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    Effects of starvation on survival, cannibalism, body mass, and intestinal protozoan profile in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes lucifugus

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    Scarcity or inadequate nutrition can affect biological and behavioural aspects of subterranean termites and their intestinal protozoan profile. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in survival, cannibalism, body mass, and protist community structure of Reticulitermes lucifugus Rossi subspecies “Sicily” following starvation to provide basic knowledge for the development of more specific studies on a possible survival strategy under stressful conditions. In nature, this termite consumes many food sources and its feeding activity is continuous during the year. In a 35-day laboratory experiment, groups of 50 termites (worker/soldier ratio 49:1) were subjected to two diets, starvation (no source of cellulose offered to the termites) and filter-paper feeding (as a control), kept for 35 days with 7-day intervals of inspection, and compared with termites freshly collected from a field colony on May 2017. Under starvation, termite survival decreased to 0% after 35 days for both workers and soldiers, whereas in the fed group (filter-paper diet) it was 83% for workers and 66% for soldiers. Cannibalism was on average 84% on dead workers, 1.7% on survivor workers, and 100% on dead soldiers. The body mass of workers decreased from 3.5 mg/worker (first day of the test) to 2.05 mg/worker (last day of the test). The community structure and abundance of the intestinal protozoa of workers changed in response to starvation. Starvation caused the loss of four, six, and two protist species after 7, 14, and 28 days, respectively, with only one species persisting after 28 days. In most inspection dates, results were significantly different from those of filter-paper-fed and field-collected groups

    Indagini sulla presenza del feromone sessuale in Phyllonorycter delitella (Duponchel).

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    Phyllonorycter delitella (Duponchel) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) è un fillominatore che è stato rinvenuto nel 2004 nelle aree boschive siciliane su Roverella (Quercus pubescens Willd.). Nel presente lavoro si riportano i risultati delle indagini condotte sul feromone sessuale di questo fitofago, sotto il profilo comportamentale, chimico e morfologico. Per analizzare le risposte comportamentali di maschi vergini di P. delitella verso gruppi di femmine conspecifiche in fase di richiamo sono stati condotti biosaggi in olfattometro a due vie. Le prove hanno evidenziato un’attrazione significativa degli individui osservati verso le femmine vergini. Partendo da questi risultati è stata effettuata la raccolta in flusso d’aria dei volatili emessi rispettivamente da gruppi di femmine vergini, maschi vergini e femmine accoppiate. Le sostanze raccolte sono state eluite con solvente organico ed analizzate in un Gascromatografo interfacciato ad uno Spettrometro di Massa (GS-MS). Le analisi chimiche hanno evidenziato una diversa composizione quali-quantitativa tra i cromatogrammi ottenuti per le tre tipologie di individui studiati. Indagini ultrastrutturali condotte sia con il Microscopio Elettronico a Scansione (SEM) che con il Microscopio Elettronico a Trasmissione (TEM) hanno evidenziato la presenza di una ghiandola a feromone sessuale in corrispondenza del tratto dorsale della membrana intersegmentale tra l’VIII ed il IX segmento addominale. Le cellule secretrici dell’epitelio ghiandolare riversano il loro secreto attraverso micropori che perforano la cuticola soprastante. In posizione di riposo la membrana intersegmentale forma una cavità dove il secreto accumulato è successivamente rilasciato nella fase di richiamo sessuale. Alla luce di questi risultati l’impiego dei composti feromonali di P. delitella potrebbe rappresentare una valida alternativa per il monitoraggio delle popolazioni negli ecosistemi forestal

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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