1,720,972 research outputs found
Morality and Equality from Rationality Alone - A repeated game approach of contractarianism
No full textThis paper highlights the role that equality and reciprocity play in preserving peace and cooperation among individuals with conflicting interests. Following the contractarian tradition, I model a mutually beneficial interaction as a prisoner's dilemma and using repeated game theory, I show that a mutually beneficial joint venture may be undertaken only if the final distribution of incomes is sufficiently egalitarian. From a pre-moral context, the model allows to derive endogenous bounds on the income of each individual that reproduce Moehler (2018)'s weak universalisation principle. Contrasting with the well-known equity-efficiency trade-off, the model also produces an equity-efficiency complementarity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Assurabilité des risques catastrophiques
No full textThis thesis addresses several aspects of the insurability of catastrophic risks. In a first chapter, we focus on very low probability events and we show how hybrid financial instruments can be used to extend the domain of insurablerisks. Our application to the case of nuclear accidents using cat-bonds data in France shows that despite the higherprice of reinsurance for low probability events, it is advisable to insure more than is currently provided for by the Frenchlaw. The second chapter takes on the issue of why reinsurance is more costly for low probability events. We show thatbecause catastrophic risks have a systemic component, they give rise to a risk premium in equilibrium which decreasesat a lower pace than the willingness to pay for insurance. We use this finding to explain why systemic low probability catastrophes are hard to insure. The third chapter investigates the role of mutual and participating contracts to improveinsurability. Such contracts are necessary for people to adjust their demand for insurance when individual losses are correlated. Finally, the fourth chapter investigates the use of cat-bonds to hedge the risk of extreme agricultural suppliesprice variations. By issuing a cat-bond, the firm that purchases supplies borrows a capital that can be retained in caseof catastrophe. Such a solution would combine the advantage of risk-pooling, to lower the price of insurance, with lowerbasis risk compared to more traditional hedging strategies such as future purchases.Cette thèse étudie l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques sous différents angles. Le premier chapitre intéresse aux risques de très faibles probabilités. Nous montrons comment des instruments financiers hybrides, tels que les obligations catastrophes, peuvent être utilisés pour étendre le domaine d’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. Notre application au cas du nucléaire en France révèle que, malgré des prix plus élevés pour la réassurance des événements de faibles probabilités, il est possible, et vraisemblablement souhaitable d’organiser un système d’assurance plus important que ce que prévoit la loi française. Le second chapitre s’attaque à la question du prix de la réassurance des risques de faibles probabilités. Nous montrons que les risques catastrophiques, ayant une composante systémique, donnent lieu à une prime de risque dont le montant décroit avec la probabilité de la catastrophe moins rapidement que la disposition à payer d’un assuré typique. Cela explique pourquoi les risques systémiques de faibles probabilités sont difficiles à assurer. Le troisième chapitre étudie le rôle des contrats mutuels et participatifs pour améliorer l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. De tels contrats permettent aux assurés d’ajuster au mieux leur demande d’assurance, en prenant en compte la dimension systémique des risques auxquels ils sont exposés. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre étudie l’utilisation d’obligations catastrophes pour assurer le risque de variations du prix des matières premières agricoles consécutives à des aléas climatiques extrêmes. En émettant une obligation catastrophe, l’entreprise qui s’approvisionne en matières premières emprunte un capital qu’elle peut conserver en cas de catastrophe, lorsque ses coûts d’approvisionnement sont élevés. Cette solution présente deux avantages par rapport à une couverture par achats de contrats à terme. D’une part,elle permet de réduire la facture d’assurance par effet de diversification. D’autre part, elle permet d’ajuster la couverture aux contraintes logistiques et stratégiques particulières de l’entreprise
Morality and Equality from Rationality Alone - A repeated game approach of contractarianism
No full textThis paper highlights the role that equality and reciprocity play in preserving peace and cooperation among individuals with conflicting interests. Following the contractarian tradition, I model a mutually beneficial interaction as a prisoner's dilemma and using repeated game theory, I show that a mutually beneficial joint venture may be undertaken only if the final distribution of incomes is sufficiently egalitarian. From a pre-moral context, the model allows to derive endogenous bounds on the income of each individual that reproduce Moehler (2018)'s weak universalisation principle. Contrasting with the well-known equity-efficiency trade-off, the model also produces an equity-efficiency complementarity
Assurabilité des risques catastrophiques
No full textThis thesis addresses several aspects of the insurability of catastrophic risks. In a first chapter, we focus on very low probability events and we show how hybrid financial instruments can be used to extend the domain of insurablerisks. Our application to the case of nuclear accidents using cat-bonds data in France shows that despite the higherprice of reinsurance for low probability events, it is advisable to insure more than is currently provided for by the Frenchlaw. The second chapter takes on the issue of why reinsurance is more costly for low probability events. We show thatbecause catastrophic risks have a systemic component, they give rise to a risk premium in equilibrium which decreasesat a lower pace than the willingness to pay for insurance. We use this finding to explain why systemic low probability catastrophes are hard to insure. The third chapter investigates the role of mutual and participating contracts to improveinsurability. Such contracts are necessary for people to adjust their demand for insurance when individual losses are correlated. Finally, the fourth chapter investigates the use of cat-bonds to hedge the risk of extreme agricultural suppliesprice variations. By issuing a cat-bond, the firm that purchases supplies borrows a capital that can be retained in caseof catastrophe. Such a solution would combine the advantage of risk-pooling, to lower the price of insurance, with lowerbasis risk compared to more traditional hedging strategies such as future purchases.Cette thèse étudie l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques sous différents angles. Le premier chapitre intéresse aux risques de très faibles probabilités. Nous montrons comment des instruments financiers hybrides, tels que les obligations catastrophes, peuvent être utilisés pour étendre le domaine d’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. Notre application au cas du nucléaire en France révèle que, malgré des prix plus élevés pour la réassurance des événements de faibles probabilités, il est possible, et vraisemblablement souhaitable d’organiser un système d’assurance plus important que ce que prévoit la loi française. Le second chapitre s’attaque à la question du prix de la réassurance des risques de faibles probabilités. Nous montrons que les risques catastrophiques, ayant une composante systémique, donnent lieu à une prime de risque dont le montant décroit avec la probabilité de la catastrophe moins rapidement que la disposition à payer d’un assuré typique. Cela explique pourquoi les risques systémiques de faibles probabilités sont difficiles à assurer. Le troisième chapitre étudie le rôle des contrats mutuels et participatifs pour améliorer l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. De tels contrats permettent aux assurés d’ajuster au mieux leur demande d’assurance, en prenant en compte la dimension systémique des risques auxquels ils sont exposés. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre étudie l’utilisation d’obligations catastrophes pour assurer le risque de variations du prix des matières premières agricoles consécutives à des aléas climatiques extrêmes. En émettant une obligation catastrophe, l’entreprise qui s’approvisionne en matières premières emprunte un capital qu’elle peut conserver en cas de catastrophe, lorsque ses coûts d’approvisionnement sont élevés. Cette solution présente deux avantages par rapport à une couverture par achats de contrats à terme. D’une part,elle permet de réduire la facture d’assurance par effet de diversification. D’autre part, elle permet d’ajuster la couverture aux contraintes logistiques et stratégiques particulières de l’entreprise
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
On the design of optimal parametric insurance
No full textUnder parametric insurance, the indemnity is a function of a publicly-observable parameter vector correlated with the loss incurred by the policyholder. The parameter vector yields a loss index, which is the best estimate of the loss, the basis risk being the random difference between the actual loss and the loss index. We show that the design of optimal parametric insurance depends on whether the parameter vector and the basis risk are independently distributed or not, and we analyze how it is affected by the attitude toward risk of the policyholder
Optimal insurance coverage of low-probability catastrophic risks
No full textCatastrophic risks are often characterised by a low probability , a high severity and a large number of affected individuals. Taking these specificities into account, we analyse the capacity of insurance contracts to provide coverage for those risks, independently from the market failures frequently observed in practice. On the demand side, we characterise individual preferences under which the willingness to pay for the coverage of large losses remains significant, although their occurrence probability is very small. On the supply side, the correlation between individual losses affects the insurance pricing through the insurers' cost of capital. Analysing the interaction between demand and supply yields the key determinants of insurability and of a socially optimal risk sharing strategy
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