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Effects of Landscape on Psychological Response and Brain Region Activity
No full text許多研究證實相對於都市環境，人們偏好自然環境，且在疲勞後接觸自然環境可以恢復注意力，過去研究多以量表或生理量測等間接的方式探討不同景觀的恢復能力，甚少有較直接及客觀的方式來驗證自然景觀之恢復效益，近年來隨著腦部造影技術的發展，藉由觀察腦區活化的情形可以瞭解各種生心理反應及行為的源起，因此本研究之目的欲瞭解不同景觀對心理及腦區反應的影響，探討人在觀看不同環境類型的圖片後，知覺到的恢復評價是否會有差異，及在觀看圖片的過程中，腦部運作的情形是否會有不同。在環境類型方面，首先探討都市、高山、森林及水體四種景觀型態的差異，而後再以注意力恢復理論為基礎，探討以恢復性環境特徵為標準之四種環境類型對人之影響，心理反應以恢復體驗程度及知覺注意力恢復力為指標，腦區反應以fMRI為研究工具，討論不同景觀引發活化的腦區及其功能意義。結果顯示都市景觀恢復力最低，其次為森林景觀，高山及水體景觀恢復力最高，腦區反應方面，觀看都市景觀時所使用的腦區多於自然景觀之反應腦區，其中都市景觀反應腦區中包含Right superior parietal lobe，此區過去被認為與注意力恢復理論中提到需要耗費資源的直接注意力有關，高山及水體景觀反應腦區則以視覺腦區為主；在不同恢復性環境特徵方面，結果顯示一致性的自評恢復力最低，遠離性、魅力性及相容性沒有顯著差異，在知覺注意力恢復力上，相容性有略高於其他三者；腦區反應方面，四種景觀皆有視覺相關腦區被活化，其中魅力性環境反應較激烈，包含額葉及頂葉多處處理較高層級認知系統的腦區，表示耗費較多資源在注意環境，可能表示恢復效益較低，與心理反應結果顯示一致性恢復力最低不同，未來仍需增加更多實驗組別以確立其關係。研究結果初步顯示自然環境在心理及腦區反應都比都市環境較具有恢復效益，其中高山及水體景觀恢復力較高，未來可再深入探討自然景觀恢復效益產生的機制，以證實自然景觀的重要性外，對神經科學領域也將產生不同於以往的討論方向。Many studies have shown that people prefer natural environment than urban environment, and exposure to the natural environment can restore attention from fatigue. Most of previous studies on the restorativeness of natural landscape used indirect measurements such as scale or physiological data, seldom direct evidence was obtained. With the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging in recent years, observation of the activation of brain regions helps us to understand the origins of a variety of psychological reactions and behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the psychological response and brain region activity when viewing different landscapes using questionnaire and fMRI. Psychological response was measured by questionnaire of restorative experience and perceived restorativeness, and the brain region activity was measured by fMRI. The current study was divided into two parts. First, four types of landscapes were used to explore human response toward landscape types, including cities, mountains, forests, and water bodies. In the second part, the effects of four restorative environmental characteristics based on Attention Restoration Theory were tested. In the first part, the results of psychological response showed that viewing pictures of urban landscape had lower attention restoration than nature, and forests had lower attention restoration than mountains and water bodies. The results of brain region activity showed that Right superior parietal lobe was activated when viewing city pictures. Moreover, only two brain regions related to visual reaction activated when viewing mountains and water bodies. Right superior parietal lobe is about top-down attention and may possibly relate to directed attention. In the second part, the results showed that coherence environment gave the lowest possibility of restorative experience among four and there were no significant differences on restoration among being away, fascination, and compatibility environments. In the perceived restorativeness scale, the compatibility environment had slightly higher attention restoration than the other three environments. The results of brain region activity, however, showed that the brain region activities related to visual reaction were all active in the four environments and many brain regions on frontal and parietal lobe were activated when viewing fascination environment. Frontal and parietal lobes are considered to handle high-level cognitive system and may consume more resources. The result implied lower attention restoration when viewing fascination environment. In conclusion, natural environment has more attention restoration effect than urban environment, and mountain and water have more attention restoration effect than forest in both psychological response and brain region activity. Future can go further into the effectiveness of the natural landscape perception mechanism to confirm the importance of the natural environment, and will also have a discussion of different direction in the field of neuroscience
Evaluation of the FACSPresto, a New Point of Care Device for the Enumeration of CD4% and Absolute CD4+ T Cell Counts in HIV Infection.
Get PDFEnumeration of CD4+ T lymphocytes is important for pre-ART disease staging and screening for opportunistic infections, however access to CD4 testing in resource limited settings is poor. Point of care (POC) technologies can facilitate improved access to CD4 testing. We evaluated the analytical performance of a novel POC device the FACSPresto compared to the FACSCalibur as a reference standard and to the PIMA, a POC device in widespread use in sub-Saharan Africa.Specimens were obtained from 253 HIV infected adults. Venous blood samples were analyzed on the FACSPresto and the FACSCalibur, in a subset of 41 samples additional analysis was done on the PIMA.The absolute CD4 count results obtained on the FACSPresto were comparable to those on the FACSCalibur with low absolute (9.5cells/μl) and relative bias (3.2%). Bias in CD4% values was also low (1.06%) with a relative bias of 4.9%. The sensitivity was lower at a CD4 count threshold of ≤350cells/μl compared with ≤500cells/μl (84.9% vs. 92.8%) resulting in a high upward misclassification rate at low CD4 counts. Specificity at thresholds of ≤350cells/μl and ≤500cells/μl were 96.6% and 96.8% respectively. The PIMA had a high absolute (-68.6cells/μl) and relative bias (-10.5%) when compared with the FACSCalibur. At thresholds of ≤350cells/μl and ≤500cells/μl the sensitivity was 100% and 95.5% respectively; specificity was 85.7% and 84.2% respectively. The coefficients of repeatability were 4.13%, 5.29% and 9.8% respectively.The analytic performance of the FACSPresto against the reference standard was very good with better agreement and precision than the PIMA. The FACSPresto had comparable sensitivity at a threshold of 500 cells/μl and better specificity than the PIMA. However the FACSPresto showed reduced sensitivity at low CD4 count thresholds.The FACSPresto can be reliably used as a POC device for enumerating absolute CD4 count and CD4% values
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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