1,720,962 research outputs found
Hebbsche Plastizität an den neuromuskulären Synapsen in Drosophila melanogaster
No full textSynaptic plasticity determines the development of functional neural circuits. It is widely accepted as the mechanism behind learning and memory. Among different forms of synaptic plasticity, Hebbian plasticity describes an activity-induced change in synaptic strength, caused by correlated pre- and postsynaptic activity. Additionally, Hebbian plasticity is characterised by input specificity, which means it takes place only at synapses, which participate in activity. Because of its correlative nature, Hebbian plasticity suggests itself as a mechanism behind associative learning.
Although it is commonly assumed that synaptic plasticity is closely linked to synaptic activity during development, the mechanistic understanding of this coupling is far from complete.
In the present study channelrhodopsin-2 was used to evoke activity in vivo, at the glutamatergic Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Remarkably, correlated pre- and postsynaptic stimulation led to increased incorporation of GluR-IIA-type glutamate receptors into postsynaptic receptor fields, thus boosting postsynaptic sensitivity. This phenomenon is input-specific.
Conversely, GluR-IIA was rapidly removed from synapses at which neurotransmitter release failed to evoke substantial postsynaptic depolarisation. This mechanism might be responsible to tame uncontrolled receptor field growth. Combining these results with developmental GluR-IIA dynamics leads to a comprehensive physiological concept, where Hebbian plasticity guides growth of postsynaptic receptor fields and sparse transmitter release stabilises receptor fields by preventing overgrowth.
Additionally, a novel mechanism of retrograde signaling was discovered, where direct postsynaptic channelrhodopsin-2 based stimulation, without involvement of presynaptic neurotransmitter release, leads to presynaptic depression. This phenomenon is reminiscent of a known retrograde homeostatic mechanism, of inverted polarity, where neurotransmitter release is upregulated, upon reduction of postsynaptic sensitivity.Das Phänomen der synaptischen Plastizität bestimmt die Entwicklung funktionaler neuronaler Schaltkreise. Die meisten Neurowissenschaftler betrachten synaptische Plastizität als die neuronal Grundlage von Lernen und Gedächtnis. Es gibt viele Ausprägungsarten synaptischer Plastizität, eine davon ist die sogenannte Hebb’sche Plastizität. Diese ist definiert durch eine aktivitätsinduzierte, langanhaltende Veränderung der Stärke einer synaptischen Verbindung, verursacht durch korrelative Aktivierung der Prä- und der Postsynapse. Zusätzlich ist die Ausbreitung der Hebb’sche Plastizität synapsenspezifisch, d.h. nur die Synapsen, die an der korrelativen Aktivierung teilnehmen, erfahren auch die Veränderung. Das Wachstumssignal breitet sich also nicht auf benachbarte Synapsen aus. Der korrelative Wesenszug der Hebb’schen Plastizität macht sie zu einem naheliegenden zellulären Mechanismus assoziativen Lernens.
Es wird angenommen, dass synaptische Aktivität und synaptische Plastizität während der Entwicklung neuronaler Schaltkreise eng gekoppelt sind. Das mechanistische Verständnis dieser Kopplung ist jedoch weitgehend unverstanden.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das lichtaktivierbare Kanalrhodopsin-2 verwendet, um Aktivität an der glutamatergen neuromuskulären Synapse in der lebenden, sich frei bewegenden, Drosophila melanogaster Larve auszulösen. Wenn die Prä- und die Postsynapse korrelativ aktiviert wurden, führte dies zur verstärkten Integration von Glutamatrezeptoren des GluR-IIA Typs in die postsynaptischen Rezeptorfelder, was in einer Erhöhung der postsynaptischer Empfindlichkeit mündete. Dieses Platizitätsphänomen wurde als synapsenspezifisch identifiziert und damit als Hebb’sch.
Im Gegenzug, wurde der gleiche Rezeptortyp entfernt, wenn Neurotransmitterfreisetzung nicht zu einer erheblichen Depolarisation der Postsynapse führte. Dieser Mechanismus könnte für die Kontrolle des Rezeptorfeldwachstums verantwortlich sein.
Es wurde ein physiologisches Modell erarbeitet, bei dem Hebb’sche Plastizität das Wachstum postsynaptischer Rezeptorfelder während der Entwicklung leitet und sporadische, nicht synchronisierte Neurotransmitterfreisetzung die Rezeptorfeldgröße stabilisiert, indem sie das Wachstum Dieser begrenzt.
Zusätzlich wurde eine neue Modalität der synaptischen Plastizität an der neuromuskulären Synapse entdeckt: Ein retrograder Signalweg wird aktiviert wenn die postsynaptische Seite, unter Umgehung der Präsynapse, direkt, lichtinduziert aktiviert wird. Dieser Signalweg führt zur präsynaptischen Depression. Das Phänomen erinnert stark an einen bereits bekannten retrograden homöostatischen Mechanismus, reziproker Polarität, bei dem Neurotransmitter Freisetzung hochreguliert wird, wenn die Empfindlichkeit der Postsynapse verringert wird
Channelrhodopsin-2-XXL, a powerful optogenetic tool for low-light applications
No full textChannelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has provided a breakthrough for the optogenetic control of neuronal activity. In adult Drosophila melanogaster, however, its applications are severely constrained. This limitation in a powerful model system has curtailed unfolding the full potential of ChR2 for behavioral neuroscience. Here, we describe the D156C mutant, termed ChR2-XXL (extra high expression and long open state), which displays increased expression, improved subcellular localization, elevated retinal affinity, an extended open-state lifetime, and photocurrent amplitudes greatly exceeding those of all heretofore published ChR variants. As a result, neuronal activity could be efficiently evoked with ambient light and even without retinal supplementation. We validated the benefits of the variant in intact flies by eliciting simple and complex behaviors. We demonstrate efficient and prolonged photo stimulation of monosynaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction and reliable activation of a gustatory reflex pathway. Innate male courtship was triggered in male and female flies, and olfactory memories were written through light-induced associative training
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Quantitative super-resolution imaging of Bruchpilot distinguishes active zone states
Full text linkThe precise molecular architecture of synaptic active zones (AZs) gives rise to different structural and functional AZ states that fundamentally shape chemical neurotransmission. However, elucidating the nanoscopic protein arrangement at AZs is impeded by the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional light microscopy. Here we introduce new approaches to quantify endogenous protein organization at single-molecule resolution in situ with super-resolution imaging by direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Focusing on the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), we find that the AZ cytomatrix (CAZ) is composed of units containing ~137 Bruchpilot (Brp) proteins, three quarters of which are organized into about 15 heptameric clusters. We test for a quantitative relationship between CAZ ultrastructure and neurotransmitter release properties by engaging Drosophila mutants and electrophysiology. Our results indicate that the precise nanoscopic organization of Brp distinguishes different physiological AZ states and link functional diversification to a heretofore unrecognized neuronal gradient of the CAZ ultrastructure
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