1,721,036 research outputs found
Differenze emisferiche nei tempi di reazione semplici in pazienti depressi unipolari non-psicotici.
No full textNeuropsicologia e sindromi psichiatriche.
No full textModelli neurobiologici delle maggiori malattie mentali: Depressione, Disturbi Ansiosi, Schizofrenia e disturbi somatoform
Differential hemispheric asymmetries in depression and anxiety: a reaction time study. Biol.Psychiatry. 1991;29;887-899
No full textElectrophysiological evidence that psychopathic personality traits are associated with atypical response to salient distractors
No full textEvent-related potentials (ERPs) were used to assess the neural mechanisms underlying visual-spatial attention abnormalities associated with psychopathic personality traits. Sixty-nine undergraduates (56 women, 13 men) completed the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R; Lilienfeld &Widows, 2005) and performed two cognitive tasks in which search displays containing a lateralized singleton encircled a fixation point that changed luminance from trial-to-trial. When searching for the singleton as a target, PPI-R scores were uncorrelated with ERPmeasures of its salience (Ppc), goal-directed selection (N2pc), and workingmemory evaluation (negative amplitude CDA). In contrast, when responding to the changes in luminance at fixation and ignoring the lateral singleton as a salient distractor, PPI-R Self-Centered Impulsivity factor scores were positively correlated with a potential indicator of distractor suppression (a sustained positive amplitude CDA). These findings provide support for a neurophysiological interpretation of the changes in visual-spatial attention associatedwith psychopathic personality traits: normal selection of target information accompanied by greater elimination of distractor information at a later visual working memory stage
Volumetric MRI differences in treatment-naive vs chronically treated children with ADHD (vol 67, pg 1023, 2006)
No full textVolumetric MRI differences in treatment-naïve vs chronically treated children with ADHD
No full textOBJECTIVE: To determine if there are differences in the volume of the caudate and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls, and if such differences are related to the subjects' history of stimulant treatment. METHODS: We performed a case-control study in an academic medical center. Twenty-one healthy controls, 16 children with ADHD, combined type with a history of stimulant treatment, and 14 children with ADHD, combined type treatment naïve, underwent structural MRI. All children with ADHD were medication-free at the time of the MRI. Regional hemispheric volumes (in cm) of caudate and anterior cingulate cortex were determined. RESULTS: There were significant differences bilaterally on caudate volume for both ADHD groups vs controls, with no difference between the ADHD groups on either side. In contrast, the right ACC was significantly smaller for the ADHD-treatment naïve (ADHD/TN) group compared to the ADHD-treated (ADHD/Rx) and control group. The volume of left ACC approached significance contrast between ADHD/RX and ADHD/TN. There were no differences found between the ADHD/Rx and controls on the ACC volumes bilaterally. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study indicate a relationship of previous treatment history with caudate and anterior cingulate volumetric changes in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-combined type. Copyright © 2006 by AAN Enterprises, Inc
Estimating the prevalence of Non-Verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) from the ABCD sample
Full text linkNon-Verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in processing visuospatial information but with age-appropriate verbal skills. This cognitive profile has been hypothesized to be associated with atypical white matter, but at the present there is a lack of evidence for this hypothesis. Currently, the condition is not characterized within the main diagnostic systems, in part because no clear set of criteria for characterizing the disorder exists. This report is the first attempt to estimate NVLD prevalence, using two sets of diagnostic criteria, in a large sample of over 11,000 children who were selected without regards to problems of specific nature, either psychological, neurological, physical and/or social. Furthermore, it examined the association between the profile of cognitive abilities and aspects of whole-brain white matter measures in children with and without symptoms associated with NVLD. Participants were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a 10-year longitudinal study of 11,876 children in the U.S. The data used in the present study were drawn from the initial testing point at which the children were 9-10 years old. Prevalence of NVLD based on two distinct sets of criteria, correlations between the measures used to create the criteria, correlations between criteria measures and measures of white matter integrity. The cognitive criteria included measures of visuospatial processing, reading, intelligence and social skills. By varying the cut-offs applied to social skills in conjunction with visuo-spatial difficulties, spared reading skills and intelligence scores, we calculated prevalence for two NVLD groups. White matter characteristics were measures of volume, fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. Based on the criteria used, the estimated prevalence of NVLD varied from 1 to 8%. Furthermore, children with NVLD showed a dissociation between measures of visuo-spatial processing not observed in non-NVLD children. At the neurological level, findings provide preliminary evidence of associations between the cognitive profile of NVLD and abnormalities in white matters tracts. The present study documents that exists, within this large non-selected sample, a proportion of youth who show evidence of NVLD. Given those results, it appears essential to establish the best diagnostic criteria, to improve the treatment options and quality of life for children with this disorder
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