54 research outputs found
Forest Plantations’ Externalities: An Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Non-Industrial Forest Owners in Central Chile
No full textThe forestry sector in Chile has an important role in the domestic economy, being the second leading export sector after the mining industry. Investments in forest plantations have grown in the last 40 years thanks to implementation of the Decree Law 701. Planted forests currently account for 17.4% of the total national forest cover. The objective of the study is to analyse non-industrial forest owners’ perceptions of positive and negative externalities of forest plantations in four less developed municipalities of the Maule Region. We implemented a literature review, the estimation of an Expert’s Response Indicator (ERI), and the implementation of an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology for the analysis. The results indicate that non-industrial forest owners in the four municipalities perceive the importance of each externality in a different way according to their territorial specificities. However, considering the whole study area, “CO2 sequestration”, “improvement of livelihood”, and “more importance of small and medium forest owners” were considered the most important positive externalities, while the most relevant negative externalities were “water shortage”, “power asymmetry”, and “land loss”. The study encourages further research with a similar detailed analysis on stakeholders’ perceptions of plantation projects, both to revise investment features and inform local stakeholders on their real impacts
Determinantes de la adopción de tecnología de riego presurizado. El caso del Valle de Tulum, San Juan = Determinants of the adoption of pressurized irrigation technology. The case of the Tulum Valley, San Juan
No full textLa producción agrícola bajo riego en zonas áridas requiere una gestión eficiente en el uso de los recursos para garantizar la sostenibilidad del sistema. Por este motivo, es crucial comprender las decisiones en torno al uso y manejo del agua, la energía, la producción y los sistemas de riego. Este trabajo empírico analiza los factores que influyen en la instalación de sistemas de riego presurizado en el Valle de Tulum, San Juan, Argentina, a partir de una muestra de 106 predios mediante un modelo de regresión probit. Se identificaron que las siguientes variables impactaron de forma significativa y positiva: número de integrantes del hogar, nivel educativo, relación superficie regada sobre la superficie total, seguridad en la tenencia de la tierra, disponibilidad de fuentes de energía renovables y almacenamiento de agua intra finca. El estudio aporta a la compresión de la adopción de tecnologías en el medio rural y genera orientaciones relevantes para la política agraria.Irrigated agricultural production in arid areas requires efficient management in the use of resources to ensure the sustainability of the system. For this reason, it is crucial to understand the decisions around water use and management, energy, production and irrigation systems. This empirical work analyzes the factors that influence the installation of pressurized irrigation systems in the Tulum Valley, San Juan, Argentina, based on a sample of 106 farms using a probit regression model. The following variables were identified as having a significant and positive impact: number of household members, educational level, irrigated area/total area ratio, land tenure security, availability of renewable energy sources and intra-farm water storage. The study contributes to the understanding of the adoption of technologies in rural areas and generates relevant guidelines for agricultural policy.EEA San JuanFil: Goti Ayala, Ana Ayelén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Goti Ayala, Ana Ayelén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Goti Ayala, Ana Ayelén. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería; ArgentinaFil: Roco Fuentes, Lisandro Edgardo. Universidad San Sebastián. Facultad de Economía y Gobierno. Centro de Economía para el Desarrollo Sostenible (CEDES); ChileFil: Andrieu, Jimena. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Andrieu, Jimena. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentin
Una comparación de la gestión de recursos hídricos en el Cono Sur: Argentina, Chile y Uruguay
No full textEl objetivo de este capítulo es hacer una comparación de la administración del agua entre Argentina, Chile y Uruguay a partir de una mirada multidimensional abarcando lo económico, socioterritorial, normativo y ambiental. Del resultado de este análisis se espera aportar a la comprensión de la situación de los territorios en torno al agua y con ello contribuir a identificar los actores que intervienen en la gestión, las desigualdades territoriales y las tensiones ambientales, económicas y sociales. Motivan este análisis varios factores, destacando aquí las problemáticas por las que están atravesando estos países por la modificación del uso del suelo, por el aumento de la demanda en el uso del agua y por consiguiente de la energía, debida al cambio climático, entre otros. Estas problemáticas, a su vez, se expresan tensionando los sistemas productivos primarios como el sector agropecuario. Esto sucede con mayor énfasis para los sistemas que se emplazan en zonas áridas y semiáridas, donde el agua es clave para el desarrollo territorial, social y económico. Bajo este contexto se pueden visualizar las tensiones que se generan alrededor del nexo entre los sectores del agua, la energía y los alimentos. Es importante comprender la forma en la que se administra el agua hacia el interior de estos países, en el marco de políticas de ordenamiento territorial, con la finalidad de aportar elementos para un uso más eficiente y sustentable del agua y de lograr mayores condiciones de equidad en el acceso al agua. Asimismo, es clave aportar a la discusión sobre la capacidad de adaptación del sector agrícola respecto de los cambios ambientales que puedan surgir en el futuro. Se utiliza como metodología la revisión de la literatura disponible y la búsqueda de fuentes secundarias de organismos oficiales de cada país y de organizaciones internacionales.EEA San JuanFil: Goti Ayala, Ana Ayelén. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Goti Ayala, Ana Ayelén. Universidad Nacional de San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Roco, Lisandro. Universidad Austral de Chile. Instituto de Economía Agraria; Chile.Fil: Andrieu, Jimena. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina.Fil: Andrieu, Jimena. Universidad Nacional de San Juan; Argentina
Factors influencing the adoption of soil conservation technologies in the rainfed area of Central Chile
No full textEl desarrollo de sistemas agrícolas
sustentables es un desafío en el contexto de
políticas e incentivos tendientes a la conservación
de los recursos naturales, especialmente en zonas
de secano. El presente estudio examina variables
demográficas y productivas que influyen en la
adopción de tecnologías de conservación de suelos
en 90 pequeños productores del secano interior
de Chile Central, en las comunas de Pencahue y
Curepto. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión Probit,
el cual asocia la adopción de las tecnologías con
las variables: edad del agricultor, tamaño familiar,
superficie predial y forma de tenencia de la tierra;
presencia de: plantaciones forestales, invernaderos,
aboneras, animales mayores en el predio;
experiencia en comercialización del productor
y participación en actividades de capacitación.
El modelo seleccionado tiene un alto poder de
predicción, llegando a clasificar correctamente
un 92,2% de las observaciones. Los resultados
econométricos muestran que la participación en
actividades de extensión, la superficie predial, la
presencia de plantaciones forestales y el uso de
aboneras, influyen de manera positiva y significativa
sobre la adopción de tecnologías conservacionistas.
Resulta relevante el impacto de la capacitación
sobre la adopción de tecnologías de alto grado de
inversión, así como la incorporación de prácticas
de conservación de bajo nivel de inversión como
las aboneras.The development of sustainable agricultural
systems is a challenge in the context of policies
and incentives aimed to the conservation
of natural resources, especially in rainfed
areas. This study examines demographic and
productive variables that influence the adoption
of soil conservation technologies (terraces and
infiltration trenches) in 90 small scale farmers
in the rainfed area of Central Chile, at the
municipalities of Pencahue and Curepto. A Probit
regression model was used which associates the
adoption of technologies with the variables such
as: age of farmer, family size, farm size, form
of land tenure; presence of: tree plantations,
greenhouses, composting and animals on
the farm; participation in training activities
and marketing expertise of the producer. The
estimated Probit model has a high predictive
power, reaching up to 92,2% of the correctly
classified observations. The econometrics results
show that the participation in training activities,
the farm size, the presence of forest plantations
and use of compost influence significantly and
positively on the adoption of soil conservation
technologies. The analysis not only reveals a
positive impact of training on the adoption of
high investment conservation practices but also
on the incidence of the simple technologies such
as use of compost.Fil: Roco Fuentes, Lisandro.
Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesFil: Engler Palma, Alejandra.
Universidad Católica del Maule. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y ForestalesFil: Jara-Rojas, Roberto.
Universidad de Talc
Identifying the Determinants of Water Rights Price: The Chilean Case
No full textThis study investigates the water rights markets across various regions of Chile, encompassing a wide range of geographic and climatic conditions. Utilizing 10,345 transaction records from 1990 to 2014 provided by the national authority for the regulation of utilities, this dataset covers data from 12 of the 15 regions of Chile at the time and 26 basins across the country. The comprehensive nature of this study, which has not been previously achieved with such a reliable and extensive dataset, aims to analyze price determinants in these markets. This novel approach allows us to understand the global performance of water markets. Key considerations include climatic variables such as annual precipitation and maximum temperatures, regional GDP per capita, and factors like mining industrialization level, transaction size, rurality index, and the existence of scarcity decrees. Employing a hedonic model, particularly a quantile model with robust errors, the research assesses the impact of these variables on observed prices. The findings reveal market heterogeneity with variables such as precipitation, geopolitical, and demographic characteristics, industrialization, and transaction volume significantly influence water rights prices. Interestingly, water scarcity decrees, intended to minimize drought damages, paradoxically resulted in lower water right prices. The study also highlights a predominant corporate presence and sector-specific purchasing geographic patterns, particularly in the agricultural and mining sectors. These insights are critical for ecosystem services valuation and for informing sustainable water resource management in the face of climate change and natural resource governance challenges
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Anti-Predation Measures by Livestock Farmers: The Case of Northern Chile
No full textLivestock farming has been a practice of great importance for the evolution of civilization, not only influencing social, economic, and cultural aspects at a global level, but also food, the economy, and sustainability, especially in developing countries, where it generates significant pressure on natural resources and biodiversity. In this context, conflict arises between wildlife, mainly top predators, and livestock farmers. Despite the efforts of different communities to implement measures against predation, the conflict continues to increase. In Latin America, the livestock sector is growing at a much higher rate than in the rest of the world, particularly in Chile, where around a third of agricultural production units use livestock as their main source of livelihood. To understand the factors influencing the behavior of goat farmers when adopting measures, we applied a hurdle model with social, spatial, economic, and productive information to assess the decision to adopt measures and the intensity of the adoption of such practices. To perform this, we used data from a survey, administered in 2014 to 476 farmers located in the three provinces of the Coquimbo Region. Our dependent variable was defined by six measures: a protection dog, night confinement of the herd, supervised grazing, anti-carnivore corral, the death or capture of the predator, and repelling the predator. The adoption decision, as well as the intensity of adoption, were influenced by the location, household size, the type of livestock, the income generated by the livestock, health management, and access to technical advice. The decision to adopt measures was influenced by the production system and whether it was self-sustaining, while the intensity of adoption was influenced by herd size and the number of losses due to predation. The results showed the importance of developing and adjusting livestock support initiatives in the study area, including those that could be created, based on differentiated measures according to the profiles of farmers in the territory
Identifying the Determinants of the Increase in Native Forests in Southern Chile
No full textIn Chile, the native forest has suffered anthropic pressure that has resulted in the reduction in its surface and increased degradation, which has led to the development of public policies to reverse this scenario and encourage its sustainable management and conservation. This study examines the socioeconomic variables that influence the area increase in native forests in southern Chile, based on the analysis of 154 properties in the regions of Los Ríos, La Araucanía and Los Lagos. Georeferenced information from the 2015 SIMEF program survey and the Cadastre and Evaluation of Native Vegetation Resources of Chile were used. A Probit regression model was implemented, which associates a traceable increase in the native forest area with the variables regarding the owner: location, gender, age, schooling, management plan and technical advisory; and regarding the exploitation: farm size, percentage of native forest, scrub and forest plantations of the property and number of animal units. The econometric results show that smaller farms and those located in Los Lagos presented less probability of increasing their native forests. In the same way, an increase in the share of forest plantations area decreases the probability. Conversely, the scrub area share is related to the recovery of native forests in the sample. No significant effects of the variables associated with the implementation of management plans and technical assistance were found
The Use of Digital Social Networks and Engagement in Chilean Wine Industry
No full textRecently, companies and consumers of the wine industry have changed their manner of two-way communication, with the rise of technology that introduces social networks and urges the spread of content. In this study, we identified the use and importance of engagement in social networks such as Facebook (2008 to 2018), Instagram (2012 to 2018) and Twitter (2010 to 2018) since the creation of their official accounts for the main Chilean wineries. The methods used involve qualitative and quantitative approaches that integrate the opinion of a panel of experts to estimate a social media engagement indicator through a descriptive statistical analysis and network analysis, from data originated of 70,856 publications. The results show the upward evolution of engagement, calculated through the interactions seen from users of social networks of the wineries, with users of networks of these wineries leaning towards Facebook in the first place, then Instagram, and Twitter. The contribution of this research lies in the generation of empirical evidence that allows the wine industry in a developing country to enhance its competitive advantage through the correct use of its social networks, the management of its engagement, and the diffusion of new marketing strategies
Central and South America
No full textThe chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section follows an integrative approach in which hazards, exposure, vulnerability, impacts and risks are discussed following the eight climatically homogeneous sub-regions described in WGI AR6 (Figure 12.1). The second section assesses the implemented and proposed adaptation practices by sector; in doing so, it connects to the WGII AR6 crosschapter themes. The storyline is then a description of the hazards, exposure, vulnerability and impacts providing as much detail as is available in the literature at the sub-regional level, followed by the
identification of risks as a result of the interaction of those aspects. This integrated sub-regional approach ensures a balance in the text, particularly for countries that are usually underrepresented in the literature but that show a high level of vulnerability and impacts, such as those observed in CA. The sectoral assessment of adaptation that follows is useful for policymakers and implementers, usually focused and organised by sectors, government ministries or secretaries that can easily locate the relevant adaptation information for their particular sector. To ensure coherence in the chapter, a summary of the assessed adaptation options by key risks is presented, followed by a feasibility assessment for some relevant adaptation options. The chapter closes
with case studies and a discussion of the knowledge gaps evidenced in the process of the assessment.EEA Santa CruzFil: Castellanos, Edwin J. Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; Guatemala.Fil: Lemos, Maria Fernanda. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Astigarraga, Laura. Universidad de la República; Uruguay.Fil: Chacón, Noemí. Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas; Venezuela.Fil: Cuvi, Nicolás. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO); Ecuador.Fil: Huggel, Christian. University of Zurich; Switzerland.Fil: Miranda Sara, Liliana Raquel. Foro Ciudades para la Vida; Peru.Fil: Moncassim Vale, Mariana. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brasil.Fil: Ometto, Jean Pierre. National Institute for Space Research; Brasil.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina.Fil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Postigo, Julio C. Indiana University; Estados Unidos.Fil: Ramajo Gallardo, Laura. Adolfo Ibanez University; Chile.Fil: Roco, Lisandro. Catholic University of The North; Chile.Fil: Rusticucci, Matilde Monica. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina
SILAC-based proteomic quantification of chemoattractant-induced cytoskeleton dynamics on a second to minute timescale
No full textCytoskeletal dynamics during cell behaviours ranging from endocytosis and exocytosis to cell division and movement is controlled by a complex network of signalling pathways, the full details of which are as yet unresolved. Here we show that SILAC-based proteomic methods can be used to characterize the rapid chemoattractant-induced dynamic changes in the actin-myosin cytoskeleton and regulatory elements on a proteome-wide scale with a second to minute timescale resolution. This approach provides novel insights in the ensemble kinetics of key cytoskeletal constituents and association of known and novel identified binding proteins. We validate the proteomic data by detailed microscopy-based analysis of in vivo translocation dynamics for key signalling factors. This rapid large-scale proteomic approach may be applied to other situations where highly dynamic changes in complex cellular compartments are expected to play a key role
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