519 research outputs found
Dou: distributivity and beyond
No full textThis dissertation investigates the semantic properties of the particle dou in Chinese. The standard view of it is that it is a particle that accompanies plural noun phrases and has a semantics somewhat similar (not identical) to the floated all in English. In this dissertation, I will explore in some depth several phenomena where dou seems to play a role that goes beyond distributivity.
Chapter 1 introduces the standard view of dou as a distributive operator as proposed in Lin (1998) and the topics of the thesis. In so doing, the similarities and differences between dou and English all are highlighted.
Chapters 2 and 3 are devoted to two topics that are not covered in Lin's original work and that seem to pose problems for his analysis. Chapter 2 discusses what I call the dou-(dis)harmony phenomenon: dou's (in)compatibility with quantifier phrases. This challenges the standard semantics of dou in that all of the quantifier noun phrases, dou-compatible or not, are presumably plural and thus should be compatible with dou. In this chapter, I first argue that previous approaches that characterize the (dis)harmony effect in terms of categories of NPs are not correct. Then I claim that this has to do with a presupposition that accompanies dou. In particular, I argue that dou is has a presupposition about expectations and I propose to build this aspect of meaning into the semantics of dou. Chapter 3 investigates dou in a structure where plurality is not needed to license dou. Instead, focus is the crucial licensing factor. This is traditionally assumed to involve the lian...dou/ye 'dou/also' structure where it has a scalar reading similar to the meaning even has in English. Researchers disagree as to whether this dou should be assimilated to distributive dou or should be treated separately. Through careful investigations into some rarely addressed properties of dou in this structure, I conclude in favor of the ambiguity view of dou. In addition, I propose to link this dou to distributive dou through context sensitivity as I developed in chapter 2. Finally, I provide a compositional semantics for lian...dou/ye based on the semantics of each individual particle.
Chapter 4 extends the discussion to dou in free choice structures: dou co-occurring with renhe-NPs 'any' or wh-NPs yields a FC reading, similar to the corresponding English sentences with FC any. In this chapter, I explore the two FC structures from the perspective of English FC any and whatever on the one hand and from that of our prior discussions of dou on the other. We argue that renhe...dou is like universal any but wh...dou is neither like universal any nor definite whatever. It is suggested that dou in the two FC structures, renhe...dou and wh...dou, is related to distributive dou and scalar dou respectively, in support of our claim that there are two related but distinct dou's.
Chapter 5 closes this thesis and provides some initial exploration of the interactions between dou and bare NPs. Chinese bare NPs are, basically, like English bare plurals displaying various readings in various contexts. This chapter examines the behavior of bare NPs in various contexts from the perspective of the two-dou account developed in this dissertation. This investigation, though preliminary, provides further support for our claim that dou has a presupposition about the prior expectations on the part of the speaker and that the two dou's need to be separated.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical references (p. 188-193)
[[alternative]]Lian...dou/ye Construction
No full text[[abstract]]The thesis deals with the ‘lian…dou/ye …’ construction in modern Chinese. In order to clarify the informational status of ‘lian…’, issues on topic and focus are shown in the first part of this thesis. Then, discussions on semantic functions and conversational implicatures of this construction constitute the sencond part. Lastly, the formal complexity and pedagogical instructions will be presented as well.
Complexity and retrograde analysis of the game Dou Shou Qi
No full textDou Shou Qi is a game in which players control a number of pieces, aiming to move one of these onto a certain square. We will present a proof showing that this game is PSPACE-hard. Furthermore, we have implemented an analyzing engine and created an endgame tablebase containing all configurations with up to four pieces. These are the first steps towards theoretically solving the game. Finally, we report on some interesting patterns which we found by analyzing the endgame tablebase
ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN KATA KETERANGAN “DOU” DAN “QUAN” PADA MAHASISWA ANGKATAN 2014 BAHASA MANDARIN
No full textAbstractGrammar is inseparable from the process of learning language. Grammar is composed of words, sentence components and sentence patterns. Without these ingredients, you can't express what you want to say. Grammar is also one of the difficulties of students in the process of learning Chinese. Adverbs are an important part of the grammar. The most commonly used adverbs are “dou” and “quan”. “Dou” and “quan”are adverbs of scope. They have the same points and differences in semantics. If they are not mastered, students often have errors in their use.The author conducted a survey on the use of the adverbs “dou” and “quan” of Mandarin Education Study Program FKIP UNTAN 2014 students and analyzed the bias of the students. It is concluded that the bias rates for students using “dou” and “quan” are 56% and 53.3%, respectively. According to the bias types “dou” and “quan”, the “missing”is 8% and 13%, “false addition” is 12.2% and 9.5%, and “missing” is 14% and 7%. The wrong order is 9.8% and 16.7%. In addition, it is concluded that the common types of biases are misordered errors and false positives. The reason for the bias is the negative transfer of the mother tongue and the generalization of the target language rules. Keywords: Adverb, Dou and Quan, Analysi
La ricezione medievale del Devisement dou monde (secoli XIV-XV)
No full textLa recente monografia di Christine Gadrat-Ouerfelli, Lire Marco Polo au Moyen Age (Brepols, 2015) si segnala negli studi poliani per la sua ricchezza informativa e per l’originalità dell’impostazione: dopo gli studi di Luigi Foscolo Benedetto (1928) e di Consuelo W. Dutschke (1993), si tratta del primo volume che ambisca a dare conto della totalità della tradizione manoscritta del Devisement dou monde, e ad analizzare la storia della tradizione in termini di ricezione.
L’articolo discute le ipotesi presentate dall’autrice, proponendo una riflessione di carattere metodologico e soffermandosi su alcuni esempi specifici in cui la prospettiva genealogica permette una più efficace mise au point delle dinamiche ricezionali.
The recent monograph by Christine Gadrat-Ouerfelli, Lire Marco Polo au Moyen Age (Brepols, 2015), represents a relevant contribution in Polian studies, due to its informative richness and to the originality of its approach. After the studies provided by Luigi Foscolo Benedetto (1928) and Consuelo W. Dutschke (1993), this is the first work that aims to combine an analysis of the Devisement dou monde manuscript tradition from a reception perspective with an overview of its transmission history during the Middle Ages.
The article discusses the hypotheses presented by the author and proposes a methodological reflection, focusing on some specific examples which show how a genealogical approach allows a more effective mise au point of reception dynamics
Infiuence Power of Literary Genre in Popular Literature in Qing Era : the Case of Villain's part Dou Erdun
No full textThe stories about the bandits of "Jianghu 江湖" with the upright officers and the emperor, such as Sanxiawuyi 三俠五義 and ShiGongan 施公案 and Yongqingshengping 永慶昇平, became popular in the region which it centered on Beijing since Qing latter term. People were accepting these stories as popular literature like the storytelling, the opera, and the colloquial novel, etc. In the precedence researches about popular literally, it has explained the difference between storytelling, the novel, and the opera through researching the same theme from the intention and the creation attitude of the author of each text. Of course, the problem of author is worth discussing. However, in the popular literary, there are a lot of similar stories and the authors are very difficult to be confirmed. There is a limit in reading the author's individuality and intention from the text in such popular art and literature. It is thought that it influences the composition, development, and the characters image, etc. from features are respectively in each genre like public entertainments, the opera, and the novel written in a colloquial style, etc. in the presentation form and the mode of expression. The villain's part Dou Erdun 竇爾墩 appears in Peng Gongan and Shi Gongan. The main character of these stories are the upright officers Peng Peng 彭鵬 and Shi Shilun 施世綸 who existed in Kangxi 康煕 period. The theme of story is both of these upright officers and the Hero of "Jianghu 江湖" maintain social justice. The texts of Dou Erdun are collected in the Chewangfuquben 車王府曲本 that is the manuscript collection of the ballad.; Guci 鼓詞 and operas about Dou Erdun are included in Chewangfuquben. Guci is a kind of storytelling that alternately repeats the prose and verse with accompaniment. In the opera, both of Dou Erdun and the hero are described as Lulinhaohan 綠林好漢, and they valued the morality of "Jianghu". Between the hero and the villain, there is no fundamental difference. In contrast, in Guci, the line between Good and Evil is remarkable clear. Dou Erdun is described as Evil. However, if anther villain appears, the description of Dou Erdun changes from the villain into "Yingxiong". In other words, Guci is composed by the frame of confrontation of good and evil. It is possible to say from this case that the genre of literary was closely related to the composition of not only villain's character but also the structure of story
Origin of abnormal glass transition behavior in metallic glasses
No full textIn this paper, the phenomenon of two glass-transition-like appearance in the supercooled liquid region of metallic glasses was investigated. It is confirmed that this abnormal behavior is attributed to the transition process of an amorphous state from higher energy to lower energy. The amorphous state with higher energy comes from the uneven distribution of compositions in glasses, which is mainly caused by the component with significant differences in atomic size and nonnegative values of enthalpy of mixing. The results were verified by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Dou shi
No full text依達著.環球文藝叢書.附 : Play boy 與我 (pages 153-225).Copy 2 printed in 1970.Yida zhu.Huan qiu wen yi cong shu.Fu : Play boy yu wo (pages 153-225)
REVIEW: "Benchmarking R&D and companies through patent analysis using free databases and special software: a tool to improve innovative thinking"
No full textRessenya de l'article de l'autor Henri Jean-Marie Dou (2004)
Review of the article by the author Henri Jean-Marie Dou (2004
Leftward focus association: a study of Cantonese sin and dou
No full textThis study investigates the semantics and syntax of adverbial conjunctions in Cantonese, contrastive focus sin and additive focus dou ‘also/even’, which received lesser attention in the past. Along the line of Cheung (2007), this category is analyzed as a hybrid of adverb and conjunction. Adverbial conjunctions link up an element on its left and the predicate and trigger different kinds of focus readings (e.g. contrastive and additive focus) with a focus associate. This relation is referred to as leftward association of focus.This study begins by addressing some gaps in the semantics of sin and dou ‘also/even’ in the literature. Sin has both non-scalar and scalar use. Unlike previous claims, it is argued that non-scalar sin conveys a contrastive/corrective focus interpretation, rather than exclusive focus interpretation. Scalar sin is used to contrast the focus value with alternatives below and above the threshold. It may also encode a sense of later/more than expectation interpretation of the speaker. As for dou, it has two major uses. Dou1 ‘also’ denotes the addition of an element or quantity, whereas dou2 ‘even’ shows unexpectedness of the speaker by relating the value of the associate with the scale of unlikelihood. Dou2 ‘even’ differs from English even since the former does not denote the extreme end of a scale but the latter does (Karttunen and Peters 1979, Lee & Pan 2010).This study compares three possible accounts to explain the syntax of adverbial conjunctions – Focus Approach, Topic Approach and Leftward Association Approach. The Focus Approach assumes that the adverbial conjunction is a focus adverb, and the associate occupies the Spec of FocP. Following the theory of association with focus, sin/dou c-commands the trace of the focus associate which moves to Spec of FocP. Although this approach unifies leftward association with rightward association, it fails to accommodate base-generated associates and does not predict the occurrence of topic markers. The Topic Approach regards the adverbial conjunctions as an adverb which adjoins to the entire vP, and the focus associate occupies at the Spec of TopP. This approach treats the associate as a topic and can explain compatibility of the associate with topic markers. The Leftward Association Approach is found to be the best among the three approach. The semantics of focus association triggered by the adverbial conjunctions is not necessarily mapped to its syntax. I also suggest the Leftward Association Hypothesis which states that adverbial conjunction triggers association with focus to an element on its left on the surface structure, and the latter c-commands the former. The significance of this approach suggests that association with focus does not always require the focus adverb (such as zinghai ‘only’ and lin ‘even’) to c-command its associate. In the case of adverbial conjunctions, association of focus can be governed by the Leftward Association Hypothesis.本篇文章研究廣東話中的副詞性連詞的語義及句法特點，以過往文獻較少提及的「先」和「都」為例。根據張洪年（ 2007），副詞性連詞 帶有 副詞和連詞的 雙重身分 。 此類詞出現在句中的主謂之間，連接着 前方的成分和後方的 謂語 。副 詞性連詞能 與其左面的成分有所關聯，並 引起不同類的焦點反應（例如對比焦點和 添加性焦點）。這種關係稱為 左向關聯 。此研究重新審視「先」和「都」的用法。本文提出「先」有兩種用法︰非 梯級 和 梯級性 用法 。 本文 提出 「先」的非梯級性 用法可以表達對比焦點及 修正功能 有別於過往研究把「先」分析為限制性焦點標記。梯級性 用法的「先」則 把焦點關聯詞 的 值與其 他項 的值作比較。 它亦可表示說話者認為事件較 …遲 /多的意思。「都」 則 有兩個用法。「都 1」表示物件或數量的增加，而「都 2」表示說話者認為事件不可能發生的程度。「 都 2」與 英語 even不同的是，前者並沒有把事件的程度表達為極致，而後者卻帶此含意 (Karttunen and Peters 1979, Lee & Pan 2010)。此研究比較三種 句法分析 ，嘗試解釋副詞性連詞的句法 – 焦點 分析 ，話題分析 ，和 左向關聯 分析 。焦點 分析 假設 「先」和「都」 是焦點副詞，而焦點關聯詞則處於焦點短語（ FocP）的標定語 Specifier 位置 。按照焦點關聯 Association with focus 的理論（ Jackendoff 1972; Rooth 1985），「先」和「都 」可以 C-統領 焦點關聯詞的跡（ trace 。雖然這方法 把 左向關聯和右向關聯以統一方法處理 ，它不能解釋 基礎生成的成份，亦不能解釋焦點關聯詞與話題標記共現的現象 。 話題分析則認為 副詞性連詞黏附於整個 vP，而焦點關聯詞則出現在話題短語的標定語位置。此 說 法把 焦點 關聯詞看成話題，因此解釋 了 關聯詞與話題標記相容的 現象 。 左向關聯分析 是在 是 在 三個分析裏面比較 優勝 。它指出焦點關聯的語意不一定能跟其句法配對。我同時提出了 左向關聯假設 ，指出副詞性連詞可以跟它左面的詞產生關聯，而且焦點關聯詞可以 C-統領副詞性連詞。這個分析的重點是指出副詞性連詞所引出的焦點關聯與由焦點副詞所引出的不一樣，後者跟從 C-統領的要求（焦點副詞 C-統領焦點關聯詞），前者 則 要求 焦點關聯詞 C-統領副詞性連詞。Lau, Cindy Wan Yee.Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2021.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-277).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on October 5, 2022)
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