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The Poetics of “You” --the Mode of Existence of traveling in mountains in the Six Dynasties
No full text六朝新興的「山水詩」，向來為學界所關注的熱點之一。本文擬在既有的關於「山水詩」研究成果之基礎上，進一步探問「山水詩」中所體現的人與山水之互動關係究竟如何。而「遊」，作為六朝人最尋常的接觸山水之方式，也體現在「山水詩」的創作中。因此，本文聚焦在當時盛行的「山水之遊」此一活動上，試圖探求時人透過「山水之遊」的活動所呈現的生命情態。
本文題目為「遊的詩學──六朝山水之遊的生命情態」。副標題之義，已如前述；至於主標題所謂「遊的詩學」，則係參考了中國古代「以詩為學」的傳統「詩學」觀。傳統的「詩學」觀包含兩個層面，即：「如何作詩」以及「如何體現自我的生命情態」。二者當渾言以觀。唯因與創作實踐有關的層面，可以「山水詩」作為「美典」，而既有的研究成果已甚豐贍。本文的重心，乃聚焦於尚未獲得充分開顯的部分，即時人透過「遊」的活動實踐，所體驗到的與所呈顯出的生命情態，或者說存有的樣態。
本文對於六朝人「山水之遊」所呈顯的生命情態之研究，基本參考了西方以人的「存有體驗」作為主要的研究對象的「現象學」（Phenomenology），特別是Martin Heidegger 所揭示的，作為人的存有構造之「在世存有」（In-der-Welt-sein）的概念；而此一存有構造所賴以開顯者，是為「存有理解」（Seinsverstandnis）與「情態性」（Befindlichkeit），後者即日常所謂的「氣氛」、「氛圍」。本文的論述將基本循此構造以開展，分別說明六朝人對於「遊」此一行為、活動所可能帶有之理解，以及時人所主要進行「遊」的場所和氣氛；最後，再統合此二部分而言時人透過「遊」的活動所開顯的「世界」。
第一章，針對六朝以前既有的「遊」的概念進行分析，得出幾項「遊」的概念的基本內涵性質，如：「無所限定」、「自由」、「可能性」和「交通」、「交往」、「溝通」等。第二章則探討在六朝「玄學」思潮的影響下，時人對於「遊」所做的詮解，以郭象、支遁和張湛三位思想家為代表。在三人的思想體系中，「遊」的概念都被視為一種理想的人格實踐所呈顯的生命理境；而這樣一種生命理境所反映的，即是「自然」。在此脈絡下，「遊」乃被理解為對於「自然」的履踐。綜合一、二章的內容，即六朝人在進行「遊」的行為或活動之際，所已然帶有的對於「遊」本身的理解。
第三章，則探討六朝時主要的「遊」的「場所」，「山水」和「園林」中所帶有之「氣氛」。「山水」所具有的場所精神，在當時被理解為與名教價值相對、不為仕宦所攖累，可在其中實現生命「自然」存有的空間；「園林」的場所精神，則是在空間上與人所棲止的宅第相聯，而本身之營建又是師法「山水」。換言之，「山水」與「園林」皆被時人視為是「自然」的；而「自然」，亦為時人參與「在場」時所體驗到的氣氛。
第四章中，首先在前面的基礎上，進一步討論「遊」所開顯的「世界」之質性，實即「自然」。接著，進一步釐清「山水審美意識」所以在「遊的世界」內發生，主要是由於「遊者」在「獨遊」的狀態中，主要的遭逢對象不再如「羣遊」時為「共在的遊者」，而是「山水」。此時「遊者」與「山水」的遭逢，實即一詮釋的活動，並從而獲得對於「真理」的理解。而此一「真理」，既是「自然」，也是「美媚」。
最後，在結語的部分，我們將當時盛行的「山水之遊」此一現象，放在六朝人普遍對於「自然」的關心與追求此一時代背景之下，並且將之與陶淵明透過「歸園田居」的形式所開顯的「質性自然」之「人境」進行比較，以彰顯「山水之遊」的時代意義與後世影響。自 序 ............................................................................................................................................... I
摘 要 .............................................................................................................................................. V
目 錄 ............................................................................................................................................ VII
緒 論 .............................................................................................................................................. 1
第一節 「山水詩」發生研究的回顧 .............................................................................................. 4
一、 隱逸風尚與「招隱詩」 ...................................................................................................... 4
二、 玄風與「玄言詩」 .............................................................................................................. 8
三、 宗教的影響 ........................................................................................................................ 10
四、 江南風光與「好遊」風氣 ................................................................................................ 14
第二節 「遊」的顯題 .................................................................................................................... 17
第三節 體驗與體現：「遊的詩學」 .............................................................................................. 20
第四節 本研究之藍圖及方法 ........................................................................................................ 31
第一章 「遊」的概念分析............................................................................................................. 39
第一節 「遊」的始源義及其分化 ................................................................................................ 40
一、 初文「斿」的原始意蘊 .................................................................................................... 40
二、 「斿」的接受與轉化：屈原與莊子 ................................................................................ 41
三、 「遊」的現實化 ................................................................................................................ 48
四、 「遊」的兩個面向 ............................................................................................................ 50
第二節 「遊」的基本概念內涵 .................................................................................................... 52
一、 「行」與「遊」 ................................................................................................................ 52
二、 「居」與「遊」 ................................................................................................................ 57
第三節 結語 ................................................................................................................................... 64
第二章 「自然」的實踐：玄學思維模式下的「遊」 .................................................................... 67
第一節 「冥內遊外」：郭象的「逍遙」義 .................................................................................. 68
第二節 「即色遊玄」：支遁的「逍遙」義 .................................................................................. 79
第三節 「寂然玄照」：張湛的「至游」義 .................................................................................. 86
第四節 結語 ................................................................................................................................... 94
第三章 「山水」與「園林」：遊的場所分析 ................................................................................. 97
第一節 「場所」與「氣氛」 ........................................................................................................ 98
第二節 「山水」與「園林」：兩種「遊」的場所 .................................................................... 104
一、 「山水」 .......................................................................................................................... 104
二、 「園林」 .......................................................................................................................... 108
三、 「山水」與「園林」的互攝與交融 .............................................................................. 112
第三節 「自然」：「遊的場所」所帶有之「氣氛」 .................................................................. 115
第四節 結語 ................................................................................................................................. 123
第四章 「自然」與「賞媚」：「遊」的「在世存有」分析 .......................................................... 125
第一節 「自然」：「遊的世界」之質性 ...................................................................................... 128
一、 玄化之「遊」：對於「自然」的實踐 ............................................................................ 128
二、 「自然」：瀰漫於山水和園林等場所中之氣氛 ............................................................ 130
第二節 「羣遊」、「獨遊」，與「世界」內存有者之遭逢......................................................... 132
一、 「羣遊」與「共在的遊者」 .......................................................................................... 132
二、 轉型為「獨遊」與交往對象的轉移 .............................................................................. 135
三、 「賞」：與「遊的世界」內存有者之遭逢 .................................................................... 137
第三節 「賞玩」與「遊戲」：與「世界」中的物之遭逢與詮釋 ........................................... 140
第四節 「自然」與「美媚」：「山水」之真理和「遊者」的體驗 ........................................... 147
一、 自然 ................................................................................................................................. 147
二、 美媚 ................................................................................................................................. 149
第五節 結語 ................................................................................................................................. 153
結 論 ........................................................................................................................................... 157
參考書目 ....................................................................................................................................... 16
A Primary Study on Buckle-folding of Multilayer Strata
No full text褶皺（fold）是指岩石的面狀構造（如層面、葉理）受到力的作用而呈現彎曲型態的地質構造。褶皺的型態千姿百態，且規模差別也極大，小至手標本或顯微鏡下的微型褶皺，大至衛星影像的區域性褶皺。由於岩層在形成褶皺過程中，常隨著褶皺作用的進行而伴隨產生一些其他種類的小型地質構造，這些小型的地質構造紀錄當時岩石力學性質與其所處的環境狀態。因此，褶皺的研究對於揭示一個地區的岩層分佈的影響及地質構造形成歷史的了解，具有重要意義。基本上，在台灣，西部麓山帶都為波長較長的褶皺。在雪山山脈與中央山脈地區的板岩帶的露頭，則可見到波長長短不一，各型各樣的褶皺。更東邊的中央山脈變質岩帶中，褶皺的波長更短。故台灣為一個非常適合研究褶皺構造的場所。研究以單層岩層褶皺力學基礎為出發，根據前人所提出的單層岩層褶皺理論解，以ABQUS建立複層岩層褶皺的模型。影響單層褶皺生成的主控因子為岩層厚度及阻抗比，而影響複層褶皺生成的主控因子則多了介質厚度。故以有限元素法分析結果，對複層褶皺的力學機制做初探，藉以了解介質與岩層之間互制的關係，並由數值分析的結果推導複層褶皺之理論解。複層褶皺為一套強弱岩層（弱岩層在本研究稱介質）相間組成的褶皺系統；由複層褶皺的幾何型態，可將其分為協調褶皺（harmonic folds）：各褶皺面彎曲的型態一致，其間沒有明顯不協調的突變現象；不協調褶皺（disharmonic folds）：各褶皺面的彎曲型態彼此有明顯的不同，上下不一致；複協調褶皺（polyharmonic folds）：各褶皺面的彎曲型態彼此有明顯的不同，但其間較小規模褶皺的包絡面的型態卻與較大規模褶皺的型態一致。研究的成果為：. 介質反力公式的推導以及數值解驗證. 以力平衡法推導存在夾層介質之複層褶皺理論解。. 以力平衡法推導夾層介質厚度極小的情況下，複層褶皺理論解推導與數值解驗證。. 複層褶皺的主控因子（材料性質、斷面性質及夾層介質厚度）對褶皺波長的影響。. 應用複層褶皺的主控因子對褶皺的影響，對三種野外常見的複層褶皺（協調褶皺、不協調褶皺、複協調褶皺）進行數值模擬。上成果對於複層褶皺之力學機制提供一個完整的說明。Folds occur on all scales from the microscopic to the regional. Buckling is defined as the flexing or folding of a surface or series of parallel surface by a compressive stress directed along that surface or layer. Surfaces, either primary, such as bedding, or tectonically induced, such as cleavage, are common features in many rocks and are often buckled during formation. During the formation of folds, it usually accompanies with other small scale geological structure. These features record the property of rock mechanics and geological conditions. Therefore, It is significant to understand the influence of layers in a region and the history of geological structure by folds research.he primary factors forming multilayer folds are thickness of layer, competence ratio and thickness of matrix between layers. A general discussion of the reasons for the great variation in folded multilayered rocks is initialed by considering the way that folds in single layers can interact with each other to produce disharmonic, harmonic or polyharmonic association. So, the classifications of multilayer folds are 1) disharmonic fold: each layer would have its own characteristic wavelength depending upon its thickness and layer-matrix competence contrast. 2) harmonic fold: despite differences in thickness and mechanical properties of individual layers, all the layers have buckled with the same wavelength and amplitude. 3) two competent layers are of markedly differing thickness or show markedly different competent-incompetent layer ductility contrasts each competent layer is likely to induce its own characteristic wavelength in to the overall fold pattern. his research is based on theoretical solution of single layer. And, it uses the finite element method, ABAQUS, to simulate the formation of multilayer folds. Besides, we compare the numerical solution with the theoretical solution deriving by this study.he primary results of the study are:. the formula derivation of matrix reaction and verification of numerical simulation.. derivation the theoretical solution of multilayer fold with matrix between layers by force equilibrium method.. derivation the theoretical solution of multilayer fold with extreme thin matrix between layers by force equilibrium method.. the influence of facts (material property, section property, and matrix thickness) to multilayer fold wavelength.. numerical simulation of disharmonic fold, harmonic fold, and poly-harmonic fold.誌 謝 I 要 IIbstract IV號表 VI 錄 VII目錄 X目錄 XI一章 緒論 1.1 研究背景 1.2 研究目的與方法 2.3 本文內容 3.4 研究流程圖 3二章 文獻回顧 6.1 介質反力函數 6.2 彈性材料的褶皺理論－能量法 8.3 彈性材料的褶皺理論－力平衡法 9.4 複層岩層的褶皺理論 11三章 單層褶皺介質反力數學解驗證 16.1 介質頂部受正弦波分佈變位之應力函數 16.2 數值模型驗證介質反力影響曲線 17.3 單層岩層褶皺之介質反力驗證 17.4 綜合討論 19四章 複層褶皺層間介質反力探討 27.1 應力疊加特性 27.2 雙層岩層 27.2.1 雙層正弦波數值模型介紹 27.2.2 介質間距S大於1倍波長之應力疊加性 28.2.3 介質間距S小於1倍波長之應力疊加性 28.2.4 綜合討論 29.3 多層岩層 29.3.1 參層 30.3.2 伍層 30.3.3 綜合討論 31.4 複層褶皺理論解推導 31五章 複層褶皺控制因子及影響情形 73.1 材料參數對褶皺的影響 73.1.1 阻抗比RE對單層岩層褶皺之影響 73.1.2阻抗比RE對雙層岩層褶皺之影響 73.2 斷面參數對褶皺的影響 74.2.1 岩層厚度對單層岩層褶皺之影響 74.2.2 岩層厚度對雙層岩層褶皺之影響 74六章 複層褶皺之數值模擬 93.1 材料性質對波長的影響 93.1.1 材料性質影響-不協調褶皺之數值模擬 94.1.2 材料性質影響-協調褶皺之數值模擬 94.1.3 材料性質影響-複協調褶皺之數值模擬 94.2 斷面性質對波長的影響 95.2.1 斷面性質影響-不協調褶皺之數值模擬 95.2.2 斷面性質影響-協調褶皺之數值模擬 96.2.3斷面性質影響-複協調褶皺之數值模擬 96.3 綜合討論 96七章 結論 105.1 結論 105考文獻 106錄A 論文口試－問題與回覆
Midgut Acidity Regulates Metabolism and Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster and Mice
No full text老化與代謝症候群是當代醫學的重要課題，近年來果蠅廣被應用於這些問題的基礎研究。在先前的研究中，我們透過突變株篩選，發現消化道中酸分泌缺失的果蠅會出現類似代謝症候群的表現型(肥胖及高三酸甘油酯)，且其壽命顯著縮短，顯示消化道酸鹼度可能影響老化與代謝過程。 為延續上述成果，本計畫繼續透過基因操弄與藥物介入等方式，建立消化道中段酸分泌異常的果蠅模式，進而系統性的探討消化道中段酸分泌不足對於老化與代謝的影響。在代謝表現型方面，我們發現腸道中段酸度不足的果蠅有體脂肪含量與體重上升，與飢餓耐受度增加等現象。在老化過程方面，我們發現這些果蠅的消化道障壁功能異常提早出現，壽命也顯著縮短。我們也在胃酸抑制的小鼠模式上觀察到類似的代謝表現型(肥胖及高脂血症)，進一步印證了消化道中段酸度在代謝調控方面的角色。此外，我們的初步研究顯示果蠅腸道中段酸度會隨年齡下降，而卡路里節制可以減緩此情形，這暗示卡路里節制之所以能延長壽命，部分可能是透過維持腸道酸度而達成。期盼未來能夠藉由本研究所建立的動物模式，進一步釐清消化道酸鹼度與代謝及老化的關聯性。Previous work in our lab showed that Drosophila melanogaster harboring hypomorphic mutations in vha16-1 gene, which encodes vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit c and is highly expressed in middle midgut, exhibit reduced midgut acidification, as well as metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes (obesity, elevated triacylglycerol content), better starvation resistance, and a reduced lifespan. This observation led to the hypothesis that midgut acidity may be a regulator of systemic metabolism. In this project, we established different fly models to test the hypothesis. We demonstrated that both genetic and pharmacological models of flies with deficient midgut acidification display increased triacylglycerol content and body weight, as well as a reduced lifespan. We also found that flies with deficient midgut acidification exhibit accelerated gut barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, our preliminary data showed that midgut acidity decreases with age in wild-type flies, and calorie restriction attenuates the age-dependent decline in midgut acidity. To explore whether the metabolic role of midgut acidity is conserved across species, we examined mice treated with proton pump inhibitor. These mice exhibited metabolic phenotypes reminiscent of flies with deficient midgut acidification, including reduced gastric juice acidity, increased serum triacylglycerol and cholesterol, and increased body weight gain. Taken together, our studies identified midgut acidity as a novel player in gut homeostasis and systemic metabolism
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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