1,720,965 research outputs found
Valutazione del Rischio Microclimatico per materiali vulnerabili - Il caso degli archivi cartacei, fotografici e cinematografici del Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia (CSC) - Cineteca Nazionale (CN), Roma, Italia
No full textSolo nel 1980 i materiali cinematografici sono stati riconosciuti come Beni Culturali (BC) a livello internazionale dalla commissione UNESCO. La presa di consapevolezza della loro estrema vulnerabilità - dipendente intrinsecamente dalla loro composizione chimica - ha sensibilizzato maggiormente sull'argomento. Il deterioramento dei materiali fotografici e cinematografici può essere prevenuto, ma difficilmente evitato, poiché si tratta di un processo spontaneo, osservato anche dopo pochi anni in condizioni di conservazione sfavorevoli, cioè per valori elevati di temperatura (T) e umidità relativa (UR). È ormai noto che la strategia più efficace per prolungare la vita di questi materiali sia il controllo climatico degli ambienti di conservazione. Tuttavia, manca ancora l'uniformità nell'uso di specifici valori di T ed UR e di metodi di valutazione del rischio indotto dal clima. Inoltre, sono poche le pubblicazioni scientifiche che hanno valutato tali rischi per fototeche e cineteche. Questo contributo si propone di caratterizzare il clima interno di un archivio fotografico e cinematografico (“Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia” di Roma, brevemente CSC) in cui è attivo un monitoraggio climatico dal 2021 che è tuttora in funzione. Le osservazioni di T e UR sono state usate come dati di ingresso nelle funzioni di danno specifiche per la valutazione del rischio di degrado chimico dei materiali d'archivio. Gli spazi monitorati sono stati scelti in quanto rappresentativi delle diverse tipologie di materiali custoditi al loro interno: un archivio contenente positivi/negativi fotografici, una manifestoteca con carte, e un cellario con pellicole cinematografiche positive/negative in acetato di cellulosa. Le condizioni termo-igrometriche monitorate sono state confrontate con le normative e le linee guida di riferimento inerenti la conservazione preventiva dei materiali fotografici e filmici. La valutazione del rischio indotto dal clima sugli archivi fotografici e cinematografici è stata effettuata mediante relazioni dose-risposta e funzioni di danno, distinguendo i processi di idrolisi che interessano (i) il triacetato di cellulosa attraverso il Preservation Index (PI) e il PI ponderato nel tempo (TWPI), e (ii) il materiale cartaceo attraverso l’Expected Lifetime (EL) e l’EL ponderato nel tempo (TWEL), entrambi in funzione di T e UR, oltre alla previsione sull’aspettativa di vita delle pellicole (iii) in funzione di T, UR e della concentrazione di acido acetico. Come risultato della ricerca, sono state riportate le attuali condizioni microclimatiche (su scala spaziale e temporale) nei tre diversi ambienti d’archivio. È stata quindi progettata una nuova strategia di controllo del microclima, così da prolungare l'aspettativa di vita di questi materiali. In futuro, sfruttando gli stessi strumenti presentati ed adottati in questo lavoro, sarà testata la funzionalità dell'implementazione della qualità degli ambienti di conservazione nell’ottica del favorire la durabilità a lungo termine delle collezioni, ovvero di questo recente e preziosissimo patrimonio culturale
Ozone monitoring in indoor conservation spaces: a preliminary review
No full textNowadays, atmospheric pollution is recognized as an important issue for environmental health. Due to the ongoing climate change, the recent international policies are devoted to keep under control and reduce the alarming increase in the emissions of hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants. Gaseous pollution can affect the preservation and conservation of cultural heritage as it can speed up chemical-physical-biological deterioration phenomena. Specifically, ozone (O3) is one of the major constituents of outdoor smog being a secondary pollutant of vehicular and industrial emissions. O3 is also indoor-generated by photocopiers, and electrical machinery (e.g., air cleaners and devices for disinfection during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic). Ozone is responsible for cumulative fading of dyes, colorants, and pigments; irreversible oxidation of organic compounds (e.g., paper, parchment, leather); embrittlement of fabrics, paint binders, and cellulosic materials. This contribution presents the results from a preliminary literature review on existing measurements of ozone collected in indoor conservation spaces (e.g., museums, archives, libraries, worship places). The research, performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) procedure, led to the final inclusion of 44 documents extracted from Scopus and Web of Science, over the 1984-2021 period. Most studies were conducted in European museums and galleries located in urban areas and not equipped with filtering systems. O3 concentrations were measured in exhibition rooms (85%), storages (11%), and in cabinets/showcases (4%). Sampling instruments were heterogeneous and concentrations range between 0.1 and 125 ppb with a mean value of 13.8 ppb and a median value of 4.7 ppb. Although a growing scientific interest in indoor air quality, the review points out a shortage of references in international standards/guidelines on O3 monitoring procedures and on suggested O3 concentration limits in indoor conservation spaces
A review on inorganic gaseous pollutants in indoor spaces housing cultural collections
No full textThe preservation of cultural collections is directly and indirectly affected by environmental conditions (both climate and pollution). If the monitoring of climate conditions is becoming a common practice and regolated by EU standards and guidelines, gaseous air pollution concentrations are rarely monitored in indoors. For this reason, the present contribution aims at providing a scientific literature review on gaseous inorganic pollutants monitored in spaces housing cultural collections. To the best of our knowledge, such a review has not been conducting so far.
Sixty-six scientific articles were selected through the PRISMA methodology (Page et al., 2021) over the period 1984-2021 for a total number of 80 case studies mainly located in Europe (64%). The monitoring was mainly performed in museums and galleries (61%), specifically in exhibition rooms (79%). Active devices were rarely employed, whereas passive samplers, exposed in situ and then laboratory-analysed, were mostly used for nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide monitoring. Direct-reading continuous devices were widely used for ozone. It was found that average concentrations of ozone were below 5 ppb in only 50% of cases, nitrogen dioxide below 10 ppb in more than 60% of cases, nitrogen monoxide below 5 ppb in 30% of cases, nitric and nitrous acid below 1 ppb in less than 50% of cases, sulphur dioxide below 2 ppb in more than 60% of cases, hydrogen sulphide below 0.1 ppb in only 25% of cases. The lowest concentration values were usually associated with the use of mechanical ventilation systems equipped with air filters and with non-urban case studies.
The low number of scientific articles and case studies can be due to the difficulties to perform monitoring in spaces housing cultural collections with the features of current sensors, usually developed for outdoor air pollutants measurements.
References: Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ... Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ, 372, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n7
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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