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Consciousness, Vision, and Virtue: ris Murdoch on Moral Agency
No full text本論文以當代英國哲學家兼小說家艾瑞斯・梅朵(Iris Murdoch, 1919-1999)之道德哲學為研究主題，試圖藉由「意識」(consciousness)、「觀視」(vision)與「德行」(virtue)三大概念及層次重構其道德模型，據以回應發展自康德理性啟蒙傳統下的現代道德哲學，為道德能動性提出更充分的說明。據梅朵的看法，以「沙特式存在主義」(Sartrean existentialism)與「英美語言行為主義」(Anglo-Saxon linguistic behaviourism)為代表的現代道德哲學將道德行動者化約為孤立的自律理性意志，並將道德能動性的核心放在意志的自由選擇與行動，既忽略對行動者內在生命歷程的觀照，未能為人類豐富多元的道德經驗與現象提供充分的概念與修辭，亦無法適當地解釋道德變化的本質，為人類提出一套有效的成德指引，是不夠周全的道德理論。為了拓寬與深化對人類道德生命之理解，梅朵道德哲學的重心在於恢復道德自我與價值、歷史與社群的連結以及論證內在生命(inner life)的道德意義之上。對她而言，個人不是一座空虛的孤島，而是充滿豐盈的生命內涵，並與他人和世界以及一套超越價值體系之間有著適當關聯的道德行動者，其道德性廣泛地表現在他對自我、他人、世界與價值，以及彼此關係的認知與回應。於上述理解，本論文採取梅朵獨特的取徑，試圖證明內在生命的道德性，並提出一個能夠包含行動者諸般內在生命狀態與活動的道德解釋模型，為道德能動性提出更為寬廣且豐厚的說明。論證步驟如下：先，為使道德行動者的內涵更為豐富，梅朵以「意識」(consciousness)作為「道德存有的基本模式」，將之界定為一套富含內在生命與價值聯結的能量系統，一方面使得道德自我成為包含活躍豐富之內在生命的連續體，另一方面亦重建起道德自我與價值之間的內在聯結。二，藉由「觀視」(vision)隱喻理解道德，建立起一套「道德觀視模型」(vision-model of morality)，將道德界定為道德行動者不斷觀視自我與世界的連續歷程，使得道德活動不僅包含意志的選擇與行動，而是舉凡涉及到道德觀視的內在意識狀態或心理事件，諸如知覺、情感與想像力等都具道德意義。三，在柏拉圖的啟發下，梅朵將道德成長理解為行動者的道德視界同時也是意識能量品質的轉化與提昇，必須藉由對他者公正且慈愛的關注，才能使意識在善的光照與吸引之下逐漸實現從我執到無私的重新定向。而這也顯示在道德生活中重要的與負責任的不僅是行動實踐的意志力，還有導引意識能量同時提昇觀視品質的關注力。In this dissertation I study the English novelist and philosopher Iris Murdoch’s moral philosophy and develop an alternative account of moral agency by reconstructing her ethics of vision in terms of consciousness, vision, virtue and their relations. ccording to Iris Murdoch, the Sartrean existentialism and the Anglo-Saxon linguistic behaviourism (often called “the existentialist-behaviourist view”) embraces a constricted picture of morality and moral agency that not only pictures the moral agent as an isolated principle of rational will but locates the core of moral agency in the exertion of the will at the moment of choice, and in turn fails to take into account the moral significance of the agent’s inner lives, such as the quality of seeing, feeling and imagining. In order to broaden and deepen our understanding of the complexity and variety of human moral experience, Murdoch proposes an alternative model which conceives morality as the moral agent’s vision of and response to the complex moral world. In this model the locus of moral agency is broadened and the domain of ethics is extended in the sense that moral activities are no longer restricted to choice and action but include the agent’s perceptions, feelings, and imaginations of self and the world. y argument proceeds in three steps:fter examining briefly Murdoch’s criticisms of Sartrean existentialism and the Anglo-Saxon linguistic behaviourism, I argue that Murdoch retrieves the concept of consciousness which consists of rich inner lives and value system to be the fundamental mode of moral being so that the moral lives are no longer restricted to choice and action but include the agent’s inner mental activities. econd, I argue that Murdoch employs the metaphor of vision by which morality is conceived as the moral agent’s seeing of and response to the complex moral world. On this view, not only the willed choice and action but the quality of our vision, feeling and imagining are all morally significant in themselves.hird, resorting to Plato’s philosophy, Murdoch conceives moral growth involving a transformation of the agent’s moral vision that is at the same time a progressively reorientation of consciousness from egoistic concern towards a selfless perspective through a just and loving attention towards others.口試委員會審定書 …………………………………………………………i文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………ii文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………iv書使用略語說明 …………………………………………………………vi論 ………………………………………………………………………… 1一節 研究背景與主題 ………………………………………………… 1、梅朵與當代倫理學的發展 ………………………………………… 3、研究主題說明 ……………………………………………………… 8二節 研究現況評析 ………………………………………………… 11三節 研究方法與材料依據 ………………………………………… 15四節 章節安排及其主要內容 ……………………………………… 16一章 現代道德哲學的貧困 ………………………………………… 19一節 形上學與倫理學 …………………………………………… 20二節 沙特式存在主義批判 ………………………………………… 22、梅朵的沙特研究概論 …………………………………………… 23、沙特論意識、自由與價值 ………………………………………… 25、總結 ……………………………………………………………… 29三節 語言行為主義批判 …………………………………………… 31、梅朵的語言行為主義研究概論…………………………………… 31、語言行為主義論心靈、自由與價值 ……………………………… 32、總結………………………………………………………………… 37章小結…………………………………………………………………38二章 道德自我的重建 ……………………………………………… 41一節 內在生命與道德……………………………………………… 42、內在生命的道德意義…………………………………………… 43、婆媳之例(M-D example) ………………………………………… 45、道德是不斷進步的歷程 ………………………………………… 49二節 意識作為道德存有的基本模式…………………………………51、意識與內在生命 ………………………………………………… 51、意識與善的內在關聯 …………………………………………… 53三節 意識的能量系統……………………………………………57、佛洛依德對心靈(psyche)的預設與解釋………………………… 57、梅朵對柏拉圖Eros概念的援用………………………………… 60章小結 ………………………………………………………………… 63三章 道德的觀視模型 ……………………………………………… 65一節 道德知覺 ………………………………………………………67、道德知覺的涵義 ………………………………………………… 67、道德知覺即是道德活動 ………………………………………… 71二節 道德觀視模型的建立……………………………………………76 一、婆媳之例與觀視隱喻……………………………………………… 76、道德觀視模型的建立……………………………………………… 77三節 觀視倫理與義務倫理…………………………………………… 86 一、內在與外在………………………………………………………… 86、義務概念的必要性………………………………………………… 87章小結………………………………………………………………… 90第四章 意識、觀視與德行 …………………………………………… 93 第一節 道德作為靈性朝善之旅………………………………………… 95、道德觀視與道德變化…………………………………………… 95、道德觀視與意識能量的轉化…………………………………… 97二節 道德關注………………………………………………………103、關注、意志與道德成長…………………………………………… 103、西蒙薇依論「專注」：耐心等候、全心接納……………………… 107、梅朵論關注：公正與慈愛的凝視………………………………… 111三節 愛的知識 ………………………………………………………115、愛是導引道德關注的動能 ………………………………………115、愛是個體知識的實現 …………………………………………… 118章小結 ………………………………………………………………123論 「形上學作為道德之導引」………………………………………125考文獻 ………………………………………………………………… 13
The Applications of ISSR Markers and DNA Barcodes in Variety Identification of Tea
No full text茶為我國重要之經濟作物，為確保國內比賽茶品種純正及落實生產履歷政策，開發快速且穩定之品種鑑定方法實為必要。本研究篩選出7條ISSR引子及1條功能性基因引子可產生12個核心標誌及6個輔助標誌做為國內重要茶栽培種之DNA指紋，此工具可應用於檢測國內比賽茶及市售茶葉。利用ISSR DNA分子標誌，本研究所檢測比賽茶之烏龍茶及東方美人茶均發現部分之未知品種名稱樣品。此外為提升檢測效率，將不同引子混合進行PCR分析，結果均不能獲得穩定條帶；但將不同引子產生之PCR產物混合進行電泳分析，則可偵測預期之分子標誌，便可提昇檢測效率。研究由4個細胞核及8個細胞質（含4個葉綠體及4個粒線體）序列變異較大之片段篩選出具較大序列變異性之ITS2及M8片段，目前開發出ITS2序列與粒線體部分序列，其中品種間ITS2具有33個單一核苷酸多型性，而品種間之M8具有5個核苷酸缺失/插入及2個單一核苷酸多型性。此外分析不同品種之定序訊號結果，發現M8的定序訊號可偵測到不同比例的品種混合（50%、40%、30%、20%及10%）。為了將DNA條碼應用於成茶的品種鑑定，故將引子設計成可擴增小片段DNA的引子，如此定序一次即可得到所要分析的片段。本研究推薦以ITS2及M8作為茶葉商品之DNA條碼，以DNA條碼驗證比賽茶中有疑問之樣本，發現東方美人茶確實有品種混合的樣本。研究顯示ISSR分子標誌可應用於成茶的品種鑑定，但它缺乏可偵測品種混合的敏感度，而另一方面，DNA條碼可偵測品種混合，故我們建議DNA條碼可應用在商業茶葉的產銷履歷上，而ISSR分子標誌則可輔助DNA條碼重複確認樣本之品種鑑定。Tea is one of the most important economic crops in Taiwan. To ensure the authenticity of competition teas and to achieve traceability policy, an efficient method of variety identification for processed teas is urgently expected. In this study, twelve core markers and six auxiliary markers generated from seven ISSR primers and one functional gene were recommended to fingerprint prevailing tea varieties grown in Taiwan. The core markers are also suggested to examine the varieties of competition teas and commercial teas. According to ISSR DNA markers, some unknown varieties were found in the competition tea samples of Oolong tea and oriental Beauty tea. To enhance the efficiency of variety identification, two ISSR primers were randomly selected and mixed for PCR amplification. However, the unstable band patterns were found in many attempts. But stable markers could be obtained from electrophoresis with PCR products.TS2 (nuclear) and M8 (cytoplasmic) DNA sequences with large variations were screened out of twelve DNA fragments (four nuclear, four chloroplastic and four mitochondrial) to identify tea varieties in Taiwan. Among varieties of tea, thirty-three SNPs were found in the ITS2 fragments, and five InDels and two SNPs were found in the M8 fragments. DNA mixtures of different varieties with various ratios (50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10%) were identified based on sequencing signals of SNPs or InDels of M8 fragments. In order to apply DNA barcodes in variety identification of made teas, the primers were designed to amplify short fragments within the length limitation of one confident sequencing. The ITS2 and M8 sequences were recommended as DNA barcodes for commercial teas. Mixture of different varieties that was unable detected by ISSR DNA markers was verified by ITS2 and M8 DNA barcodes.ur studies have demonstrated that ISSR DNA markers are useful in variety identification of teas. However, they lack in sensitivity to detect variety mixtures. On the other hand, DNA sequence barcodes could detect variety mixtures. In this study, DNA sequence barcodes are suggested to be applied in labeling, tracing or primarily detecting commercial tea products, and ISSR DNA markers are prepared for reconfirmation of variety identification.中文摘要 1UMMARY 2NTRODUCTION 4REVIOUS STUDIES 7enetic markers of Camellia sinensis 7unctional genes of Camellia sinensis 9rganelle genomes of Camellia sinensis 9ATERIALS AND METHODS 11aterials 11arieties utilized for DNA fingerprinting analysis 11ommercial samples for variety identification 11arieties utilized for DNA barcode construction 11ethods 16olecular identification technologies of made tea products 16evelopment of DNA fingerprinting 16evelopment of DNA barcode 16ulti-PCR evaluation 19rganelle genome sequencing of mixing samples 19NA isolation 19olymerase chain reaction 20lectrophoresis 20equencing 21ata analysis 21ESULTS 22evelopment of DNA fingerprints 22ariety identification of competition teas 22ariety identification of commercial product of made tea 23ulti-PCR evaluation 27CR with mixed primers 27lectrophoresis with mixed up PCR products 28evelopment of DNA barcode system 29rganelle DNA sequencing of mixing samples 34ISCUSSION 37he application of ISSR markers in variety identification of made tea products 37he potential of DNA barcodes for variety identification of made tea products 38olecular markers applied in made teas 40EFERENCE 4
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
[[alternative]]A Research on Applying Multiple Intelligences Theory to Music Teaching in Elementary School to Improve Students’ Musical Ability
No full text[[abstract]]The purpose of the study is to investigate how music teachers at elementary schools adopt multiple intelligences to strengthen students’ music knowledge and ability. The study is made via questionnaires, interviews and literature discussing to understand the possibility and practice of elementary school teachers’ application to music teaching. Base on the study, the method of music teaching at elementary school is presented to be the references for the researches devoted to the enhancement of students’ musical ability. The findings are provided below:
1.Teachers should familiar with the theory of multiple intelligences and have related knowledge to build up the foundation of teaching music with multiple intelligences teaching approach.
2.Considering both the essence and autonomy of music teaching, teachers should apply multiple intelligences theory to music teaching to strengthen learning effects. Hence, students’ potential and creativity can be stimulated.
3.The music curriculum of multiple intelligences should have diverse contents, and the teaching activities should go with students’ living experience to provide different intelligent dimensions for learning.
4.When teaching music with multiple intelligences, in addition to develop students’ potential, teachers should also think highly of meta-intelligences in teaching. Therefore, students can use all intelligences learning each subject, and their learning efficiency can also be promoted.
5.Music teachers must emphasize music intelligence and apply at least two different intelligences during the procedure of teaching. Besides, they should also use all intelligences to match the meaning of teaching with multiple intelligences.
6.Teaching music with multiple intelligences can enhance students’ abilities of tonal sensibility, reading scores, playing, singing, composing and appreciating. Teachers can adopt proper intelligence teaching method flexibly according to different requirements, and they should pay attention to all intelligences equally to teach with multiple intelligences effectively.
7.The assessment of multiple intelligences has to consider all learning procedures and the results of students. In addition, the practice of assessment must examine the intelligences directly in a diverse and truthful way.
Based on the result of the study, the research came to the recommendations for education administration, elementary school music teachers and future researchers to be the references of teaching music with multiple intelligences.
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