AD 650-1100
Get PDFPossession of portable wealth among the connected communities of ports, coasts and river valleys in early medieval northwest Europe reflected a complex web of social relationships of different kinds. It reflected competition in some circumstances, and in others symbiotic lifestyles of relative co-operation, specialisation and advantageous location. For example, the coastal peasantries of northwest Europe seem to have been able to amass significant amounts of portable wealth and imported goods through the trade of products, such as salt. Such trade involved direct contact with foreign mariners, often away from major ports, between the VII and IX centuries. However, there is little evidence of competition with the aristocracy as a result of amassing that wealth. Competition seems to have been focussed on other peasants. Similar, co-operation and maintenance of largely parallel and independent lifestyles is also reflected among the mercantile households of the major emporia ports, between the VII and IX centuries. They enjoyed levels of portable wealth not too different from those of rural landed elites but they did not possess significant landed estates. From the mid X century, however, the portable material culture of the richest merchant-artisans of towns, especially port-cities, shows an affluence to match the lower ranks of the aristocracy, with a range of social practices to match. Hence, by the XI century, there was a trend for active competition between the landed aristocracies and rising merchant patricians
Travel, transport and communication to and from Ireland, c. AD 400-1100: an archaeological perspective
Get PDFIn this paper we examine the extensive new archaeological evidence for the early Irish medieval economy, trade and exchange, evidence which has accrued during the explosion of developer-led archaeological research in Ireland in recent decades and has highlighted the importance of the Atlantic-facing regions of Europe in helping to drive the social, economic, and political transformations of early medieval western Christendom. An archaeological re-assessment of links between Ireland, Britain and continental Europe is, therefore, an essential prerequisite to understanding the role and impact of the Irish in early medieval Europe. An assessment of this role between the fifth and eleventh centuries has to be conducted within the context of the maritime cultural landscapes of Atlantic Europe and the Channel, and the principal river ‘transport corridors’ leading into the interior of continental Europe and ultimately to the Mediterranean
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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