1,721,106 research outputs found
The effect of word frequency and parafoveal preview on saccade length during the reading of Chinese
No full textThere are currently 2 theoretical accounts of how readers of Chinese select their saccade targets: (a) by moving their eyes to specific saccade targets (i.e., the default-targeting hypothesis) and (b) by adjusting their saccade lengths to accommodate lexical processing (i.e., the dynamic-adjustment hypothesis). In this article, we first report the results of an eye-movement experiment using a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm. This experiment demonstrates that both target-word frequency and its preview validity modulate the lengths of the saccades entering and exiting the target words, with longer saccades to/from high-frequency words when their preview was available. We then report the results of 2 simulations using computational models that instantiate the core theoretical assumptions of the default-targeting and dynamic-adjustment hypotheses. Comparisons of these simulations indicate that the dynamic-adjustment hypothesis provides a better quantitative account of the data from our experiment using fewer free parameters. We conclude by discussing evidence for dynamic saccade adjustment during the reading of alphabetic languages, and why such a heuristic may be necessary to fully explain eye-movement control during the reading of both alphabetic and nonalphabetic language
The emergence of adaptive eye movements in reading
Full text linkSimulations were completed using artificial reading “agents” that are subject to known physiological (e.g., limited visual acuity) and psychological (e.g., limited attention) constraints and capable of learning to move their eyes and allocate attention to read as efficiently as possible. These simulations indicate that agents learn when and where to move their eyes to attain maximal reading efficiency, generalize this behavior from training sentences to novel test sentences, and use word length to predict word-identification times and thereby make optimal decisions about when to initiate saccadic programming—even if word length is only moderately predictive of word-identification times. These results suggest that humans may exploit even modestly informative cues in learning to decide when to move their eyes during reading
Control of Soybean Aphids with Super Low-Dose Spraying: Efficacy and Labor Savings
Full text linkThe soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Mats.) is a major insect pest in soybean production areas, with annual occurrences causing serious damage to the soybean crops. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the control effect on soybean aphid and working efficacy of two methods of spraying with Dimethoate, namely, super-low volume spraying and conventional volume spraying, carried on the back with a manual compression operation. The results obtained are as follows.Originating text in Chinese.Citation: Li, Yong, Lin, Peili, Liu, Yanping. (1989). Control of Soybean Aphids with Super Low-Dose Spraying: Efficacy and Labor Savings. Agricultural Sciences [in Heilongjiang Province], 1, 34-35
Evaluating the environmental impact of agri-food waste reduction: a bibliographic analysis and conceptual framework
No full textIncreasing concerns about the environmental impact of agri-food waste (AFW) have strengthened the need to assess the environmental performance of AFW reduction. Yet comprehensive literature reviews in this area remain scant. This paper presents a review of the research using a bibliographic analysis. Based on a sample of 171 research articles, we proposed a conceptual framework for evaluating the environmental impact of AFW reduction. The contribution of this review is threefold. First, a bibliographic analysis and semi-structured interviews are utilized to systematically review relevant literature and to propose a conceptual framework, which draws on existing research to determine ways of assessing the environmental impacts of AFW reduction. Second, our identification of four overarching research themes with respect to studies on the environmental impacts of AFW reduction offers fresh insights into AFW studies. Third, our conceptual model is refined following the semi-structured interviews we conduct, which serves to reveal the practical implications of our findings and research opportunities for the future.</p
Untangling the critical success factors of the latest compulsory waste sorting initiative in Shanghai: the role of accountability governance
Full text linkMunicipal solid waste sorting is an essential element of urban sustainability as cities transition to a circular economy. As a mega-city, Shanghai has achieved remarkable milestones in its latest compulsory waste sorting program. This success has garnered widespread attention, and most studies have primarily focused on policy interventions from either a macro perspective or micro-analysis of individual behaviours. However, these studies have often overlooked the intricacies of multi-stakeholder coordination and the division of responsibilities, which frequently contributed to the failure of waste sorting initiatives. Furthermore, existing research lacks a systematic theoretical framework to elucidate multi-stakeholder accountability mechanisms. Therefore, this research adopts a case study approach to untangle the factors that led to Shanghai's success. Through the lens of accountability theory, this study systematically elaborates stakeholder accountability mechanisms and offers a distinctive multi-stakeholder perspective to explain Shanghai's success across vertical, horizontal, and felt accountability dimensions. This informative exemplar provides crucial empirical insights for other cities, especially those grappling with challenges in promoting and managing waste sorting initiatives
Word predictability affects saccade length in Chinese reading: An evaluation of the dynamic-adjustment model
No full textHow does a word’s within-sentence predictability influence saccade length during reading? An eye-movement experiment manipulating the predictability of target words indicates that, relative to low-predictability target words, high-predictability targets elicit longer saccades to themselves. Simulations using computational models that respectively instantiate the targeting of saccades to default locations (Yan, Kliegl, Richter, Nuthmann, & Shu in Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 705–725, 2010) versus the dynamic adjustment of saccade length (Liu, Reichle, & Li in Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 41, 1229–1236, 2015, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42, 1008–1025, 2016) indicate that the latter model provides a more accurate and parsimonious account of saccade-targeting behavior in Chinese reading. The implications of these conclusions are discussed with respect to current models of eye-movement control during reading and the necessity to explain eye movements in languages as different as Chinese versus English.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
A longitudinal-experimental test of the panculturality of self-enhancement: self-enhancement promotes psychological well-being both in the west and the east
No full textIntensely debated is whether the self-enhancement motive is culturally relative or universal. The universalist perspective predicts that satisfaction of the motive panculturally promotes psychological well-being. The relativistic perspective predicts that such promotive effects are restricted to Western culture. A longitudinal-randomized-experiment conducted in China and the US tested the competing predictions. Participants completed measures of psychological well-being in an initial session. A week later participants listed a personally important attribute, described (via random assignment) how that attribute is more (self-enhancement) or less (self-effacement) descriptive of self than others, and again reported their psychological well-being. Consistent with the universalist perspective, self-enhancement significantly increased psychological well-being from baseline in the US and China; self-effacement yielded no change in psychological well-being in either culture
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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