1,720,997 research outputs found
A Structure of Body Image, Perceived Overweight and Weight Management Behavior
No full text國內肥胖人口的年發生率日益增加，據資料統計，台灣一年花費在減重上的總金額接近新台幣一千兩百億元，由於減重、瘦身幾乎成了一股趨勢，坊間一窩峰的冒出了瘦身美容機構，第四台播放可幫助減肥的食品、藥品的廣告更是屢見不鮮。媒體上出現的公眾人物無形中讓「瘦，即是美」的審美觀烙印在大眾的腦海，許多人為了理想的體型而盲目減重，以期達到符合社會的價值標準，得到外界的讚賞與認同，此種偏差的理念已經造成許多悲劇不斷地發生。研究目的在於探討影響身體意象的眾多因素（如同儕、自尊、媒體及偶像崇拜等等）對於自我認知過重與體重管理行為之影響，本研究透過網路問卷發放的方式，蒐集並分析293份樣本資料後，利用LISREL統計分析建構出體重管理行為之結構關係模型。依據研究結果，歸納出以下的結論：.受測者自尊的高低，確實會影響自我身體意象的評價與關注程度。.受測者所接觸的媒體型態，會影響對自我身體意象的看法與體重過重的認知。.受測者對偶像崇拜的心理會影響身體意象的在乎程度與自我體重過重的認知。.自我認知過重的人，有較強的意圖進行體重管理的行為。Obesity has become an epidemic in our country recently. According to the latest statistics, Taiwanese spent about NT120 billions on weight-lose. The trend of losing-weight makes more and more weight-reducing centers and advertisements about weight-lose products bloom. And all the things above make a dream for people to achieve their goal to get thinner. This trend also misleads the value of beauty, and many people lose their weight pathologically to fit in with the trend. This misunderstanding leads to many tragedies.here are many factors, such as self-esteem, peers, media and idolism, which affect body image. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relation among body image, perceived overweight and weight management behavior. This study collects samples by online questionnaire and receives 293 valid samples. This study uses LISREL for analyzing method and induces following conclusions:.There is a positive correlation between self-esteem and body image..What types of media you contact will affect self body image and cognitions of overweight..Idolism will affect body image and perceived overweight. The correlation is positive..People who perceived overweight have greater intention to manage their weight.謝詞Ⅱ文摘要Ⅲ文摘要Ⅳ錄Ⅴ目錄Ⅵ目錄Ⅶ一章 緒論 1一節 研究動機 1二節 研究目的 3三節 研究流程 3二章 文獻探討 5一節 身體意象 5二節 影響身體意象的相關因素 10三節 自尊 17四節 認知體重過重 23五節 體重管理行為 28三章 研究方法 32一節 研究架構 32二節 研究假說 33三節 研究變數定義與衡量 37四節 研究設計 43五節 統計方法 44四章 資料分析與研究結果 50一節 基本資料分析 50二節 因素分析與信度分析 54三節 結構關係模式分析 59四節 假說檢定 66五章 結論與建議 71一節 研究結論 71二節 管理意涵 72三節 研究限制 73四節 後續研究建議 7
Application of the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method on the Analysis of Barrier
No full text本文以多階層快速多極展開法(Multilevel Fast Multipole Method)分析圓柱聲場散射問題與隔音牆聲場問題，並以介入損失值(Insertion Loss)作為其隔音效果之判斷指標。首先，針對多階層快速多極展開法的演算架構進行介紹，其主要概念是將核函數展開成場源點分離之兩函數的級數展開式，並加入樹狀分層結構，接著利用節點間相互傳遞(translation)、展開(expansion)，以達到加快計算時間、減少記憶體使用量之目的。因為樹狀分割層數(Level)用於資料之儲存，其分割層數並無一定限制；而核函數展開部份，其展開式為一無窮級數，項數多寡之取捨將影響精確度以及計算時間，因此本文對於分割層數以及項數之影響也都詳加探討。最後，於文章中加以分析矩形、T型以及改良T型隔音牆之隔音效果，以作為將來設置隔音牆之參考依據。The purpose of this study is to investigate the scattering problems of a cylinder and barriers when applying the Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM), and the value of insertion loss was applied as an indicator to estimate the effects of barriers. Firstly, a detailed introduction by MLFMM was illustrated. The main idea of MLFMM is to expand the kernel function into degenerate kernels which can separate the field point and source point, and then construct the tree structure. Furthermore, the translation and expansion was used to analyse node-to-node interactions. Compared with conventional Boundary Element Method (BEM), MLFMM can accelerate the computational time and the memory requirement can also be reduced. In regard of the unlimited property of the tree structure and infinite series of the expansion, a detailed study for a number of terms and levels of tree structure were investigated. Finally, the effects of rectangular, T-shaped and the refined T-shaped barriers were also studied. This study may contribute to the design of the barriers in the near future
Research and Development on Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance Platform to Integrate Surface Plasmon Resonance and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
No full text生物分子彼此之間的親和力研究一直是生醫領域內的重要課題，由於分子間彼此作用的反應過程相當複雜，因此量測參數的增加有助於得到更完整的資訊。本研究嘗試以石英晶體微天平為平台，結合表面電漿共振的光強變化與電化學組抗分析的阻抗圖譜分析，架設可同時量測此三系統參數之整合平台。
本研究透過將石英晶體微天平之下電極改成ITO電極的方式，以稜鏡耦合在石英上方之金電極激發表面電漿共振；在電化學阻抗分析方面採用與石英晶體微天平共用電極的方式以切換電路進行整合。希望能在不對原始架構進行太多改變的情況下，使三種生物感測器皆能保持其原有的量測特性。
本研究經由實驗證明以稜鏡耦合的方式加以整合會使石英晶體微天平之量測值偏離其原有理論模型，因此無法以此種方法整合這三個系統。但在石英晶體微天平與電化學阻抗分析、表面電漿共振與電化學阻抗分析的整合上皆取得成功。Bio-affinity measurement is always an important issue in bio-technology research field. Since the interaction process between bio-molecules is complex, more parameters are needed for facilitating the analysis. In this study, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) was provided as a base platform. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) functions were added on QCM to form a novel integrated system. That is, the change in resonance frequency and dissipation factor from QCM, the optical power change from SPR and the Impedance change from EIS could be simultaneously measured.
In this system, the bottom electrode of QCM was replaced with ITO and the prism coupling was used to excite SPR. The upper electrode of QCM was used as the working electrode for EIS function and a switching circuit was used for measurement of this two system by turns. The infrastructure of this integrated system not only provide multi-parameter measurement but also keep their own features.
According to our experimental results, we found that the use of coupling oil changed the features of QCM. That means there exists some problem when integrating these three system with prism coupling excitation. But the integration of QCM and EIS, SPR and EIS is successful
Applying agent-based model to analyze the characteristics of water use among different individuals and organizations
No full text隨著產業型態改變、氣候變遷，水資源的需求不斷成長，如何有效分配水資源成為一個重要的議題。 過去我們在做水資源分配時，習慣已整體的概念去思考，也就是以總體的社會效益作為決策依據，因為過於強調總體的效益，導致忽略小團體或基層單位的需求，無法多元的去分配水資源。本研究以多觀點同時探討不同用水者之間的關係、用水者、供水者的目標，以及政策對用水的影響。 此研究採用行為者模式（Agent-Based Model）模擬供水系統，行為者分為決策者、供水者、用水者三類，依照不同的行為特性，供水者分為農田水利會和自來水公司兩類而用水者有農業及工業民生兩類，這是一個兩階層的模擬，在決策者不同的配水政策下，用水者以及供水者會有不同的行為，探討不同分配狀況以及政策限制下，用水的行為以及對環境的影響。希望透過了解不同用水者的特性以及環境永續的發展，提供未來水資源管理決策者在設計配水政策時評估或參考。As the development of social and economic, the demands of water increase, water resources management plays a significant role. Nowadays the management of water resource allocation mostly uses the perspective of the government, considering the water deficits indicator and the social benefit. However, viewpoints of water user should be discussed, which can make water resource allocation more appropriate. In this research, an agent-based model is proposed to analyze the characteristics of different water users, the interaction between individuals and organizations, and groundwater use that impact on environmental section. The study develops a two-level model to simulate policy maker and water user. The model result suggest that total profit of user is the main factor which influence the behavior of water user. Based on the result, we can propose a better policy to allocate water resources, and then we simulate in a long term we can learn about the change on groundwater level. This research provides insights to water management agency in evaluating different water usage polices, as well as estimations for potential land subsidence for future
The Mechanisms of Sodium Storage and the Kinetics Behaviors of Na ions on Reduced Graphene Oxide- A First Principles Study
No full text鈉離子電池的開發在近年來是一個備受關注的議題。由於鈉與鋰具有相似的化學性質，且在地表的蘊含量豐富而價格也相對低廉，其未來極有希望應用於大型的儲能裝置上。然而目前最大的問題是商用鋰離子電池中的石墨負極材料無法為鈉離子電池使用，因此急需相關的研究以尋找其適當的負極材料。本論文的研究目標即是以第一原理計算探討還原氧化石墨烯上的官能基的儲鈉機制以及鈉離子在其上的相關動力學行為。 在論文第一部分的研究中，我們從熱力學的層面來探討官能基對於儲鈉機制的影響。我們先針對修飾邊界─包含扶手椅型與鋸齒型邊界─的官能基之吸鈉行為進行分析。研究的結果顯示，邊界的形狀會影響鈉吸附於石墨烯奈米帶的行為，以鋸齒型石墨烯奈米帶吸鈉具有較高的吸附能。對於修飾邊界的官能基而言，含有氫基與酚的石墨烯奈米帶幾乎沒有儲鈉量，只有羰基、羰基-環醚基對、羧基與環醚基才具有增加儲鈉量的效益。此外，我們的結果也顯示鈉在含有上述四種官能基的石墨烯上最穩定的吸附位置是在邊界修飾的官能基上，而非基面上的六碳環中心，其中羰基、羰基-環醚基對與羧基這三種官能基會以物理方式吸附鈉，而環醚基則會藉由開環還原反應與鈉作用。對於儲鈉量的增益效果，由鈉化電位曲線的分析結果顯示，羰基相對其他官能基最能有效增加鈉的容量，而且從羰基與羰基-環醚基的儲鈉量比較，顯示單一環醚基的存在相對來說無法增加儲鈉量。另一方面，在邊界修飾羧基與環醚基的石墨烯奈米帶中，我們同時進行鈉和鋰系統的探討，發現到鋰系統相對鈉系統有較高的電容量。接著，我們針對存在於基面上的官能基之儲鈉行為進行探討。我們的研究結果顯示，它們會在石墨烯鈉化過程中扮演成核中心的角色，當鈉靠近這些官能基時，會與其形成氧化鈉和氫氧化鈉的小分子團簇，因而增加了石墨烯的儲鈉量。此外，從我們的計算結果也發現，基面上的官能基對於儲鈉量的增益效果是高於邊界修飾的官能基。另一方面，我們也針對分子團簇的穩定性進行研究。由吸附能與電荷轉移的分析結果顯示，這些分子團簇能持續穩定吸附在石墨烯奈米帶上而不會脫附造成不可逆的儲鈉量損失，且吸附作用力會隨著分子團簇的成長而有強化的趨勢。 在第二部分的研究中，我們從動力學層面來探討官能基對於鈉離子的擴散行為以及成核成長的影響。我們的研究結果顯示，邊界的形狀與修飾邊界的官能基種類都會影響鈉離子的擴散行為。當邊界修飾的官能基為氫基與酚的時候，鈉離子的擴散行為與沒有官能基的石墨烯沒有明顯差別；然而，當邊界修飾的官能基為羰基、羰基-環醚對與羧基的時候，石墨烯奈米帶邊界附近的鈉離子能夠輕易地擴散到邊界而最終吸附在官能基上。針對存在於基面上的官能基，我們的結果顯示，當鈉離子距離官能基一定距離以上時，其擴散行為幾乎不會受到官能基的影響。然而，當鈉離子逐漸靠近環氧基/羥基的時候會明顯的感受到往官能基方向的拖曳力，在距離官能基某一範圍內，其僅需克服極微小的能障即可往官能基的方向擴散，最終在石墨烯表面形成氧化四鈉/氫氧化二鈉的分子團簇。Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are attractive alternatives of LIBs due to their chemical similarity and the natural abundance of Na resources. Although the energy density of SIBs is lower than LIBs, it is still a promising candidate for use in large-scale applications considering their low cost. However, Na ions cannot intercalate into graphite, the anodes of most commercial LIBs, for any appreciable extent, and most of the capacity turns out to be electrochemically irreversible. To further find appreciate materials for anodes on SIBs, great efforts have been made. In this study, we employed first-principles density functional theory calculations to investigate the sodiation process and the Na storage mechanism of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Here we have applied various types of functional groups, which are located at edge and attached to basal plane, to investigate the Na storage and kinetic behaviors. There are two main parts in this thesis: In the first part of the thesis, we studied the effect of functional groups on the sodiation behaviors of nanoribbons (GNRs) in thermodynamic viewpoints. Our calculated results show that the adsorption is usually stronger for zigzag than armchair under the same edge groups, due to large number of states located at conduction band bottom. Furthermore, sodiation is almost unlikely to occur on pristine graphene and the GNRs terminated with OH and H groups. Only GNRs terminated with ketone, K-E pair, carboxylic acid and cyclic ether can effectively enhance the Na storage capacity. During the sodiation process, these edge-oxidized groups are always the most favorable sites for Na adsorption rather than the hollow sites on the basal plane. And most functional groups can physically adsorb Na except of cyclic ether, which was found to occur via a reductive ring-opening process instead of the general physical adsorption. The results of sodiation show that the Na/O atomic ratio for ketone-terminated GNRs is found to be around 1.0~2.0 depending on concentration of ketone and types of edge, while that for K-E pair is found to be around 0.25~0.5. This indicates that the ether group in K-E pair has no appreciable effect on Na storage enhancement. However, the Na/O atomic ratio for cyclic ether is found to be around 0.25~0.33, thereby, the capacity enhancement of cyclic ethers is only available when they are aggregated at the graphene edges. As for the in-plane functional groups, they were found to serve as the nucleation centers for Na clustering during the sodiation process, which can thus enhance the Na storage capacity of GNRs. And the Na/O atomic ratio for epoxy and hydroxyl is found to be 4 and 2 respectively. Compared the Na/O atomic ratio with edge functional groups, the in-plane functional groups appear to be more effective in enhancing the Na storage capacity than the edge-oxidized groups in terms of the calculated Na/O atomic ratios. Furthermore, the adsorption for NanO/Nan(OH) becomes stronger with cluster growth. In the second part of the thesis, we studied the effect of functional groups on the kinetic behaviors in reduced graphene oxide. Our calculated results show that the migration barrier of Na on the basal plane is similar to that on pristine graphene when Na is located away from the edge functional groups. As the edge sites are terminated with the ketone, K-E pair, or the carboxylic groups, Na atom on an edge hollow site is found to diffuse easily towards the edge terminations and then adsorb onto the edge functional groups with a very small energy barrier. As Na is in the vicinity of an epoxy/hydroxyl group, it can diffuse readily towards the functional group and then form a Na-O/Na-(OH) pair on the basal plane without any sizeable energy barrier. Furthermore, the Na-O/Na-(OH) pair can keep growing into a bigger compound cluster like the Na4O/Na2(OH) by overcoming a small energy barrier
Application of gammachirp filter banks to simulate the auditory cochlea mechanism of hearing impaired people
No full text對於聽障人士來說，因為無法正確聽到完整的語音訊號，往往就會造成學習與溝通上的困難，故正常人士會對聽障人士產生誤解。若聽力正常人士能透過某種工具感受到聽障人士所聽到的聲音及語音，必能更加體會聽障人士對於聽力損失所造成生活與學習上的不便，更能針對其感受協助改善由於聽障所造成的問題。
耳蝸(cochlea)對聲音訊號的分析佔聽覺系統相當重要的部分，因為耳蝸內的基底膜(basilar membrane)對聲音訊號的振幅與頻率有不同的響應，其功能就像一個帶通濾波器組(band pass filter bank)。聲音的高頻成份對耳蝸底部(base)有較大的響應；相反地，聲音的低頻成份對頂部(apex)有較大的響應。本文的研究目標以耳蝸基底膜上的每一點有其特性頻率(characteristic frequency)，對於聲波的大小頻率響應圖曲線呈現帶通濾波器組的特性。依數位濾波器組的原理，設計並聯濾波器組，其濾波器組分別以三分之一音程(one-third-octave)與臨界頻帶(critical band)作為濾波器頻帶劃分的方式，模擬耳蝸對於頻率的選擇性。另一方面利用符合心理與生理聲學耳蝸量測實驗所提出的珈瑪調(gammatone)與珈瑪啁啾(gammachirp)濾波器組，以模擬內耳蝸聽覺機制。最後再串聯外耳、中耳與珈瑪調或珈瑪啁啾濾波器組，以模擬由外耳、中耳及內耳整體組成之周邊聽覺系統。
依本文所設計的四種濾波器組，測試語音訊號，來驗證這些濾波器組是否符合耳蝸之頻率選擇上的特性。再依據不同程度的聽力損失，設計不同的聽力損失濾波器組，將語音訊號通過其濾波器組，進而模擬聽障人士所聽到之語音訊號。將此語音讓聽力正常人士身歷其境感受，透過這樣的體驗，對於聽障人士所接受到的語音訊號有所瞭解，進而協助他們，改善其因為聽力所造成的不便。As far as hearing-impaired people is considered, they might encounter the difficulties in the process of learning and communication due to not able to perceive the complete signal of sounds in the correct way, which leads normal people have misunderstanding and wrong perception towards hearing-impaired people. If normal people without hearing problems can sense or really hear the voices or sounds which hearing-impaired people actually receive by means of certain instrument or tool, we can truly understand and realize such inconveniences of life and learning process for hearing-impaired people; moreover we can assist to improve their lives by solving the problems caused by hearing impairment.
The cochlea plays a very important and critical role of analysis of signal of sounds in entire hearing system. Since the basilar membrane inside cochlea reacts different responses on amplitudes and frequency of the signal of sounds, its function works as one band pass filter bank. The high frequency of sound causes bigger response to the base of cochlea; on the contrary, the low frequency of sound results in bigger response to the apex of cochlea. The research objective is to explore that each point of the basilar membrane inside cochlea has its property of the band pass filter bank while shows in the frequency responses to voice wave, since each point has its characteristic frequency. In accordance of the principle of digital band pass filter bank, we specifically design the parallel connection of band pass filter bank, and the band pass filter bank respectively utilize one-third-octave and critical band as the method to divide the band, which is to simulate the selectivity of the cochlea towards the frequency intensity. In another hand, the filter bank of gammatone and of gammachirp, published and designed by the cochlea measurement experiment consistent of physical and psychological auditory mechanism, will be used to simulate the auditory cochlea mechanism of the inner cochlea. Then, the outer ear, middle ear will be connected with the filter bank of gammatone and of gammachirp by the way of cascade connection to simulate the peripheral auditory system and mechanism of outer ear, middle ear and inner ear altogether.
In this research, four different types of filter banks will be designed to test the signal of sounds, which can verify and prove whether these filter banks can really function and be consistent of the properties of frequency selectivity of the cochlea. Accordingly we can design different hearing loss filter banks in accordance with the different level of hearing loss. When the signal of sounds passes through filter banks, we can simulate and imitate the signal of sounds which hearing impaired people actually receive. Through such a devise, the normal people can actually hear this type of sounds; they can really understand when they put themselves in people’s shoes. We hope that we can really understand and realize their difficulties and inconveniences which they have to face everyday by this experience; then we can further assist them and help them to improve their lives and make their lives better and easier.摘要I
簡稱術語對照表II
目錄III
圖目錄VI
表目錄XVI
符號說明XVII
第一章 緒論1
1.1 研究背景與動機1
1.2 文獻回顧2
1.3 研究方向4
1.4 報告架構4
第二章 周邊聽覺系統7
2.1 外耳與中耳7
2.2 內耳8
第三章 心理聽覺13
3.1 聲音感知13
3.2 遮蔽效應、臨界頻帶與等效矩形頻寬16
3.3 聽力障礙21
3.4 聽力圖24
第四章 耳蝸聽覺模擬26
4.1 濾波器組26
4.2 外耳與中耳的模擬28
4.3 耳蝸聽覺濾波器組之種類29
4.4 可壓縮的珈瑪啁啾濾波器38
4.4.1 非對稱函數41
4.4.2 可壓縮珈瑪啁啾濾波器組的設計47
第五章 耳蝸聽覺濾波器組之模型的驗證與實際應用52
5.1 語音資料庫52
5.2 耳蝸聽覺濾波器組之模型的驗證54
5.2.1 三分之一音程與臨界頻帶FIR濾波器組之模型驗證54
5.2.2 珈瑪調與珈瑪啁啾FIR濾波器組之模型驗證67
5.3 應用耳蝸聽覺濾波器組模擬聽障人士的周邊聽覺系統79
5.3.1 應用三分之一音程與臨界頻帶FIR濾波器組模擬聽障人士的周邊聽覺系統79
5.3.2 應用珈瑪調與珈瑪啁啾FIR濾波器組模擬聽障人士的周邊聽覺系統91
第六章 討論與未來展望120
6.1 結論120
6.2 未來展望121
參考文獻123
附錄A
附錄
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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