1,721,060 research outputs found
The evolution of hydrogen induced defects and the restoration of π-plasmon as a monitor of the thermal reduction of graphene oxide
No full textIn this article, we study the modification of the optical, chemical and electronic properties of graphene oxide (GO) during thermal reduction in ultra-high-vacuum by combining the results of several electron spectroscopies. We find that the fraction of oxygen moieties on the surface, as deduced from the evolution of C 1s core level in photoemission, is progressively reduced upon increasing the annealing temperature from 150 to 650 °C. The intensity of the CH stretching mode, associated with CH defects on GO surface and measured in the low energy region of electron energy loss spectra (EELS), decreases as a function of the annealing temperature. The removal or the reduction of such hydrogen or oxygen defects induces a restoration of sp2 carbon hybridization. The presence of such hybridization is confirmed by the capability to excite π-plasmon as observed in the EELS spectra. In particular we find a critical annealing temperature (Tann = 300 °C) at which π-plasmon excitation via electron scattering is accessible suggesting the formation of graphene-like domains with size comparable with the plasmon wavelength (λp~5 nm). The linear dispersion of π-band close to Fermi level, as measured in UPS, confirms the formation of graphene-like domains
A high efficiency spectrometer for reflection (e,2e) experiments at surfaces
No full textTo study electron momentum densities in solids by grazing angle reflection kinematics has been shown to be feasible [S. lacobucci, S. Rioual, A. Ruocco, M. Mastropietro, G. Stefani, Surf. Sci. 454 (2000) 1026], but development of this spectroscopy has been hampered by long acquisition time; to fully exploit potentialities of this method is mandatory to reduce duration of the experiment within times comparable with clean surface lifetimes in ultra-high vacuum. This paper reports on recent developments of the reflection (e,2e) spectrometer that make a sizeable step forward in attaining this goal. It operates in asymmetric kinematics and at small grazing angle, thus allowing to enhance the surface sensitivity. A drastic reduction in acquisition time has been achieved by implementing parallel acquisition, both in energy and angle, of the detected electron pairs. To achieve parallel acquisition in energy and momentum, each of the two electron analysers is equipped with a two-dimensional position sensitive detector. A custom-made electronic hardware and software have been developed for the automatic control of the experiment and for acquisition and storage of the coincidence events. After discussing in some details the relevant features of the new spectrometer, few examples of valence band mapping and electron momentum densities measured in highly oriented pyrolitic graphite with energy and momentum resolutions of 1.3 eV and 0.15 angstrom(-1) are given. 0 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Two-step-wise interpretation of highly asymmetric, grazing angle (e,2e) on solids: A real momentum spectroscopy for surfaces and overlayers
No full textThis paper deals with the mechanism of grazing incidence (e,2e) events from surfaces. Two different approaches are considered. In both cases, elastic scattering with the crystal lattice assists the inelastic collision; these two steps are coupled either coherently or incoherently. Experimental evidence is given that the "coherent" approach reproduces better the cross section dependence on momentum transfer in the specific case of asymmetric kinematics at moderate electron energies. This model has allowed us to map out the band dispersion of the outermost valence states of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and to measure the momentum distribution of pi-electron states without invoking the contribution of reciprocal lattice vectors in the momentum conservation. Agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory, though the presence of events where crystal momentum is reconstructed cannot be ruled out. These results, obtained with a significant reduction of the experiment duration by an implemented apparatus, show that reflection (e,2e) can be used to build up a momentum spectroscopy with high surface sensitivity
Two-step-wise interpretation of highly asymmetric, grazing angle (e,2e) on solids: A real momentum spectroscopy for surfaces and overlayers RID G-7348-2011
No full textThis paper deals with the mechanism of grazing incidence (e,2e) events from surfaces. Two different approaches are considered. In both cases, elastic scattering with the crystal lattice assists the inelastic collision; these two steps are coupled either coherently or incoherently. Experimental evidence is given that the "coherent" approach reproduces better the cross section dependence on momentum transfer in the specific case of asymmetric kinematics at moderate electron energies. This model has allowed us to map out the band dispersion of the outermost valence states of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite and to measure the momentum distribution of pi-electron states without invoking the contribution of reciprocal lattice vectors in the momentum conservation. Agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory, though the presence of events where crystal momentum is reconstructed cannot be ruled out. These results, obtained with a significant reduction of the experiment duration by an implemented apparatus, show that reflection (e,2e) can be used to build up a momentum spectroscopy with high surface sensitivity
A high efficiency spectrometer for reflection (e,2e) experiments at surfaces RID G-7348-2011
No full textTo study electron momentum densities in solids by grazing angle reflection kinematics has been shown to be feasible [S. lacobucci, S. Rioual, A. Ruocco, M. Mastropietro, G. Stefani, Surf. Sci. 454 (2000) 1026], but development of this spectroscopy has been hampered by long acquisition time; to fully exploit potentialities of this method is mandatory to reduce duration of the experiment within times comparable with clean surface lifetimes in ultra-high vacuum. This paper reports on recent developments of the reflection (e,2e) spectrometer that make a sizeable step forward in attaining this goal. It operates in asymmetric kinematics and at small grazing angle, thus allowing to enhance the surface sensitivity. A drastic reduction in acquisition time has been achieved by implementing parallel acquisition, both in energy and angle, of the detected electron pairs. To achieve parallel acquisition in energy and momentum, each of the two electron analysers is equipped with a two-dimensional position sensitive detector. A custom-made electronic hardware and software have been developed for the automatic control of the experiment and for acquisition and storage of the coincidence events. After discussing in some details the relevant features of the new spectrometer, few examples of valence band mapping and electron momentum densities measured in highly oriented pyrolitic graphite with energy and momentum resolutions of 1.3 eV and 0.15 angstrom(-1) are given. 0 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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