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Gender Differences in Leadership Behavior and Leadership Effectiveness
No full text由於過去研究僅指出女性領導者較傾向展現民主、參與式領導與轉型式領導風格（Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & Engen, 2003；Trinidad & Normore, 2005），但並未指出女性領導者展現這些領導行為時將具有高度效能。因此本研究旨在探究領導效能展現的性別差異，以深入瞭解以下三項研究重點：一、使男性與女性領導者各自成為具有高度效能之領導者的關鍵何在？二、具有高度效能的男性與女性領導者，其領導風格的展現是否有顯著的差異？三、女性領導者展現與男性領導者相同的特定領導風格或策略時，其效果是否與男性領導者相當？本研究藉由量化研究取向輔以質化資料，針對實務界的現狀進行探究。研究首先對男性領導者與女性領導者的效能展現做出詳盡的測量以篩選出領導效能（高、低）乘上領導者性別（男、女）共四種組合之研究對象，再利用關鍵事例法蒐集研究對象領導風格與策略豐富的描述，從中對前述三項研究重點進行深入分析。研究結果發現，高效能男性領導者與女性領導者之間的領導行為展現，確實存有差異，其中「上行下效」、「堅持目標絕不輕易妥協」、「保有權力距離感」以及「鼓勵部屬自學」為高效能男性領導者獨有的領導行為；而「妥善運用多元溝通技巧」、「強化自我同舟共濟的使命感」、「隨時保有高度敏感力」、「善用網絡資源」則是高效能女性領導者獨有的領導行為。歸納所有研究資料推論得知，富有高領導效能的男性領導者善用前引指揮型的領導模式帶領團隊前進，而高領導效能的女性領導者則採與團隊成員並肩向前的中心凝聚型領導模式。最後將根據研究結果，進一步討論理論貢獻與實務應用。Previous studies show that female leaders are inclined to deliver democratic, participative and transformational leadership（Eagly, Johannesen-Schmidt, & Engen, 2003； Trinidad & Normore, 2005）； however, none of these conclusions highlight that such leadership would lead to higher effectiveness. Therefore, this study was to explore gender differences in leadership effectiveness and following is three research points for a deeper understanding: 1. Key essentials of becoming high effectiveness leaders for male and female leaders respectively. 2. Significant differences of leadership behavior between male and female leaders. 3. Is leadership effectiveness consistent between a female and male leader when female carries out same leadership strategies as male does? The study supplemented quantitative research with qualitative data and explored several practical scenarios. First of all, through a conduct of exhaustive list of criteria of measurements on male and female leaders, a matrix with leader effectiveness（high, low）and gender（male, female）was formed. Afterwards, through critical incident technique we collected leadership styles and strategy descriptions from the three research points in-depth analysis. The results showed that there are differences in high leadership effectiveness male leaders and female leaders once they display leadership behaviors. The unique leadership behaviors on high leadership effectiveness of male leader are “Superiors are imitated by their inferiors”, “Insisting the goal”, “Maintaining a power distance”, and “Encouraging subordinates to study by themselves”. On the other hand, the unique leadership behaviors on high leadership effectiveness of female leader are “Using multiple communication skills”, “Reinforcing team spirit idea: we are on the same boat”, “Keeping high sensitivity”, and “Leveraging networking resources such as senior subordinates”. To summarize, male leaders with high leadership effectiveness usually give direct instructions to lead a team, while female leaders with high leadership effectiveness apply cohesion leadership style to propel a team going forward. The last part further discusses theoretical contributions and practical applications
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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