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Shall “We” Talk? –The Psychological Meaning of We Pronoun in Interpersonal Interaction
No full text關係聚焦（relational-focus）與共享認同（share identity）是人際關係理論中重要的概念，許多實徵研究已經發現其有助於關係的發展與維繫，對個人的身心適應亦有所禆益。近來語言分析取向嘗試使用第一人稱複數代名詞「我們」的使用頻率來表徵關係聚焦與共享認同，但其對關係滿意度的預測效果卻不穩定，可能的調節因素仍待釐清。本研究以動機觀點切入，主張「我們」與適應指標之間的關聯，會受到個體所持的動機觀點調節而有不同的作用方向。本文依據Crocker所提出的兩大動機觀點架構區分出個我系統動機與生態系統動機，進一步以人際目標、友誼動機及人際情境等不同的角度切入，探討動機對「我們」和適應指標之間的調節效果。結果顯示持關愛目標的個體，使用越多「我們」，其幸福感越高，心理憂鬱越低（研究一）；以自我肯定操弄驅動生態系統動機的個體，使用越多「我們」，其在對話過程中經驗到的正向情緒越多，負向情緒越低，且心理適應也越好（研究二）；相對地，低趨近友誼動機的個體，使用越多「我們」，其友誼關係越差（研究三）；高支配傾向的個體在衝突對話中使用越多「我們」，其關係滿意度越差（研究四）；最後，感恩表達的情境中，使用越多的我們，其婚姻滿意度越高，生活滿意度也越高，且心理憂鬱越低（研究五）。總結而言，「我們」與正向適應指標之間的關聯，在偏向生態系統動機的個體上相對增強，在個我系統動機的個體上則相對減弱；反之，「我們」與負向適應指標之間的關聯，則對個我系統動機的個體而言更為明顯，對生態系統動機的個體則無此效果。針對本研究的理論貢獻、應用延伸及研究限制，在綜合討論中有更深入的闡述與說明。Relational-focus and shared identity are important concepts in interpersonal processes and have positive impact on relationship functionings and personal health. Recently, researchers from language studies suggested that the use of the first-person plural pronoun (“we”) could be used as an implicit marker of relational-focus and shared identity. However, the relationships between the use of “we” pronoun and relationship satisfaction were unstable. Thus, clarification of possible moderating mechanisms are called for. Based on the perspective of ego-system and eco-system motivations, the current research argued that the interpersonal goals would moderate the relationships between “we” pronoun use and adjustment indices. Five studies with different operationalizations of the eco- and ego-motivation systems including self-affirmation priming, manipulations of approach and avoidance motivations, expression of gratitude, and individual differences measures, were adopted to examine this proposed moderation effect. Dyadic interactions between couples across various communication contexts were observed and their dialogues were recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed by LIWC.
Results confirmed that interpersonal motivations moderated the relationships between “we” pronoun uses and adjustment indices as predicted. More specifically, for those who hold eco-system motivation perspective, the more they used “we” pronoun in various communication contexts, the better relationship satisfaction and psychological adjustment they achieved. In contrast, for individuals with ego-system motivation, “we” pronoun positively correlated with negative outcomes. The current research confirmed the proposed moderation mechanism and further supported that language markers could be effective indices of implicit psychological processes. Empirical and theoretical implications are also discussed.第一章 緒論與文獻探討 1
一、 社會聯結與人際關係 1
二、 語言分析研究取向 2
三、 「我們」的測量與心理意涵 4
四、 不同動機觀點下的「我們」 7
五、 動機觀點與人際目標 10
六、 動機觀點與自我肯定理論 11
七、 動機觀點與趨近－逃避動機 13
八、 動機觀點與衝突處理傾向 14
九、 動機觀點與人際情境 15
十、 小結 16
第二章 研究方法與結果 18
一、 研究一 18
二、 研究二 26
三、 研究三 35
四、 研究四 40
五、 研究五 46
第三章 綜合討論 52
一、 人我關係動機觀點的具體測量 55
二、 語言標記下脈絡化的去留 56
三、 動機觀點與情境因素的重要性 57
四、 行動者效果與伴侶效果 58
五、 說者無心，聽者有「意」 60
六、 人我關係動機觀點與人際關係的應用延伸 61
七、 研究限制與未來研究方向 64
參考文獻 66
附錄 7
The Influence of Compartmentalization and Integration on Psychological Adjustment
No full text歷經了現代化的衝擊，現又逐步邁向全球化，華人社會面對東西方文化間彼此的搓揉，傳統現代交織，相依獨立並存，充份突顯社會變遷劇烈的過程。而這些多元價值雖豐富了社會既有的面貌，但也迫使個體無可避免地必須面對適應的問題。面對矛盾特質共存所可能引發的衝突，楊國樞（2003）提出區隔模式與整合模式作為可能的解困之道。本研究即針對以區隔或整合模式適應多元價值的有效性進行實徵檢驗。藉Showers（1992）的卡片分類作業測量個體的自我區隔程度，在研究一與研究二中，分別以傳統性與現代性和積極進取與順應謙讓兩組概念，表徵多元文化下相對應的文化意涵，檢驗自我區隔程度與心理適應的關係。本研究並考量中庸思維對上述關係之調節效果，以釐清因應型態背後的運作機制。研究一結果發現，在傳統性與現代性此一對應價值上，不論採用區隔或整合模式，對於心理適應的影響並無顯著差別。細究此結果可能是因為現今大學生普遍傾向現代化心理特質，面臨傳統性與現代性之間相互拉扯的頻率下降，是故從傳統性與現代性之對比，未能充份反應個體所面臨多元文化價值並存的衝突狀態。因此在研究二中，改以積極對應謙讓來表現多元文化衝突的可能。研究結果發現，對多元文化同時並存的個體而言，採取整合模式者較採取區隔模式者，擁有較佳的心理適應狀態。此外，中庸思維與整合模式間有顯著的正相關，反映出越傾向採取整合模式者，越能夠縱觀全局通盤考量，做出最適當的行動方案，從而展現行動者的彈性，在兼容並蓄的多元社會中，適應得更好。Modernization and globalization have brought together values and concepts of diverse cultural traditions and provided ample opportunities for simultaneous activation of seemly conflicting cultural representations. It remains unclear, however, how one could successfully resolve these potential multicultural conflicts. Yang (2003) proposed that compartmentalization and integration are two ways to resolve the multicultural conflicts. This article followed Showers’ (1992) card sorting task to measure individual differences in the degree of compartmentalization and integration and compared the effect of compartmentalization and integration on psychological adjustments. Moreover, Zhong-Yong thinking style was hypothesized to be the underlying mechanism that leads to successful integration. Study 1 compared the differential effect of compartmentalization and integration of traditional and modern values on psychological adjustments. The results, however, were unstable. It is possible that because the current college students tended to be significantly high on modernity and low on traditionality, contrasting traditional and modern values became insensitive to index cultural conflicts. Thus, In Study 2, progressive and humble adjectives were used as material to measure degree of compartmentalization and integration. Results showed that for those people who adopted both progressive and humble values, integration strategy significantly outperformed the compartmentalization strategy on its effect on psychological adjustments. Furthermore, the integration tendency significantly correlated with Zhong-Yong thinking style. That is, people who are able to integrate the seemly conflicting values also showed the tendency to think globally and behave flexibly. The hypothesis that Zhong-Yong thinking style is a key component to integration was supported. The implications for multi-cultural conflict resolution were discussed.緒論 1代化衝擊 1對多元文化的因應型態 4隔與整合的測量 6合模式的運作機制 8捏的重要性－中庸思維 10究一 13試 14式實驗 16究結果 18論 20究二 22試 24式實驗 26究結果 28論 35合討論 39考文獻 44錄 50錄一：個人傳統性與現代性量表精簡版 50錄二：卡片分類作業剌激材料 51錄三：心理適應問卷 52錄四：積極進取與順應謙讓預試問卷 54錄五：積極順應量表 56錄六：中庸量表 5
The Research on Product Development Strategy in Medical Electronics Industry - A Case Study of Endoscope Product
No full text醫療電子產業的範疇相當廣泛，依功能領域分類為監測、診斷、治療、復健等，依技術領域分類為電機、光電、電子、資通訊等。近年來政府大力推動生技產業的開發，而醫療電子產業的發展即為其中一個要項，在行政院2007年推出的生技產業白皮書中，政府規劃在2015年醫療電子產業的總產值可以達到1500億新台幣的目標，其為2005年總產值233億的6.4倍；另外，人口老化現象已成世界趨勢，民眾更加重視健康看護的觀念，而開發中國家人口不斷增加也提高了醫療器材使用的需求，部份人口收入增加也提升了對醫療服務品質的要求，整個醫療電子產業的市場需求在未來將持續擴大，要如何在醫療電子產業領域選擇與開發適合的醫療器材，成為本研究欲探討的主要目的，並藉由內視鏡產品的個案分析，探究產品開發的各個關鍵規劃與執行面向，進而提升台灣整體發展醫療產品的專業能力，也提供異業進入醫療電子產業時產品開發的參考。研究整合出全球醫療市場、台灣醫療市場、個案等三個層次的初級資料與次級資料，藉由統整歸納近年來醫療電子產業的動向，以質化的分析方式，加上理論輔助強化推論的合理性及邏輯性，進一步深入探討全球及我國醫療電子產業的營運概況，以及分析未來醫療電子產業的產品發展策略，並以台大醫學院與醫電公司之產學合作開發的內視鏡產品為例，探討進入醫療電子產業的產品發展策略，在結論中歸納出所須掌握的產品發展之關鍵因素，及經分析評估後，採行較佳的發展策略，選擇合適的市場區隔與產品定位，以求在醫療電子產業中的發展獲得最大效益。The medical electronics industry includes the electronic equipement performs monitoring、diagnosing、and therapies functions employing electrical engineering、photoelectronics、electronics and information systems technologies. Recently Taiwanese government promotes the development of biotechnology industry, and the medical electronics industry is one of them. In addition, population is rapidly aging and public policy needs to pay more for healthcare. Furthermore, the population in developing countries is growing and the needs for medical equipment also increases with time.. The rising income also brings people to seek higer quality of medical services. How to plan a proper product development strategy in medical electronics industry become critical. his research intends to explore possible strategies for Taiwanese companies to develop products in the medical electronics filed. Against this background, we examine a university-medical-center-based research which designs and produces endoscope products in order to get more insights into how universities/companies can successfully commercialize such a medical electronical equipment. hrough this case research, this research concludes that in the medial eletronics industry, a new company focusing on the advanced medical equipment can leverage its R&D capabilities through joint ventures and licensing to gain a foothold in the market.謝辭.................................................. I文摘要.............................................. II文摘要.............................................. III錄.................................................. IV目錄................................................ VI目錄................................................ VIII一章 緒論 .......................................... 1 第一節 研究背景與動機............................. 1 第二節 研究問題................................... 1 第三節 研究目的................................... 2 第四節 研究方法................................... 2 第五節 研究流程與架構............................. 4二章 文獻探討....................................... 7一節 創新者之探討................................... 7二節 多角化經營之策略分析........................... 11三節 市場進入策略................................... 14 第四節 消費者購買理論探討......................... 19三章 醫療電子產業分析............................... 23一節 醫療電子產業定義、結構與特性................... 23二節 全球醫療電子產業市場概況與發展趨勢............. 34三節 台灣醫療電子產業發展概況....................... 40四節 我國電子產業進入醫療電子市場的分析 ............ 50四章 內視鏡產業分析................................. 55一節 內視鏡系統介紹................................. 55二節 全球內視鏡市場發展概況......................... 55五章 個案研究....................................... 64一節 個案簡介....................................... 64 第二節 產品開發概況................................ 69 第三節 可拋棄式內視鏡與傳統內視鏡之差異............ 72 第四節 影響消費者購買決策之因素分析................ 81 第五節 產品研發與製造分析.......................... 90 第六節 市場進入與行銷通路策略分析.................. 95六章 結論與建議.....................................104一節 研究結論.......................................104二節 研究貢獻.......................................107三節 研究建議.......................................107四節 研究限制.......................................109考文獻..............................................110、中文部份..........................................110、英文部份..........................................114、網頁部份..........................................116錄..................................................117、飛利浦個案........................................117、奇異個案..........................................12
The production of monoclonal antibody with broad spectrum reactivity against calla lily-infecting potyviruses using recombinant capsid protein
No full text海芋(calla lily)原產於南非，其分類地位屬於天南星科(Araceae)、馬蹄蓮屬(Zantedeschia)，由於其花型獨特典雅，花色多樣，且瓶插壽命長，近年來廣受消費者喜愛，並為台灣重要經濟花卉產業之ㄧ。病毒病害為海芋栽培之限制因子，且國內外報導指出感染海芋之病毒以Potyvirus屬為最大宗，會造成植株矮化、葉面嵌紋、生長不良、花器畸型等，進而影響切花產量及產值。目前針對感染海芋的potyviruses之檢測技術，除了利用反轉錄聚合酶鏈鎖反應(RT-PCR)外，以血清學原理所發展的酵素連結抗體免疫吸附法(ELISA)偵測技術更廣為使用。為了在檢測上節省耗費並加快篩選健康海芋種苗的速度，故本研究嘗試研發可廣泛性偵測多種potyviruses之單株抗體(monoclonal antibody)。其抗原之製備是以國內曾報導感染海芋之五種potyviruses包括海芋潛徵病毒(Calla lily latent virus, CLLV)、芋頭嵌紋病毒(Dasheen mosaic virus, DsMV)、蕪菁嵌紋病毒(Turnip mosaic virus, TuMV)、海芋嵌紋病毒(Zantedeschia mosaic virus, ZaMV)及海芋微嵌紋病毒(Zantedeschia mild mosaic virus, ZaMMV)之鞘蛋白(capsid protein)基因為對象，經由序列比對，選取序列保守性較高之區域，長度為121個胺基酸，分別設計專一性引子對，以PCR增幅出目標片段，再將五種病毒之鞘蛋白保守性片段進行選殖並接合(ligation)，製備重組蛋白(recombinant protein)並以大腸桿菌表現。接著進一步純化此重組蛋白，免疫老鼠以製備單株抗體，經indirect-ELISA方式篩選所獲得之多株穩定表現之融合瘤細胞(hybridoma cells)，從中選取一反應最好之細胞株，其抗體可專一性的檢測出五種海芋病毒的鞘蛋白。將細胞注入老鼠腹腔產生大量腹水，並測試其力價為105。另外，於廣效性測試中，此單株抗體亦可偵測到至少另外10種potyviruses。因此，未來可望將此potyvirus之廣效性單株抗體，作更進一步之應用。Calla lily originated from southern Africa belongs to the genus Zantedeschia, the family Araceae. Recently calla lily has become one of economically important flowering plants and continues to increase in popularity because of its unique shape, spathe coloration and long-term lifespan. During the cultivation of calla lily, viral disease is one of the limiting factors in Taiwan as well as in other countries. Potyviruses are the major viruses infecting calla lily and often cause symptoms of stunt, mosaic, growth decline and flower deformation. The yield and quality of cut flowers are seriously affected. At present, detection methods for potyviruses in calla lily such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are commonly employed. Interestingly, ELISA is considered by the industry to be more suitable than RT-PCR as routine indexing technique of large amount of samples. To save the materials, labors and time in detection, therefore in this study, we tried to generate a monoclonal antibody which can detect as many potyviruses as possible. The highly conserved region of capsid protein (CP) gene of calla lily-infecting potyviruses reported in Taiwan including Calla lily latent virus (CLLV), Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV), Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), Zantedeschia mosaic virus (ZaMV) and Zantedeschia mild mosaic virus (ZaMMV) was selected after amino acid sequences aligned. The conserved region of 121 amino acids in length was PCR amplified by specific primers of each virus. The PCR fragments were ligated to construct two kinds of expression vectors, recombinant proteins were expressed in E. coli expression system and then purified as antigens for immunization. After cell fusion, we used the expressed proteins and potyvirus-infected plant samples as antigens to screen the hybridoma cell lines by indirect-ELISA. One stable cell line secreting potyvirus-specific antibodies named as MAb C12-C4 with best reactivity and was used for ascites production. The mouse ascites from MAb C12-C4 gave well detectable reactions to antigens at dilution up to 105 times. In the spectrum test, this MAb could detect at least ten other potyviruses by indirect-ELISA. From our experimental results, MAb C12-C4 has the potential to be used for further researches and applications.中文摘要 1
Abstract 2
Introduction 4
Materials and methods 10
Virus source and propagation 10
Indirect ELISA 11
Construction of the expression vector for recombinant CP gene 12
Expression and purification of the recombinant capsid protein 14
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 15
Immunoblot analysis 15
Production of monoclonal antibody 16
I. Immunization 16
II. Cell fusion and selection 17
Monoclonal antibody isotype determination 18
Purification of mouse IgG 19
Results 21
Construction and expression of the recombinant potyvirus CP gene 21
Purification and concentration of recombinant proteins for immunization 22
Production of monoclonal antibody 24
Purification of mouse IgG from ascites fluid 26
Reaction of MAb C12-C4 against various potyviruses 26
Discussion 28
References 35
Table and Figures 43
Appendix 6
Low Shrinkage Light Curable Nanocomposite for Dental Restorative Material
No full textObjectives: The aim of this study was to develop a low shrinkage visible light curable nanocomposite dental restorative material without sacrificing the other properties of conventional materials. This nanocomposite was developed by using an epoxy resin 3,4- epoxycyctohexyLmethyt -(3,4-epoxy)cyclohexane carboxylate (ERL4221) matrix with 55 % wt of 70-100 nm nanosilica filters through ring-opening polymerization. GPS (gamma-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane) was used to modify the surfaces of silica nanoparticles. Results: The nanocomposite was shown to exhibit low polymerization shrinkage strain, which is only a quarter of currently used methacrylate-based composites. It also exhibited a low thermal expansion coefficient of 49.8 mu m/m degrees C which is comparable to that of the methacrylate based composites (51.2 mu m/m degrees C). The strong interfacial interactions between the resin and filters at nanoscales were demonstrated by an observed high strength and high thermal stability of the nanocomposite. A microhardness of 62KHN and a tensile strength of 47 MPa were reached. A high degree of conversion ( similar to 70%) can be obtained after less than 60 s of irradiation upon the nanocomposite. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) study of the nanocomposite showed no aggregation of filters. Comparable results to the methacrylate based composites were obtained from the one day MTT (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) cytotoxicity test. Significance: The developed epoxy resin based nanocomposite demonstrated low shrinkage and high strength and is suitable for dental restorative material applications. (c) 2005 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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