2,185 research outputs found
sj-pptx-1-gsj-10.1177_21925682221089876 – Supplemental Material for What Are the Benefits of Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion on the Treatment of Adult Spinal Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Deformity
No full textSupplemental Material, sj-pptx-1-gsj-10.1177_21925682221089876 for What Are the Benefits of Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion on the Treatment of Adult Spinal Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Deformity by Honghao Yang, Jingwei Liu, Yong Hai, and Bo Han in Global Spine Journal</p
Honeybees interfere with wild bees in apple pollination in China
No full textAbstract Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) are increasingly used in commercial crop production, while wild bees are also important pollinators. Few studies have investigated the relative importance of honeybees and wild bees for apple pollination and whether the contribution of wild bees is affected by increasing numbers of honeybees. Here, we conducted experiments in 52 commercially important Fuji apple orchards across three apple production areas in China, to investigate how wild bees, honeybees and their interaction influences apple quantity (fruit set, weight) and quality (seed number). Both honeybees and wild bees contributed to apples production, resulting in an overall 996%, 26% and 64% increase of apple fruit set, fruit weight and seed number, respectively. We found a hump‐shaped relationship between bee density and fruit set and fruit weight with the maximum fruit set at intermediate bee density, but honeybees reached the maximum only with one and a half times higher numbers than wild bees. Furthermore, when honeybee activity density was low, an increase in wild bee activity density and species richness led to enhanced pollination contribution. Conversely, when honeybee activity density was high, increased wild bee activity density and species richness were associated with reduced pollination contribution. Additionally, the highest fruit set was observed at high densities of wild bees and intermediate densities of honeybees. These results indicate that high honeybee activity density may interfere with the pollination services provided by wild bees in apple orchards. Synthesis and applications . Both honeybees and wild bees contribute to apple pollination and production, but wild bees evidenced much higher pollination efficiency than honeybees. Importantly, introducing high density of honeybee colonies appeared to enhance competition with wild bees, decreasing their contribution to pollination. As highest fruit set was found with high wild bee densities, but only intermediate levels of honeybee densities, it is important to carefully assess the number of honeybee colonies before possible introduction of hives for apple production, in particular when wild bee diversity and density are high. Conserving wild bee diversity is of priority to harness pollination services in apple production, given their high diversity and pollination efficiency.摘要 西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)越来越广泛应用于作物商业生产，而野生蜂也是重要的传粉者。很少有研究调查西方蜜蜂和野生蜂对苹果授粉的相对重要性，以及野生蜂的贡献是否受到西方蜜蜂数量增加的影响。 本研究中，我们在中国三个主要的苹果产区对52个富士苹果园开展了实验，以研究野生蜂、西方蜜蜂及其相互作用如何影响苹果数量(坐果数)和质量(果实重量、种子数)。结果显示，西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都对苹果生产均有重要贡献，使苹果坐果率、果实重量和种子数量分别增加了996%、26%和64%。 本研究还发现蜜蜂密度与坐果率和果实重量之间存在驼峰形关系。在中等蜜蜂密度下坐果率达到最大，但在达到最大坐果率时需要的西方蜜蜂密度为野生蜜蜂的1.5倍。此外，当西方蜜蜂活动密度较低时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献增加；而当西方蜜蜂活动密度较高时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献降低。此外，在高野生蜂密度和中等蜜蜂密度的情况下，苹果座果率最大。这些结果表明过高的西方蜜蜂活动密度干扰了野生蜂为苹果提供的传粉服务。 总结与应用:西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都有助于苹果授粉和生产，但野生蜂的授粉效率比蜜蜂高得多。引入高密度的西方蜜蜂蜂群似乎会引起与野生蜂的竞争，降低了对苹果生产的传粉贡献。由于在野生蜜蜂密度高且只有中等水平的西方蜜蜂密度下苹果的坐果率最高，因此我们建议在苹果园引入蜂箱之前，特别是在野生蜜蜂多样性和密度较高的地区，应仔细评估引入西方蜜蜂群落的数量。鉴于野生蜂群落的高多样性及高传粉效率，保护野生蜂的多样性仍然是提升苹果传粉服务的首要选择措施。Abstract Honeybees ( Apis mellifera ) are increasingly used in commercial crop production, while wild bees are also important pollinators. Few studies have investigated the relative importance of honeybees and wild bees for apple pollination and whether the contribution of wild bees is affected by increasing numbers of honeybees. Here, we conducted experiments in 52 commercially important Fuji apple orchards across three apple production areas in China, to investigate how wild bees, honeybees and their interaction influences apple quantity (fruit set, weight) and quality (seed number). Both honeybees and wild bees contributed to apples production, resulting in an overall 996%, 26% and 64% increase of apple fruit set, fruit weight and seed number, respectively. We found a hump‐shaped relationship between bee density and fruit set and fruit weight with the maximum fruit set at intermediate bee density, but honeybees reached the maximum only with one and a half times higher numbers than wild bees. Furthermore, when honeybee activity density was low, an increase in wild bee activity density and species richness led to enhanced pollination contribution. Conversely, when honeybee activity density was high, increased wild bee activity density and species richness were associated with reduced pollination contribution. Additionally, the highest fruit set was observed at high densities of wild bees and intermediate densities of honeybees. These results indicate that high honeybee activity density may interfere with the pollination services provided by wild bees in apple orchards. Synthesis and applications . Both honeybees and wild bees contribute to apple pollination and production, but wild bees evidenced much higher pollination efficiency than honeybees. Importantly, introducing high density of honeybee colonies appeared to enhance competition with wild bees, decreasing their contribution to pollination. As highest fruit set was found with high wild bee densities, but only intermediate levels of honeybee densities, it is important to carefully assess the number of honeybee colonies before possible introduction of hives for apple production, in particular when wild bee diversity and density are high. Conserving wild bee diversity is of priority to harness pollination services in apple production, given their high diversity and pollination efficiency.摘要 西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)越来越广泛应用于作物商业生产，而野生蜂也是重要的传粉者。很少有研究调查西方蜜蜂和野生蜂对苹果授粉的相对重要性，以及野生蜂的贡献是否受到西方蜜蜂数量增加的影响。 本研究中，我们在中国三个主要的苹果产区对52个富士苹果园开展了实验，以研究野生蜂、西方蜜蜂及其相互作用如何影响苹果数量(坐果数)和质量(果实重量、种子数)。结果显示，西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都对苹果生产均有重要贡献，使苹果坐果率、果实重量和种子数量分别增加了996%、26%和64%。 本研究还发现蜜蜂密度与坐果率和果实重量之间存在驼峰形关系。在中等蜜蜂密度下坐果率达到最大，但在达到最大坐果率时需要的西方蜜蜂密度为野生蜜蜂的1.5倍。此外，当西方蜜蜂活动密度较低时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献增加；而当西方蜜蜂活动密度较高时，随野生蜂活动密度和物种丰富度增加，传粉贡献降低。此外，在高野生蜂密度和中等蜜蜂密度的情况下，苹果座果率最大。这些结果表明过高的西方蜜蜂活动密度干扰了野生蜂为苹果提供的传粉服务。 总结与应用:西方蜜蜂和野生蜂都有助于苹果授粉和生产，但野生蜂的授粉效率比蜜蜂高得多。引入高密度的西方蜜蜂蜂群似乎会引起与野生蜂的竞争，降低了对苹果生产的传粉贡献。由于在野生蜜蜂密度高且只有中等水平的西方蜜蜂密度下苹果的坐果率最高，因此我们建议在苹果园引入蜂箱之前，特别是在野生蜜蜂多样性和密度较高的地区，应仔细评估引入西方蜜蜂群落的数量。鉴于野生蜂群落的高多样性及高传粉效率，保护野生蜂的多样性仍然是提升苹果传粉服务的首要选择措施。National Natural Science Foundation of China https://doi.org/10.13039/50110000180
SOI thermo-optic modulator with fast response
No full textSilicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology offers tremendous potential for integration of optoelectronic functionson a silicon wafer. In this letter, a 1 * 1 multimode interference (MMI) Mach-Zender interferometer(MZI) thermo-optic modulator fabricated by wet-etching method is demonstrated. The modulator has anextinction ratio of -11.0 dB, extra loss of -4.9 dB and power consumption of 420 mW. The response timeis less than 30μs
Four-Chinese-character Words in Missionaries' Documents in China : A Comparison with the Written Documents of Dutch Studies in Japan
No full text北京外国語大学Beijing Foreign Studies University本稿に先立って,筆者は,朱京偉(2011a,2011b)で蘭学資料の三字漢語を考察し,在華宣教師資料の三字語との比較対照を行なった。また,朱京偉(2011c)で蘭学資料の四字漢語を取り上げ,できる限りその全体像を描いてみた。これらに続く作業としては,在華宣教師資料の四字語を検討し,蘭学資料の四字漢語との比較を行なうことである。このような日中対照を通して,19世紀当時の,日本語の四字漢語と中国語の四字語のそれぞれの特徴を明らかにすることによってはじめて,両者間の影響関係を正しくとらえることができると考える。結論からいうと,在華宣教師資料の四字語は,基本的な構成パターンで蘭学資料の四字漢語と大差がないように見えるものの,その中身をくわしく検討すると,語数が全体的に少ない上,語基と語基の結合関係の分布も異なる。こうした語構成上の相違は,多かれ少なかれ日中両言語の四字語の造語力に影響を与えたと思われる。The author has previously carried out a comprehensive analysis of three-Chinese-character words in documents written by Dutch Studies scholars in Japan (Zhu Jingwei, 2011a). In another paper (Zhu Jingwei, 2011b), the author expanded his research to three-Chinese-character words in missionaries' documents and compared Chinese and Japanese three-Chinese-character words from a lexicological perspective. In a third paper (Zhu Jingwei, 2011c), the author focused on four-Chinese-character words. The present paper continues this line of research by investigating the four-Chinese-character words used in missionaries' documents and comparing those found in Dutch Studies documents. The author found that, in terms of word formation patterns, there is no significant difference between the two types of documents, but the numbers of Chinese and Japanese four-character words involving the same word formation pattern differ greatly. The research shows no direct 'word-borrowing' relationship in four-Chinese-character words between the missionary documents and the Dutch Studies documents. The borrowing of four-Chinese-character words must have started only in the Meiji period.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape
Carbon stabilization pathways in soil aggregates during long-term forest succession: Implications from δ13C signatures
No full textSOI Waveguides Fabricated by Wet-Etching Method
No full textSOI waveguides fabricated by wet-etching method are demonstrated. The single mode waveguide and 1×2 3dB BBI splitter are analyzed and designed by three dimensional beam propagation method to correct the error of effective index method and guided mode method. The devices are fabricated. Excellent performances, such as low propagation loss of -1.37dB/cm, low excess of -2.2dB, and good uniformity of 0.3dB, are achieved
Yuan Shu and the Movement for Asiatic Regeneration and National Reconstruction: The Activities of Pro-Peace Advocates Before and After the Formation of the Reorganized National Government of China (Wang Jingwei Regime)
No full textThe Movement for Asiatic Regeneration and Nationa1 Reconstruction (MARNR 興亜建国運動, abbr. 興建運動) was organized in Shanghai in 1939 at the request of Army Lt. General Kagesa Sadaaki to support the peace efforts of Wang Jingwei, The core of the Movement was formed by Iwai Eiichi, vice-consul of the Shanghai Japanese Consulate and his Chinese friend Yuan Shu, a young Journalist and member of the Communist Party underground with connections to the Kuomintang’s Special Operations Agency. Although the Movement called for peace with Japan, both its ideals and activities emphasized Chinese autonomy, essentially with no Japanese involvement. The participants were mainly people affiliated with Yuan Shu, including Kuomintang special operations agents, university professors, lawyers, labor organizations and writers, who may have had experience in the anti-Japanese resistant movement and the Communist Party, but who now agreed with the ideals of the Movement. The Movement, which expanded by concentrating on the mobilization of students and workers, started out with the objective of forming a political party, but due to opposition from Wang’s Kuomintang faction, ended up functioning as a cultural and intellectual movement. The facts that the Movement l) was organized in the process of creating Japan’s policy towards China, 2) depended on Japanese funding and 3) was based on the personal relationship between Iwai and Yuan indicate similarities to other pro-Japanese citizens groups. On the other hand, its incorporation of social activists and organizing activities among students and workers differ markedly from other pro-Japanese groups, which were centered around anti-Jiang Jieshi and anti-Communist politicians, merchants and entrepreneurs. Immediately following the formation of the Wang Jingwei regime, MARNR continued to be active, introducing its opinion in Japan and drawing attention mainly from right-wing groups. However, when Wang decided to set up the Chinese General Assembly of the East Asian League (東亜聯盟中国総会), all the pro-Japanese factions were merged into a single organization, and MARNR was disbanded on 17 December 1940. Despite the absence of an organization, the former members continued to be actively involved in journalism under either the East Asian League, the counterinsurgency Qingxiang gongzuo (search the country and eliminate rebels 清郷工作) or the Wang Jingwei regime. The author concludes that MARNR's activities also had beneficial effects on Wang Jingwei regime’s governance.journal articl
Vehicle Capturing and Counting Using A New Edge Extraction Approach
No full textThis paper presents a new edge extration approach to detect a moving vehicle in a monocular video sequence. The new edge extraction improves the tolerance of the detection process toward variations in the illumination conditions and decreases the influence of the vehicle cast shadows. In terms of their edge information, the vehicle detection based on calculating the variance of edge information and nighttime algorithm will be introduced. Our method specifies the rectangle area of moving vehicles based on one-lane road which are able to support the real-time processing of image sequences on DSP.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000298654700011&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701Computer Science, Artificial IntelligenceEngineering, Electrical & ElectronicTransportation Science & TechnologyEICPCI-S(ISTP)
Evaluation of InSb quantum well transistor technology
No full textThesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-102).Motivated by the super high electron mobility of Indium Antimonide (InSb), researchers have seen great potential to use this new material in high switching speed and low power transistors. In Dec, 2005, Intel and its partner, QinetiQ, Ltd, announced 85nm gate length enhancement and depletion mode InSb quantum well transistors. Such transistors can operate as high as 305GHz and power consumption is reduced by a factor of 10. In this thesis, the emerging InSb transistor technology is discussed in details. Given its superior performance, it may complement silicon transistor to extend Moore's law in the next decade. The prospect of InSb transistor is also compared with other nanotechnology transistors, such as carbon nanotube and silicon nanowire. Several potential markets are figured out, namely, microprocessor, low noise amplifier and millimeter wave device. Related patents are evaluated. It is found that most of the patents are held by Intel's partner, QinetiQ Ltd. and thus patents issue would not block the launch of products. A joint venture or strategy alliance model is proposed to reduce the risk of investment. In addition, a cost model is presented at the end. It is concluded that cheap silicon substrate and large enough production scale are two crucial factors for the commercialization success of InSb transistor technology.by Jingwei Liu.M.Eng
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