1,721,115 research outputs found
Use of pectin methyl esterase-catalyzed transacylated pectin in the making of low-sugar jam
No full text果膠是許多植物細胞壁中重要的一種多醣體，也是食品工業中常見的成膠劑，廣泛地應用於生產果醬、果凍等製品。前人研究指出果膠酯酶除可降解果膠甲氧基酯鍵外，亦可催化轉醯化反應 (transacylation）可使果膠分子間產生新的非甲氧基酯鍵，使果膠的分子量變大，促進果膠溶液黏度增加。故本研究擬利用果膠酯酶催化果膠分子間之轉醯基反應，以達到降低果醬之需糖量。並在含有NaCl之模式系統下，以濁度、黏度及凝膠特性變化之偵測來探討添加PME、Ca3(PO4)2、 EDTA 及檸檬酸與否對果膠酯酶轉醯化反應之影響，及低糖果醬製作之可行性。
研究發現，PME-pectin-EDTA solution比 pectin solution有較高之黏度，此外PME-pectin solutions在添加 EDTA 或檸檬酸後，果膠溶液中金屬離子被螯合，其濁度值增加，得知此時果膠酯酶較傾向催化轉醯化反應。利用PME 修飾之果膠製作含糖 30% 之果醬，其黏度範圍相當於與柑橘果膠溶液 (未添加PME，含糖量55% ~ 60%) 及市售果醬 (含糖量58% ~ 92%)。
FT-IR 非甲氧基酯鍵之生成研究結果顯示柳橙 PME 具催化轉醯化反應之能力；利用經 PME 修飾後的果膠製作含糖量30%的低糖果醬，其黏度可達市售果醬的黏度範圍，即利用經轉醯化後的果膠製做果醬可達到低糖低熱量果醬之目的。Transacylation between pectin molecules may increase the viscosity of pectin solution. The present study was to investigate the feasibility of using pectin methyl esterase (PME) catalyzed transacylation reaction between pectin molecules to reduce the demand of sugar in jam making. Model solutions of citrus pectin added with NaCl, with and without PME, Ca3(PO4)2, EDTA and citric acid, were prepared and incubated for the enzymatic reaction to proceed.
Higher viscosity in PME-pectin-EDTA solution as compared with the pectin solution indicates the occurrence of PME-catalyzed transacylation. The turbidity readings of the PME-pectin solutions were increased after the addition of EDTA or citric acid, indicating that the chelation of metal ions promotes more transacylation than deesterification and reconfirming the occurrence of transacylation in the system. Jam prepared from PME-modified citrus pectin at 300 g L-1 sucrose content was found to be in the same range of viscosity as the jam from untreated citrus pectin at 550~600 g L-1 sucrose content and commercial fruit jams at 580~920 g L-1 sugar content.
We conclude that it is technically feasible to use transacylated pectin in the making of a jam with reduced sugar content
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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