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A Buddhist Approach to the Controversies of Organ Donation Ethics: Based on Saṁyuktāgama-sūtra and Prajnāpāramitā-sūtra
No full text本文站在佛教倫理學的立場，分析並檢討當代器官捐贈倫理的爭議。器官捐
贈倫理議題橫跨醫療、倫理、法律、哲學和宗教共五大領域。由於涉及面向廣泛，
加之牽連利益甚鉅，器官捐贈的各個環節都被加以放大討論。然而，即便各界投
入許多心力，仍然未有一普遍的共識。本文試圖通過佛教的觀點，化解當代器官
捐贈倫理中的諸多爭議，並嘗試提供一套佛教系統下的器官捐贈倫理理論。
回顧佛學界和應用倫理學界過去的相關研究，其中的爭議焦點都有特殊的預
設。本文運用佛教的理論加以一一檢視，並將不相應於世間的預設刪除，藉此解
消眾爭議。在佛學界中，爭議的核心有：佛教可否容受死後器官捐贈、佛教有無
積極理由支持器官捐贈、佛教研究器官捐贈倫理應有的進路；在應用倫理學界中
討論的則是腦死判準之疑慮、捐贈意願判定之疑慮、器官歸屬之爭議以及器官販
賣。本文分別在佛教解脫道和佛教菩提道系統中，搭配｢非我｣、｢布施｣等觀念，
逐一解消各爭議中不適當的預設。
在解消爭議之後，本文採取佛教的｢布施｣觀念，應用於器官捐贈的系統中。
將捐贈過程區分為：捐贈者、受贈者、醫療及社工人員等三部分，並加以探討各
個部分所處的心理狀態或認知。以佛教的｢無所見｣為方法，化解器官捐贈流程中
不適的心態和見解，在爭議和衝突產生前將之消彌於無形。It is said that a lot of incurable patients can be saved by means of organ donation.
Indeed, it is one of the most popular surgical operations. Being popular, however,
does not entail its ammunition to moral criticism. Hence, I shall propose a Buddhist
account of organ donation and oppose the contemporary view of organ donation.
There are many controversies related to organ donation, such as brain death,
donation card, presuming donation, and organ market. From Buddhist point of view,
these controversies are caused because of people ignoring the reality of the world.
According to Buddhist path to liberation, treating everything as impermanent makes
people understand that this co-arising world is produced by related conditions. It is
based on ignorance of the reality that people presume the ideas of control, possession
and self. If these ideas are replaced by “impermanence” and “non-self”, the
controversies related to organ donation will be ceased.
In contrast to contemporary medical mechanism, living and dying are both empty
and equal in Buddhist perspective. It is incorrect to save recipients at any price while
ignoring donators’ need. In Buddhist path to enlightenment, dāna-pāramitā, which
means perfection of giving, could provide us guides to donate skillfully. Applying to
organ donation, it is important to benefit donators, recipients and doctors at the same
time, while not any immoral thing being caused or implemented.
Since there are big differences between contemporary and Buddhist idea of
donation, Buddhism shall not endorse organ donation.謝辭......................................................................................................................... i
中文摘要................................................................................................................ ii
Abstract ................................................................................................................ iii
第一章 緒論.......................................................................................................... 1
第一節 研究目標及背景.............................................................................. 1
第二節 解明關鍵概念.................................................................................. 2
第一項 器官捐贈.................................................................................. 3
第二項 腦死判準.................................................................................. 3
第三項 佛教的解脫道和菩提道.......................................................... 4
第三節 文獻依據.......................................................................................... 5
第四節 全文結構.......................................................................................... 6
第二章 當代佛教器官捐贈倫理研究之檢討...................................................... 7
第一節 研究背景概述.................................................................................. 7
第二節 以佛教為中心的器官捐贈倫理文獻之回顧.................................. 9
第一項 佛教可否容受死後器官捐贈................................................ 10
第二項、佛教有無積極理由支持器官捐贈...................................... 15
第三節 佛教的解脫道倫理學和菩提道倫理學........................................ 18
第一項 佛教的解脫道倫理學............................................................ 19
第二項 佛教的菩提道倫理學............................................................ 22
第四節 檢討佛教研究器官捐贈倫理之進路............................................ 25
第五節 結論................................................................................................ 28
第三章 從緣起法的死生相續檢討器官捐贈倫理............................................ 30
v
第一節 佛教緣起法對生死之界說............................................................ 31
第二節 當代器官捐贈倫理的爭議............................................................ 34
第一項 腦死判準之疑慮.................................................................... 35
第二項 捐贈意願判定之疑慮............................................................ 38
第三項 器官歸屬之爭議.................................................................... 40
第四項 器官販賣................................................................................ 43
第三節 從無常、非我的觀點 解消器官捐贈倫理之爭議...................... 44
第一項 從無常到非我之義理開展.................................................... 45
第二項 佛法對器官捐贈倫理爭議之批判........................................ 47
第四節 小結................................................................................................ 51
第四章 依〈布施波羅蜜多分〉檢視器官捐贈................................................ 53
第一節 〈布施波羅蜜多分〉之理路開展................................................ 54
第二節 器官捐贈者可能之布施修行........................................................ 59
第三節 受贈器官者可以相應之修行........................................................ 62
第四節 器官捐贈醫療團隊可行之參與方式............................................ 64
第五節 小結................................................................................................ 67
第五章 結論........................................................................................................ 69
參考書目.............................................................................................................. 7
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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