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Developmental Rates Of Immatures Of Three Chrysomya Species (diptera: Calliphoridae) Under The Effect Of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride, Phenobarbital, And Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Associated With Phenobarbital
No full textEntomotoxicology is focused on obtaining data on necrophagous entomofauna, for criminal investigations purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of methylphenidate hydrochloride, phenobarbital, and their association on the developmental rate, larval and pupal survivorship, and the interval of emergence of adults of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), and Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Considering the therapeutic dose (TD) of methylphenidate hydrochloride (0.29 mg/Kg), the concentrations tested were 10× TD, 50× TD, and 100× TD. For phenobarbital, the concentrations used were 1× TD (=150 mg/Kg), 3.3× TD, and 6.7× TD. For the association of the drugs, the combinations used were 10× TD-methylphenidate hydrochloride plus 1× TD-phenobarbital, 50× TD-methylphenidate hydrochloride plus 3.3× TD-phenobarbital, and 100× TD-methylphenidate hydrochloride plus 6.7× TD-phenobarbital. The control group, without addition of drug, was maintained under the same conditions of temperature (25±1°C), humidity (70±10%), and photoperiod (12 h). Specimens of each group were weighed every 12 h until pupariation. The developmental rate of the three Chrysomya species immatures was monitored. For C. albiceps the developmental time was delayed in 24 h for methylphenidate hydrochloride group and in 12 h for the phenobarbital and the drugs association groups. The effect was observed only at specific ages for C. megacephala, without altering the developmental time. For C. putoria, the developmental time was delayed in 12 h for methylphenidate hydrochloride group and in 24 h for the phenobarbital and the drugs association groups. The emergence interval was similar among all experimental groups, but larval and pupal viabilities were affected in different ways. © 2014 Springer-Verlag.113518971907Benecke, M., A brief history of forensic entomology (2001) Forensic Sci Int, 120, pp. 2-14Brodie, M.J., Kwan, P., Phenobarbital: A drug for the 21st century? (2004) Epilepsy Behav, 5, pp. 802-803Buchalla, A.P., Ritalina, usos e abusos - O remédio para hiperativos ganha adeptos entre executivos, estudantes e moças que querem emagrecer (2004) Rev. Veja [On line], , http://veja.abril.com.br/271004/p_068.html, São Paulo, Editora Abril. 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Chrysomya Albiceps (wiedemann) (diptera: Calliphoridae) Developmental Rate On Artificial Diet With Animal Tissues For Forensic Purpose [taxa De Desenvolvimento De Chrysomya Albiceps (wiedemann) (diptera: Calliphoridae) Em Dieta Artificial Acrescida De Tecido Animal Para Uso Forense]
No full textForensic entomology uses biological and ecological aspects of necrophagous insects to help in criminal investigations to estimate the post-mortem interval (PMI) or to determine the cause of death. Recent papers demonstrated that the presence of toxins in decomposing tissues may alter the insect developmental rate of insects exploiting such tissues as food. Thus, preliminary tests with artificial diets in laboratory are necessary to create a database to investigate and quantify the modifications that can occur with the collected insects from a criminal scene, avoiding any errors on the PMI estimates. The present study aimed to evaluate the developmental rate of Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) reared on: a) artificial diets containing animal tissues: bovine liver (D1), raw muscle (D2), stomach (D3), and chicken heart (D4); b) artificial diet without animal tissue (D5); and c) a control group (C), which had only meat. The efficiency of each substrate was assessed by immature weight gain (mg), larval developmental time, larval and pupal survival, emergence interval and adult size. D1 to D4 diets did not restrict C. albiceps development; however, larvae reared on D1 and D2 diets presented a lower adult emergence rate. D3 and control group showed similarities regarding the efficiency parameters (rate and emergence interval). Thus, the use of diet D3, artificial diet with stomach, is the most recommended.382203207Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Goff, M.L., Linhares, A.X., Observations on the succession patterns of necrophagous insects onto a pig carcass in an urban area of Southeastern Brazil (2004) Aggrawal's Int J Forensic Med Toxicol, 5, pp. 33-39Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Linhares, A.X., Palhares, F.B., A checklist of arthropods associated with carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil (2000) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 95, pp. 135-138D'Almeida, J.M., Ferro, C.L., Fraga, M.B., Desenvolvimento pós-embrionario de C. putoria em dietas artificiais (2001) Acta Biol Leopold, 23, pp. 25-30D'Almeida, J.M., Fraga, M.B., Ferro, C.L., Desenvolvimento pós-embrionario de Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), em dietas artificiais (2000) Entomol Vect, 7, pp. 155-162D'Almeida, J.M., Oliveira, V.C., Dietas artificiais para a criação, em laboratório, de Chrysomya (C. megacephala, C. albiceps e C. putoria) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2002) Entomol Vect, 9, pp. 79-91Dear, J.P., A revision of the New World Chrysomyini (Diptera) (Calliphoridae) (1985), 182. , USA, Joyce Print ShopFerreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de dípteros muscoideos de Curitiba, Paraná. I (1978) Rev Bras Biol, 38, pp. 445-54Godoy, W.A.C., von Zuben, F.J., von Zuben, C.J., Reis, S.F., Spatio-temporal dynamics and transition from asymptotic equilibrium to bounded oscillations in Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera, Calliphoridae) (2001), 634Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Buralli, G.M., Dispersal and distribution of three newly introduced species of Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy in Brazil (Diptera, Calliphoridae) (1979) Rev Bras Entomol, 23, pp. 245-255Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in Southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev Bras Entomol, 22, pp. 53-60Introna, F., Campobasso, C.P., Goff, M.L., (2001) Entomotoxicology. Forensic Sci Int, 120, pp. 42-47Leal, T.T., Prado, A.P., Antunes, J.A., Rearing the larvae of the blowfly Chrysomya cloropyga (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on oligidic diets (1982) Rev Bras Zool, 1, pp. 41-44Lopes, H.S., Sobre o aparelho genital dos Sarcophagidae (Diptera) e sua importância na classificação (1941) Rev Bras Biol, 1, pp. 215-221Mendes, J., Linhares, A.X., Atratividade por iscas e estágios de desenvolvimento ovariano em fêmeas de várias espécies sinantrópicas de Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1993) Rev Bras Entomol, 37, pp. 157-166Parra, J.R., Técnicas de criação de insetos para programas de controle biológico (1990) Piracicaba, ESALQ, 125Queiroz, M.M.C., Milward-de-Azevedo, W.M.V., Técnicas de criação e alguns aspectos da biologia de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera, Calliphoridae), em condições de laboratório (1991) Rev Bras Zool, 8, pp. 75-84(2006) SAS for Microsoft Windows Professional, p. 1028. , SAS Inc, Versão 9.1. Cary, NCSingh, P., Moore, R.F., (1985) Handbook of Insects Rearing, p. 600. , Elsevier Science Publishing, AmsterdamSouza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in Southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med Vet Entomol, 11, pp. 8-12Ullyet, G.C., Competition for food and allied phenomena in sheep-blowfly populations (1950) Phill Trans R Soc Lond, 234, pp. 77-174Zumpt, F., (1965) Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Old World, p. 267. , Butherworths, Londo
Synanthropy Of The Calliphoridae (diptera) From Valdívia, Chile [sinantropia De Los Calliphoridae (diptera) De Valdívia, Chile]
No full textThe objective of this study was to determine synathropic index of adult Calliphoridae (Diptera) collected in the city of Valdívia, Chile (39°48 S; 73°15 ' W). For this, samples were taken monthly between September 1996 and August 1997 in three different localities representing urban, rural and natural environments. Rat carcass, fish , and chicken viscera were used as baits. Four blowfly species were collected: Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy, the dominant species in all three baits and sites of capture, followed by Lucilia sericata (Meigen), both species being eusynanthropic. The other two species, Compsomyiops fulvicrura (Robineau-Desvoidy) and Sarconesia magellanica (Le Guillou), were collected in smaller numbers and were characterized respectively as hemysinanthropic and asynanthropic. In addition to the synanthropic index, the monthly abundance and the efficiency of the baits as attractans to the flies as well as their medical and sanitary importance were also determined and discussed.312233239Avancini, R.M.P., Linhares, A.X., Selective attractiveness of rodent-baited traps for female blowflies (1988) Med. Vet. Entomol., 2, pp. 73-76Baumgartner, D.L., Greenberg, B., Distribution and medical ecology of the blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Peru (1985) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 78, pp. 565-587(1942) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Parts I-VII, , LondonCarvalho, C.B., Revisão das espécies e posição sistemática de Palpibracus Rondani (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Rev. Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 325-375Carvalho, C.J.B., Revisão de Psilochaeta Stein e descrição de Dalcyella gen. n. do Chile (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Rev. Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 485-506Carvalho, C.J.B., Almeida, J.R., Jesus, C.B., Dípteros sinantrópicos de Curitiba e arredores (Paraná, Brasil). I. Muscidae (1984) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 28, pp. 551-560D'Almeida, J.D., Lopes, H.S., Sinantropia de Dípteros Caliptrados (Calliphoridae) no estado do Rio de Janeiro (1983) Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio Janeiro, 6, pp. 31-38Dear, J.P., A revision of the new world Chrysomyini (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Zool., 13, pp. 109-169Denno, R., Cothran, W., Niche Relationships of a Guild of Necrophagous Flies (1975) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 68, pp. 741-754Ferreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de dípteros muscóideos de Curitiba, Paraná I. Calliphoridae (1978) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 38, pp. 445-454Ferreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de Calliphoridae (Diptera) em Goiânia, Goiás (1983) Rev. Bras. Biol., 43, p. 193210González, C.R., Diptera (1995) Diversidad Biológica de Chile, 364p. , J. Simonetti, M. Arroyo, A. Espotorno&E. Lozada (eds.) ConycitGreenberg, B., (1973) Flies and Disease, Vol. II: Biology and Disease Transmission, 2, 447p. , New Jersey, Princeton Univ. PressGreenberg, B., Szyska, M.L., Immature stage and biology of fifteen species of peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1984) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 77, pp. 488-517Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species into Shoutern Brazil (1978) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 22, pp. 54-60Guimarães, J.H., Papavero, N., (1999) Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Neotropical Region: Bibliographic Database, 308p. , Editora Plêiade/FAPESP, São PauloJames, M.T., (1970) A Catalogue of de Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Family Calliphoridae, 28p. , São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo(1942) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Parts I-VII, , LondonCarvalho, C.B., Revisão das espécies e posição sistemática de Palpibracus Rondani (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Rev. Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 325-375Carvalho, C.J.B., Revisão de Psilochaeta Stein e descrição de Dalcyella gen. n. do Chile (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Rev. Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 485-506Carvalho, C.J.B., Almeida, J.R., Jesus, C.B., Dípteros sinantrópicos de Curitiba e arredores (Paraná, Brasil). I. Muscidae (1984) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 28, pp. 551-560D'Almeida, J.D., Lopes, H.S., Sinantropia de Dípteros Caliptrados (Calliphoridae) no estado do Rio de Janeiro (1983) Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio Janeiro, 6, pp. 31-38Dear, J.P., A revision of the new world Chrysomyini (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Zool., 13, pp. 109-169Denno, R., Cothran, W., Niche Relationships of a Guild of Necrophagous Flies (1975) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 68, pp. 741-754Ferreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de dípteros muscóideos de Curitiba, Paraná I. Calliphoridae (1978) Rev. Bras. Biol., 38, pp. 445-454Ferreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de Calliphoridae (Diptera) em Goiânia, Goiás (1983) Rev. Bras. Biol., 43, pp. 193-210González, C.R., Diptera (1995) Diversidad Biológica de Chile, 364p. , J. Simonetti, M. Arroyo, A. Espotorno&E. Lozada (eds.) ConycitGreenberg, B., (1973) Flies and Disease, Vol. II: Biology and Disease Transmission, 2, 447p. , New Jersey, Princeton Univ. PressGreenberg, B., Szyska, M.L., Immature stage and biology of fifteen species of peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1984) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 77, pp. 488-517Guimarães, J.H., Prado, A.P., Linhares, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species into Shoutern Brazil (1978) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 22, pp. 54-60Guimarães, J.H., Papavero, N., (1999) Myiasis in Man and Animals in the Neotropical Region: Bibliographic Database, 308p. , Editora Plêiade/FAPESP, São PauloJames, M.T., (1970) A Catalogue of de Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Family Calliphoridae, 28p. , São Paulo, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo(1942) Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile. Parts I-VII, , LondonCarvalho, C.B., Revisão das espécies e posição sistemática de Palpibracus Rondani (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Rev. Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 325-375Carvalho, C.J.B., Revisão de Psilochaeta Stein e descrição de Dalcyella gen. n. do Chile (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Rev. Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 485-506Carvalho, C.J.B., Almeida, J.R., Jesus, C.B., Dípteros sinantrópicos de Curitiba e arredores (Paraná, Brasil). I. Muscidae (1984) Rev. Bras. Entomol., 28, pp. 551-560D'Almeida, J.D., Lopes, H.S., Sinantropia de Dípteros Caliptrados (Calliphoridae) no estado do Rio de Janeiro (1983) Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio Janeiro, 6, pp. 31-38Dear, J.P., A revision of the new world Chrysomyini (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Zool., 13, pp. 109-169Denno, R., Cothran, W., Niche Relationships of a Guild of Necrophagous Flies (1975) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 68, pp. 741-754Ferreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de dípteros muscóideos de Curitiba, Paraná I. Calliphoridae (1978) Rev. Bras. Biol., 38, pp. 445-454Ferreira, M.J.M., Sinantropia de Calliphoridae (Diptera) em Goiânia, Goiás (1983) Rev. Bras. 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Arthropods Associated With Bovine Dung Pats In Southern Goiás State, Brazil [artrópodes Associados A Massas Fecais Bovinas No Sul Do Estado De Goiás]
No full textA study of the arthropod fauna from bovine dung pats in the State of Goiás, Brazil, was carried out from January to December, 1998. Twenty samples of bovine dung were taken at random, each month, from eight day old pats, placed in plastic containers and taken to the laboratory. The arthropods were extracted by flotation in water in order to determine the frequency of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Macrochelidae (Acarina) considered important in the degradation of cattle dung, and in the control of dung flies. Fifty two arthropod species belonging to 10 families were collected: 20 of Coleoptera (three families), 12 of Diptera (three families), 10 of Hymenoptera (three families) and six of Macrochelidae (Acarina).3011924Armitage, D.M., Population changes of four species of insects (Coleoptera: Diptera) in three deep pultry houses (1986) Entomol. Mont. Mag., 122, pp. 75-77Axtell, R.C., Arends, J.J., Ecology and management of artropod pests of poultry (1990) Annu. Rev. 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Entomol., 17, pp. 320-329Giller, P.S., Doube, B.M., Spatial and temporal co-occurrence of competitors in Southern African dung beetle communities (1994) J. An. Ecol., 63, pp. 629-643Guimarães, J.A., Mendes, J., Succession and abundance of Staphylinidae in cattle dung in Uberlândia, Brazil (1998) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 93, pp. 127-131Hoebeke, E.R., Beucke, K., Aventive Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America: geographic ranges, diagnoses, and new distributional records (1997) Entomol. News, 108, pp. 345-355Hu, G.Y., Frank, J.H., Structural comparison of the chorion surface of five Philonthus species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) (1995) Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash., 97, pp. 582-589Hyatt, K.H., Emberson, R.M., A review of the Macrochelidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) of the British Isles (1988) Bull. Br. Nat. Hist. Zool., 54, pp. 63-125Macqueen, A., Beirne, B.P., Insects and mites associated with fresh cattle dung in the Southern interior of British Columbia (1974) J. Entomol. 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Effect Of Nandrolone Decanoate On The Development Of Three Species Of Chrysomya (diptera: Calliphoridae), Flies Of Forensic Importance In Brazil
No full textNecrophagous insects are valuable tools for postmortem interval (PMI) estimation or for determining the cause of death. Due to the increase in deaths related to drug abuse, it is crucial to know how these substances affect the development of flies that feed on corpses, to avoid errors in the PMI estimates. This study evaluated the effect of nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic androgenic steroid, on the development of immatures of Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann), and Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) when added to an artificial rearing diet. Four experimental groups were delineated: three of them were given diets containing 4.5, 22.5, or 45 mg/kg nandrolone decanoate; and a drug-free control group. Weights were recorded at 12-h intervals from larval eclosion to pupation. No statistically significant differences were observed in mean larval weights, emergence interval, or emergence rates for all groups. However, differences in the three species were observed during the larval development. Initially, C. putoria reared in the highest concentration of decanoate showed greater weight gain. However, at older ages, immatures reached lower mean weights than the control group. For C. albiceps, the highest concentration of decanoate contributed to an effective lack of weight gain during almost the entire course of larval development. Therefore, the influence of any drug on development should always be considered. © 2011 Entomological Society of America.481111117Bourel, B., Tournel, G., Hédouin, V., Deveaux, M., Goff, M.L., Gosset, D., Morphine extraction in necrophagous insects remains for determining ante-mortem opiate intoxication (2001) Forensic Sci. Int., 120, pp. 127-131Bourel, B., Hédouin, V., Martin-Bouyer, L., Bécart, A., Tournel, G., Deveaux, M., Gosset, D., Effects of morphine in decomposing bodies on the development of Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1999) J. 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Int., 120, pp. 140-144Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Goff, M.L., Linhares, A.X., Observations on the succession patterns of necrophagous insects onto a pig carcass in an urban area of Southeastern Brazil (2004) Aggrawal's Int. J. For. Med. Toxicol., 5, pp. 33-39Catts, E.P., Analysing entomological data (1990) Entomology and Death: A Procedural Guide, pp. 124-137. , In E. P. Catts and N. H. Haskell (eds.), Joyce's Print Shop, Clemson, SCCatts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Conceiçao, C.A., Wander, F.S., Massili, L.P., Vianna, L.A.F., Gonçalves, D.M., Fossati, G., Uso de anabolizantes entre praticantes de musculação em academias (1999) Rev. Pesq. Méd., 33, pp. 103-116Cunha, T.S., Cunha, N.S., Moura, M.J.C.S., Marcondes, F.K., Esteróides anabólicos androgěnicos e sua relação com a prática desportiva (2004) Rev. Bras. Ciěnc. Farmac., 40, pp. 165-179Da Silva, C., Villet, M.H., Effects of prophylactic progesterone in decomposing tissues on the development of Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedeman) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2006) Afr. Entomol., 14, pp. 199-202Estrada, D.A., Grella, M.D., Thyssen, P.J., Linhares, A.X., Taxa de desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) em dieta artificial acrescida de tecido animal para uso forense (2009) Neotrop. Entomol., 38, pp. 203-207Faria, L.D.B., Godoy, W.A.C., Reis, S.F., Larval predation on different instars in blowfly populations (2004) Brazil. Arch. Biol. Technol., 47, pp. 887-894Ferrari, A.C., Soares, A.T.C., Guimaraes, M.A., Thyssen, P.J., Efeito da testosterona no desenvolvimento de Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2008) Medicina (Ribeirão Preto)., 41, pp. 30-34Frizon, F., Macedo, S.M.D., Yonamine, M.M., Uso de esteróides andrógenos anabólicos por praticantes de atividade física das principais academias de Erechim e Passo Fundo/RS (2005) Rev. Ciěnc. Farmac. Bas. Appl., 26, pp. 227-232Goff, M.L., Omori, A.I., Goodbrod, J.R., Effect of cocaine in tissues on the development rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (1989) J. Med. Entomol., 26, pp. 91-93Goff, M.L., Brown, W.A., Hewadikaram, K.A., Omori, A.I., Effect of heroin in decomposing tissues on the development rate of Boettcherisca peregrina (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) and implications of this effect on estimation do postmortem intervals using arthropod development patterns (1991) J. 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Farmac., 39, pp. 327-333Silva, P.R.P., Machado Jr., L.C., Figueiredo, V.C., Cioffi, A.P., Prestes, M.C., Czepielewski, M.A., Prevalěncia do uso de agentes anabólicos em praticantes de musculação de Porto Alegre (2007) Arq. Bras. Endocr. Metabol., 51, pp. 104-110Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A Manual of Forensic Entomology, , Cornell University Press, New YorkSohal, R.S., Lamb, R.E., Intracellular deposition of metals in the midgut of the adult housefly, Musca domestica (1977) J. Insect Physiol., 23, pp. 1349-1354Sohal, R.S., Lamb, R.E., Storage-excretion of metallic cations in the adult housefly, Musca domestica (1979) J. Insect Physiol., 25, pp. 119-124Souza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med. Vet. Entomol., 11, pp. 8-1
Trichobius Joblingi, Aspidoptera Falcata, And Megistopoda Proxima (diptera: Streblidae) Parasitic On Carollia Perspicillata And Sturnira Lillium (chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) In Southeastern Brazil: Sex Ratios, Seasonality, Host Site Preference, And Effect Of Parasitism On The Host
No full textThis note examines the effect of parasitism on host size, the preference of the parasite for a specific host body area, and the seasonal abundance for the 3 most abundant bat flies (i.e., Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, a parasite of the bat Carollia perspicillata [Linnaeus], and Aspidoptera falcata Wenzel and Megistopoda proxima [Seguy], parasites on Sturnira lilium [Geoffroy]). Trichobius joblingi and A. falcata are moderately dorsoventrally flattened and were collected on the wing membranes of their hosts, and M. proxima is moderately laterally compressed, has long, thin hind legs, and was collected in the body fur of the host. These 3 parasites also showed distinct seasonal patterns. There was a significant negative correlation between the simultaneous occurrence of A. falcata and M. proxima on the host. Parasitism by M. proxima was correlated with a significant weight loss in male S. lilium, which may reflect the large size, high activity, and constant feeding of this parasite, thereby causing a significant negative effect on the host. Sex ratios favoring male flies could be explained by the tendency of female flies to leave the host immediately before the bat leaves the shelter in search for food or immediately after bats are collected but could also be a consequence of higher mortality among females, especially gravid ones. Finally, collecting may have influenced the skewed sex ratio because male flies, being more active, were more evident to the collector.861167170Araújo, G.M., Schiavini, I., Considerações sobre a vegetação da Reserva Ecológica do Panga (Uberlândia) (1989) Sociedade & Natureza, 1, pp. 61-66. , Uberlândia, BrazilAskew, R.R., (1971) Parasitic Insects, 316p. , American Elsevier Publishing Company, New YorkFritz, G.N., Biology and ecology of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) on bats in the genus Carollia (1983) Journal of Medical Entomology, 20, pp. 1-10Komeno, C.C., Linhares, A.X., Bat flies parasitic on phyllostomid bats in southeastern Brazil: Parasitism rates and hostparasite relationships (1999) Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 94, pp. 151-156Kunz, T.H., Roosting ecology (1982) Ecology of Bats, pp. 1-55. , T. H. Kunz (ed.). Plenum Press, New YorkMarshall, A.G., (1981) The Ecology of Ectoparasitc Insects, 459p. , Academic Press, London, U.KEcology of insects ectoparasitic on bats (1982) Ecology of Bats, pp. 369-401. , T. H. Kunz (ed.). Plenum Press, New York(1986) SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 6 Ed., 1028p. , Statistical Analysis Systems Institute. Cary, North CarolinaSnedecor, G.W., Cochran, W.G., (1989) Statistical Methods, 803p. , Iowa State University Press, Ames, IowaStokes, M.E., Davis, C.S., Koch, G.G., (1995) Categorical Data Analysis Using the SAS System, , Statistical Analysis Systems Institute, Cary, North CarolinaWenzel, R.L., The streblid bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae) (1976) Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, 20, pp. 1-177Tipton, V.J., Kiewlicz, A., Some relationships between mammal hosts and their ectoparasites (1966) Ectoparasites of Panama, pp. 405-675. , R. L. Wenzel and V. J. Tipton (eds.). Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IllinoisWilliams, C.F., Social organization of the bat Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) (1986) Ethology, 71, pp. 265-28
Observations On The Succession Patterns Of Necrophagous Insects On A Pig Carcass In An Urban Area Of Southeastern Brazil
No full textCarcasses of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa L.) were exposed in an urban area in the vicinity of Campinas SP, Brazil, to determine stages of decomposition and insects of forensic significance exploiting the carcasses. Four species of Calliphoridae (Diptera) were collected and considered to be of potential forensic significance for urban situations in the regions: Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya putoria, and Lucilia eximia. Unlike many other studies, Sarcophagidae were relatively late arrivals at the carcass with actvity beginning on day 5, while Muscidae species arrived early. Ant activity, which began on day 1 of the study, was observed to retard the rate of biomass removal. © 2004 The Authors, The Guest Editor & Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved.513339Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Ann. Rev. Entomol., 37, pp. 253-272Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A Manual of Forensic Entomology, p. 205. , Cornell Univ Press, Ithaca, NYKeh, B., Scope and applications of forensic entomology (1985) Ann. Rev. Entomol., 30, pp. 137-154Nuorteva, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1997) Forensic Medicine: A Study in Trauma and Environmental Hazards, 2, pp. 1072-1095. , C.G. Tedeshi, W.G. Eckert, L.G. Tedeshi (Eds), LondonOliva, A., Ravioli, J., Trezza, F., Navarri, C., Entomologia forensic (1995) Pren Méd Argent, 82, pp. 229-234Catts, E.P., Haskell, N.H., (1990) Entomology & Death: A Procedural Guide, p. 182. , Joyce's Print Shop, USAGoff, M.L., Lord, W.D., Entomotoxicology: A new area for forensic investigation (1994) Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol., 15, pp. 51-57Marchenko, M.I., Medicolegal relevance of cadaver entomofauna for the determination of the time of death (2001) Forensic Sci. Internat., 120, pp. 89-100Erzinçlioglu, Y.Z., The application of entomology to forensic medicine (1983) Med. Sci. Law, 12, pp. 57-63Souza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleopta of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med. Vet. Entamol., 11, pp. 8-12Carvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in Southeastern Brazil (2001) J. Forensic Sci., 46, pp. 604-608Anderson, G.A., VanLaerhoven, S.L., Initials studies on insect succession on carrion in Southwestern British Columbia (1996) J. Forensic Sci., 41, pp. 617-625Early, M., Giff, M.L., Arthropod succession patterns in exposed carrion on the Island of Oahu, hawaiian Island, USA (1986) J. Med. Entomol., 23, pp. 520-531Goff, M.L., Estimation of postmoertem interval using arthopod development and successional patterns (1993) Forensic Sci. Rev., 5, pp. 81-94Richards, E.N., Goff, M.L., Arthropod succession on exposed carrion in three contrasting tropical habitats on Hawaii Island, Hawaii (1997) J. Med. Entomol., 34, pp. 328-339Payne, J.A., A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus scrofa Linnaeus (1965) Ecology, 46, pp. 592-602Stoker, R.L., Grant, W.E., Vinson, S.B., Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) effect on invertebrate decomposers of carrion in Central Texas (1995) Environ. Entomol., 24, pp. 817-822Houston, D.C., Effect of ant predation on carrion insect communities in a brazilian forest (1987) Biotropica, 119, p. 37
Species Composition And Seasonal Succession Of Saprophagous Calliphorids In A Rural Area Of Córdoba, Argentina
Get PDFDuring 2004, four experiments were carried out, one each season, in order to determine the species composition and seasonal dynamics of Calliphoridae in a rural area of Córdoba (Argentina). Two pigs (Sus scrofa L.), weighing approximately 8 Kg each, were used in each experiment. They were killed with a blow to the head and immediately placed in a variant of the Schoenly et al. (1991) trap. One pig was exposed in the shade and the other one under direct sunlight. The insect fauna was collected daily during the four first weeks and every two or three days thereafter. A total of 16.609 adults of Calliphoridae were collected, and later on identified as one of the following seven species: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), Phaenicia sericata (Meigen), Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius), Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann) and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy. C. albiceps was the dominant species in summer, autumn and spring, being replaced in winter by C. vicina, S. chlorogaster and P. sericata. The analysis of the seasonal distribution of the species revealed that the greater incidences are in the months of summer, autumn and spring.402163171BATTÁN HORENSTEIN, M., ARNALDOS, M.I., ROSSO, B., GARCÍA, M.D., Estudio preliminar de la comunidad sarcosaprófaga en Córdoba (Argentina): Aplicación a la entomología forense (2005) Anales de Biología, 27, pp. 191-201BAUMGARTNER, D.L., GREENBERG, B., Distribution of medical ecology of the blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of Peru (1985) Annals of Entomological Society of America, 78, pp. 565-587CARVALHO, L.M.L., LINHARES, A.X., Seasonality of insect seccession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in southeastern Brazil (2001) J Foren Sci, 46 (3), pp. 604-608CARVALHO, L.M.L., THYSSEN, P.J., LINDARES, A.X., PALHARES, F.A.B., A checklist of arthropods associated with pig carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil (2000) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 95 (1), pp. 135-138CATTS, E.P., GOFF, M.L., Forensic Entomology in Criminal Investigation (1992) Annu Rev Entomol, 37, pp. 253-272CENTENO, N., MALDONADO, M., OLIVA, A., Seasonal patterns of arthropods ocurring on sheltered and unsheltered pig carcasses in Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) (2002) Forensic Sci Internat, 126, pp. 63-70FERREIRA, M.J.M., Sinantropía de dípteros muscóideos de Curitiba, Paraná. I: Calliphoridae (1978) Rev Bras Biol, 38, pp. 445-454FERREIRA, M.J.M., BARBOLA, I.F., Sinantropia de Califorídeos (Insecta: Diptera) de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil (1998) Rev Brasil Biol, 58 (2), pp. 203-209FISCHER OL, MÁTLOVÁ, DVORSKÁ L, SVÁSTOVÁ P, BARTL J, MELICHÁREK I, WESTON RT, PAVLÍK I (2001) Diptera as vector of mycobacterial infections in cattle and pigs. Med Vet Entomol 15: 208-211GUIMARÃES, J.H., PRADO, A.P., LINHARES, A.X., Three newly introduced blowfly species in southern Brazil (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1978) Rev Bras Ent, 22, pp. 53-60GUIMARÃES, J.H.G., PAPAVERO, N., PRADO, A.P., As miíases na região Neotropical: Identificação, biologia, bibliografia (1983) Rev Bras Zool, 1, pp. 239-416KUUSELA, S., HANSKI, I., The structure of carrion fly comminities: The size and the type of carrion (1982) Holartica Ecology, 5, pp. 337-348LINHARES, A.X., Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil (1981) Rev Bras Ent, 25 (3), pp. 189-215MARILUIS, J.C., SCHNACK, J.A., Ecología de una taxocenosis de Calliphoridae del área platense (Provincia de Buenos Aires) (Insecta, Diptera) (1986) Ecosur, 12-13 (23-24), pp. 81-91MARILUIS, J.C., SCHNACK, J.A., Ecology of the blow flies of an eusynanthropic habitat near Buenos Aires (Diptera, Calliphoridae) (1989) Eos, 165, pp. 93-101MARILUIS, J.C., SCHNACK, J.A., CERVERERIZZO, I., QUINTANA, C., (1826) Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel, 1858) and Phaenicia sericata, 32, pp. 7-24. , Meigen, parasiting domestic animals in Buenos Aires and vicinities Diptera, Calliphoridae, Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 89: 139MARILUIS JC, SCHNACK JA (1996) Elenco específico y aspectos ecológicos de Calliphoridae (Insecta, Diptera) de San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina. Bol R Soc Esp Hist Nat (Sec. Biol.) 92: 1-4MOURA, M.O., CARVALHO, C.J.B., FILHO ELA, M., A preliminary analisis of insects of medico-legal importance in Curitiba, State of Paraná (1997) Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 92 (2), pp. 269-274NUORTEVA, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic Medicine: A study in trauma and environmental hazards, 3, pp. 1072-1095. , TEDESCHI, C.G, ECKERT, W.G. & TEDESCHI, L.G, Eds, Philadelphia, London W.B. Saunders CoOLIVA, A., Insectos de Interés Forense de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Primera lista ilustrada y datos bionómicos. Revista de Museo argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia (1997) Entomología, Tomo VII, (2), pp. 13-59RICKLEFS, R., Invitación a la Ecología (1996) La economía de la naturaleza, , Editorial Médica Panamericana(1986) SAS User's guide: Statictics, , SAS INSTITUTE INC , 6 ed. Cary, North CarolinaSCHNACK, J.A., MARILUIS, J.C., CENTENO, N., MUZÓN, J., Composición específica, ecología y sinantropía de Calliphoridae (Insecta: Diptera) en el Gran Buenos Aires (1995) Rev Soc Entomol Argent, 54 (1-4), pp. 161-171SCHNACK, J.A., MARILUIS, J.C., SPINELLI, G.R., MUZÓN, J., Ecological aspects on urban blowflies in midwest Argentinean Patagonia (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (1998) Rev Soc Entomol Argent, 57 (1-4), pp. 127-130SCHOENLY, K., GRIEST, K., RHINE, S., An experimental field protocol for investigating the postmortem interval using multidisciplinary indicators (1991) J Forensic Sci JFSCA, 36 (5), pp. 1395-1415(1986) A manual of forensic entomology, , SMITH KGV (, The trustees of the British Museum Natural History, LondonSOUZA, A.M., LINHARES, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med Vet Entomol, 11, pp. 8-1
The Value Of Pcr-rflp Molecular Markers For The Differentiation Of Immature Stages Of Two Necrophagous Flies (diptera: Calliphoridae) Of Potential Forensic Importance [o Valor De Marcadores Moleculares Do Tipo Pcr-rflp Para A Diferenciação De Estágios Imaturos De Duas Moscas Necrófagas (diptera: Calliphoridae) De Potencial Importância Forense]
No full textThe identification of insect species involved in corpses decomposition is of particular importance in estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic science, since the PMI is based on information about the life cycle of necrophagous insects. However, the identification of some insect species, especially in their immature stages, may be complicated by many factors, even for experienced taxonomists. Species of the same genus such as Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius) and H. semidiaphana (Rondani) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are morphologically and behaviorally very similar, but differ in their growth and maturation rates. These species are abundant in forests, exclusively necrophagous and, therefore, are of potential medicolegal importance for estimating the PMI in criminal events that would take place in those areas. In this study, we assessed the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in the differentiation of these two species. Two specific regions of mitochondrial DNA, the Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and the control region (CR), were amplified by PCR and digested using restriction endonucleases. The cleavage patterns generated by the endonucleases DraI and SspI were suitable for differentiating the two Hemilucilia species. This method can be helpful for the forensic entomologist in estimating the PMI because it provides a fast identification, also making possible the use of the insect at any life stage, including immature specimens, regardless of the conditions of preservation (dead or live specimens).345777783Amorim, J.A., Ribeiro, O.B., Distinction among the puparia of three blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) frequently found on unburied corpses (2001) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 96, pp. 781-784Carvalho, L.M.L., Linhares, A.X., Seasonality of insect succession and pig carcass decomposition in a natural forest area in Southeastern Brazil (2001) J. Forensic Sci, 46, pp. 604-608Carvalho, L.M.L., Thyssen, P.J., Linhares, A.X., Palhares, F.B., A checklist of arthropods associated with carrion and human corpses in southeastern Brazil (2000) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 95, pp. 135-138Caterino, M.S., Cho, S., Sperling, F.A.H., The current state of insect molecular systematics (2000) Ann. Rev. Entomol, 45, pp. 1-54Catts, E.P., Goff, M.L., Forensic entomology in criminal investigations (1992) Ann. Rev. Entomol, 37, pp. 253-272Catts, E.P., Haskell, N.H., (1990) Entomology and death: A procedural guide, p. 182. , USA, Joyce Print ShopDear, J.P., A revision of the New World Chrysomyini (Diptera) (Calliphoridae) (1985) Rev. Bras. Zool, 3, pp. 109-169Duenas, J.C.R., Panzetta-Dutari, G.M., Blanco, A., Gardenal, C.N., Restriction fragment-length polymorphism of the mtDNA A+T-rich region as a genetic marker in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) (2002) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 95, pp. 352-358Erzinçlioglu, Y.Z., The application of entomology to forensic medicine (1983) Med. Sci. Law, 23, pp. 57-63Greenberg, B., Szyska, M., Immature stages and biology of fifteen species of Peruvian Calliphoridae (Diptera) (1984) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 77, pp. 488-517Harvey, M.L., Dadour, I.R., Gaudieri, S., Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I gene: Potential for distinction between immature stages of some forensically important fly species (Diptera) in western Australia (2003) Forensic Sci. Int, 131, pp. 134-139Infante, M.E.V., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of screwworm Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil (1995) Biochem. Genet, 33, pp. 737-756Lessinger, A.C., Junqueira, A.C.M., Conte, F.F., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Analysis of a conserved duplicate tRNA gene in the mitochondrial genome of blowflies (2004) Gene, 339, pp. 1-6Lessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Evolution and structural organisation of the mitochondrial DNA control region of myiasis-causing flies (2000) Med. Vet. Entomol, 14, pp. 71-80Litjens, P., Lessinger, A.C., Azeredo-Espin, A.M.L., Characterization of the screwworm flies Cochliomyia hominivorax and Cochliomyia macellaria by PCR-RFLP of mitochondrial DNA (2001) Med. Vet. Entomol, 15, pp. 183-188Liu, D., Greenberg, B., Immature stages of some flies of forensic importance (1989) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 82, pp. 80-93Lunt, D.H., Zhang, D.X., Szymura, J.M., Hewitt, G.M., The insect cytochrome oxidase I gene: Evolutionary patterns and conserved primers for phylogenetic studies (1996) Insect Mol. Biol, 5, pp. 153-165Malgorn, Y., Coquoz, R., DNA typing for identification of some species of Calliphoridae of interest in forensic entomology (1999) Forensic Sci. Int, 102, pp. 111-119Marchenko, M.I., Medicolegal relevance of cadaver entomofauna for the determination of the time of death (2001) Forensic Sci. Int, 120, pp. 89-109Mello, R.P., Chave para identificação das formas adultas das espécies da família Calliphoridae (Díptera, Brachycera, Cyclorrhapha) encontradas no Brasil (2003) Entomol. Vect, 10, pp. 255-268Nuorteva, P., Sarcosaprophagous insects as forensic indicators (1977) Forensic medicine: A study in trauma and environmental hazards, pp. 1072-1095+1680. , In C.G. Tedeshi, W.G. Eckert & L.G. Tedeshi (eds.), Philadelphia, SaundersOtranto, D., Stevens, J.R., Molecular approaches to the study of myiasis-causing larvae (2002) Int. J. Parasitol, 32, pp. 1345-1360Schroeder, H., Klotzbach, H., Elias, S., Augustin, C., Pueschel, K., Use of PCR-RFLP for differentiation of calliphorid larvae (Diptera, Calliphoridae) on human corpses (2003) Forensic Sci. Int, 132, pp. 76-81Séguy, E., Étude sur quelques Calliphorinés testacés rares ou peu connus (1925) Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat, 31, pp. 439-441Simon, C.F., McIntosh, C., Deniega, J., Standard restriction fragment length analysis of the mitochondrial genome is not sensitive enough for phylogenetic analysis or identification of 17-year periodical cicada broods (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): The potential for a new technique (1993) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 86, pp. 228-238Simon, C.F., Fratti, F., Beckenbach, A., Crespi, B., Liu, H., Flook, P., Evolution, weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers (1994) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am, 87, pp. 657-701Smith, K.G.V., (1986) A manual of forensic entomology, p. 205. , Trustees of The British Museum National History and Cornell University PressSouza, A.M., Linhares, A.X., Diptera and Coleoptera of potential forensic importance in southeastern Brazil: Relative abundance and seasonality (1997) Med. Vet. Entomol, 11, pp. 8-12Sperling, F.A.H., Anderson, G.S., Hickey, D.A., A DNA-based approach to the identification of insect species used for post-mortem interval estimation (1994) J. Forensic Sci, 39, pp. 418-427Wallman, J.F., Donnellan, S.C., The utility of mitochondrial DNA sequences for the identification of forensically important blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southeastern Australia (2001) Forensic Sci. Int, 120, pp. 60-67Wells, J.D., Sperling, F.A.H., DNA-based identification of forensically important Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) (2001) Forensic Sci. Int, 120, pp. 110-115Zehner, R., Amendt, J., Schutt, S., Sauer, J., Krettek, R., Povolný, D., Genetic identification of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) (2004) Int. J. Legal Med, 118, pp. 245-247Zehner, R., Zimmermann, S., Mebs, D., Bratzke, H., RFLP and sequence analysis of the cytochrome b gene of selected animals and man: Methodology and forensic application (1998) Int. J. Legal Med, 111, pp. 323-327Zhang, D.X., Hewitt, G.M., Insect mitochondrial control region: A review of its structure, evolution and usefulness in evolutionary studies (1997) Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 25, pp. 99-12
Synanthropy Of Muscidae (diptera) In The City Of Valdivia, Chile [sinantropia De Muscidae (diptera) Na Cidade De Valdivia, Chile]
No full textThe objective of the present study was to determine the index of synanthropy of adults of Muscidae species collected in Valdivia, Chile (39°48'S; 73°15'W). The flies were collected monthly between September 1996 and August 1997 at three different locations, representing urban, rural and natural environments. Rat carcasses, chicken viscera, and fish viscera were used as bait. Six species of Muscidae were collected: Psilochaeta chalybea (Wiedemann) was dominant in urban and rural habitats, being eusynanthropic. The second species in importance was Hydrotaea acuta (Stein), being hemisynanthropic and more abundant in the natural environment. Ophyra ignava (Harris) was another species captured in relatively large numbers, and showing eusynanthropic characteristic. The remaining three species, Musca domestica L., Palpibracus valdiviensis (Couri & Pamplona), and Mu scina stabulans (Fallén) were captured in low numbers. In addition to the indexes of synanthropy, monthly abundances were determined and discussed, as well as the efficiency of the different baits used to collect the flies. The medical and sanitary importance of the flies was also assessed.335647651Barratt, P., Dump fly could take over from house fly as mayor flying insect pest (1991) Int. Pest Control, 33, pp. 124-125de Carvalho, C.J.B., Revisão de Psilochaeta Stein e descrição de Dalcyella gen. n. do Chile (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Revta Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 485-506de Carvalho, C.J.B., Revisão das espécies e posição sistemática de Palpibracus Rondani (Diptera, Muscidae) (1989) Revta Bras. Zool., 6, pp. 325-375de Carvalho, C.J.B., Dolichophaonia, gen. n. (Diptera, Muscidae, Phaoniinae): Descrições, novas combinações, sinonímias e chave para as espécies (1994) Revta Bras. 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Entomol, 31, pp. 233-239Greenberg, B., (1971) Flies and disease, vol. I: Ecology, classification and biotic associtions, p. 856. , Princeton Univ. Press, PrincetonGreenberg, B., (1973) Flies and disease, vol. II: Biology and disease transmission, p. 447. , Princeton Univ. Press, PrincetonGonzáles, C.R., Diptera, p. 256-263 (1995) Diversidad biológica de Chile, p. 364. , In J. Simonetti, M. Arroyo, A. Espotorno y E. Lozada (eds), ConycitLinhares, A.X., Synanthropy of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (1981) Revta Bras. Ent, 25, pp. 189-215Linhares, A.X., Synanthropy of Muscidae, Fanniidae and Anthomyiidae (Diptera) in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (1981) Revta Bras. 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