1,471 research outputs found
Dual-track interest rates and the conduct of monetary policy in China
No full textChina has a dual-track interest-rate system: bank deposit and lending rates are regulated while money and bond rates are market-determined. The central bank also imposes an indicative target, which may not be binding at all times, for total credit in the banking system. We develop and calibrate a theoretical model to illustrate the conduct of monetary policy within the framework of dual-track interest rates and a juxtaposition of price- and quantity-based policy instruments. We model the transmission of monetary policy instruments to market interest rates, which, together with the quantitative credit target in the banking system, ultimately are the means by which monetary policy affects the real economy. The model shows that market interest rates are most sensitive to changes in the benchmark deposit interest rates, significantly responsive to changes in the reserve requirements, but not particularly reactive to open market operations. These theoretical results are verified and supported by both linear and GARCH models using daily money and bond market data. Overall, the findings of this study help us to understand why the central bank conducts monetary policy in China the way it does, using a combination of price and quantitative instruments with differing degrees of potency in terms of their influence on the cost of credit.monetary policy; People’s Bank of China; dual-track interest rates; interest rate liberalization
Carbon sequestration patterns in the Yellow River Basin of China are governed by the vegetation structural dynamics
No full texthttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809 National Natural Science Foundation of Chinahttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006606 Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007129 Shandong Province Natural Science Foundatio
Performance Evaluation of Distributed-Antenna Communications Systems Using Beam-Hopping
No full textDigital beamforming (DBF) techniques are capable of improving the performance of communications systems significantly. However, if the transmitted signals are conflicted with strong interference, especially, in the direction of the transmitted beams , these directional jamming signals will severely degrade the system performance. In order to efficiently mitigate the interference of the directional jammers, in this contribution a beam-hopping (BH) communications scheme is proposed. In the proposed BH communications scheme, only one pair of the beams is used for transmission and it hops from one to the next according to an assigned BH pattern. In this contribution a range of expressions in terms of the average SINR performance have been derived, when both the uplink and downlink are considered. The average SINR performance of the proposed BH scheme and that of the conventional single-beam (SB) as well as multiple-beam (MB) assisted beam-processing schemes have been investigated. Our analysis and results show that the proposed BH scheme is capable of efficiently combating the directional jamming, with the aid of utilizing the directional gain of the beams generated by both the transmitter and the receiver. Furthermore, the BH scheme is capable of reducing the intercept probability of the communications. Therefore, the proposed BH scheme is suitable for communications, when several distributed antenna arrays are available around a mobile
Achieving a socially equitable energy transition in China
No full textZhang Junjie, Donghui Liu, Xue Lan, CHen Xiduo, Wu HonglinLiteraturverzeichnis Seite 40-4
Development of Coxsackievirus B3 as an oncolytic agent for lung cancer therapy
No full textLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death for both sexes worldwide. KRAS and TP53/RB1 are the most frequently mutated genes in lung adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer, respectively. However, lung cancer associated with these gene mutations has a poor outcome and there is a lack of effective treatment options. Recent advances in virus-based cancer treatment, termed virotherapy, provide a promising new treatment option. Oncolytic viruses are a group of viruses that are either naturally capable of or can be genetically engineered to specifically destroy cancer cells while sparing normal cells. My laboratory previously found that coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) has extremely potent oncolytic effects against KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Nevertheless, the evident toxicity restricts its use for cancer therapy. In this dissertation, I aimed to engineer CVB3 to decrease its damage to normal tissues. My hypothesis was that modification of CVB3 by inserting target-sequence (TS) of tumor-suppressive and/or organ-selective miRNA will reduce its toxicity, while retaining oncolytic potency. I generated a miRNA-modified CVB3 by inserting tumor-suppressive miR-145/-143-TS into the 5’UTR of viral genome. In vitro experiments revealed that this miR-CVB3 strongly infects and lyses both KRAS- and TP53/RB1-mutant lung cancer cells, but with a markedly reduced cytotoxicity toward normal cells. In vivo study using a xenograft mouse model demonstrated that a single dose of the miR-CVB3 via systemic administration significantly suppresses tumor growth with greatly attenuated viral pathogenesis as compared to wildtype CVB3. Notably, after a prolonged treatment (>35 days), reversion mutants (loss of miRNA-TS inserts) were identified in ~40% mice, revealing the instability of miR-CVB3. To improve the stability and further reduce the toxicity, I re-engineered CVB3 by replacing the same length of viral genome at the non-coding region with TS of cardiac-selective miR-1/miR-133 and pancreas-enriched miR-216/miR-375 or inserting these miRNA-TS into the coding P1 region of viral genome. Serial passaging of these newly established CVB3s in cultured cells validated significantly improved stability compared with the initial miR-CVB3. Their safety was also verified in immunocompetent and tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice. Taken together, my research provides valid strategies to develop CVB3 as a safe oncolytic virus for lung cancer treatment.Medicine, Faculty ofMedicine, Department ofGraduat
Virtual Drug Design
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
Virtual Drug Design
No full textThis eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contac
One step preparation of pure tau-MnAl phase with high magnetization using strip casting method
No full textFerromagnetic phase of Mn-Al exhibits great potential in the rare-earth free permanent magnetic materials due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy, high magnetization, high Curie temperature and low cost. In this work, the strip casting technique was applied to prepare MnAl magnetic phase. X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analyses indicate that the as-prepared Mn54Al46 strip sample consists of pure tau-MnAl magnetic phase. It is found that the composition of Mn54Al46 is suitable to prepare tau-MnAl phase during the strip casting process. The Mn54Al46 strip sample synthesized through the strip casting exhibits a fairly high magnetization of 114 emu/g under a field of 5 T, while the coercivity of iHc = 2.8 kOe, magnetization of M-5T = 63.9 emu/g at room temperature can be obtained for Mn54Al46 powder sample. This preparation method can produce a large amount of tau-phase MnAl alloy and promote mass industrialized production. (C) 2017 Author(s)
Mapping incident photosynthetically active radiation from MODIS data over China
No full textPhotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is a key input parameter for almost all terrestrial ecosystem models, but the spatial resolution of current PAR products is too coarse to satisfy regional application requirements. In this paper, we present an operational system for PAR retrieval from MODIS data that is based on an idea proposed by [Liang, S., Zheng, T., Liu, R., Fang, H., Tsay, S. -C., & Running, S. (2006). Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D15208. doi:10.1029/2005JD006730]. However, the operational system for PAR retrieval described here contains several improvements. The algorithm utilizes MODIS 1B data combining MODIS land surface products and BRDF model parameters products to directly estimate diffuse PAR, direct PAR and total PAR. Times-series data interpolation removes the noise and cloud contamination of land surface reflectance. PAR is retrieved by searching look-up tables calculated using a radiative transfer model. The system can automatically process MODIS 1B data to generate instantaneous and daily PAR. The instantaneous PAR products are compared with observational data from seven ChinaFLUX stations, and daily total PAR estimates are compared with those estimates of global radiation from 98 meteorological stations over China. The results indicate that this approach can produce reasonable PAR estimates, although this method overestimates PAR for low values of PAR. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
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