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The Role of Phonological Information in Chinese Compound Word Recognition
No full text語音訊息於文字辨識歷程中的角色一直是許多學者多年來致力研究的議題，然而語音訊息在中文單字的辨識歷程中的作用，卻一直無法得到穩定且一致的看法。本研究的目的在探討中文的閱讀歷程中，語音訊息的產生是否可能是作用在中文詞彙層次的辨認歷程。研究中設計四個實驗，在實驗一及實驗二中，利用Frost、Katz、及Bentin（1987）提出的拼字語音對應深度假說（orthographic depth hypothesis）角度，發現在詞彙唸名作業下的詞頻效果比在詞彙辨識作業下的詞頻效果小，符合Frost等人認為當語音訊息會介入辨識歷程時，所會呈現的實驗組型。在實驗三及實驗四中，利用具有對應同音真詞的假詞進行詞彙辨識作業及唸名作業，發現同音假詞在這兩個實驗作業下，皆會產生效果，但是結果卻和拼音文字的研究結果有些微的不同。在詞彙辨識作業下，具有高頻同音詞的假詞會產生促進效果，具有低頻同音詞的假詞則會產生抑制效果；在詞彙唸名作業下只要具有同音真詞的假詞皆會產生促進效果。綜合四個實驗的結果，筆者認為語音訊息可能主要的作用在於幫助中文詞彙的辨識，最能解釋四個實驗結果的理論是Seidenberg 與 McClelland（1989）所發展的三角模式理論（triangle-model）。Four experiments designed to explore the function of phonological information when we recognize Chinese compound words. In Experiment 1 (lexical decision task) and Experiment 2 (naming task), the frequency effects in Experiment 1 are larger than the effects in Experiment 2. Results showed that phonological information plays an important role in Chinese compound word recognition. In Experiment 3 (lexical decision task), the effects in pseudohomophones of high-frequency exemplars were facilitatory, while in pseudohomophones of low-frequency exemplars were inhibitatory. In Experiment 4 (naming task), the effects of pseudohomophones were both facilitatory. According these experiments, triangle-model is more applicable to explain the function of phonological information in Chinese compound words recognition.序論 1
西方的文字辨識理論 2
探討語音歷程的方法 9
漢字辨識和語音的關係 12
中文系統中的詞彙 15
實驗一 19
實驗一A 20
方法 20
結果 22
實驗一B 24
方法 24
結果 25
結論 27
實驗二 29
方法 29
結果 31
結論 33
實驗三 35
方法 36
結果 37
結論 39
實驗四 41
方法 41
結果 42
結論 45
綜合討論 49
各實驗的結果整理與理論架構探討 49
未來研究之方向 60
參考文獻 61
附錄 67
附錄一：實驗一A、實驗二真詞材料與設計 67
附錄二：實驗一A詞彙判斷真詞項目各項統計值 69
附錄三：實驗一A真詞詞彙判斷正確反應時間與錯誤率之變異數分析 簡表 70
附錄四：實驗一B假詞材料 71
附錄五：實驗一B假詞項目詞彙判斷各項統計值 73
附錄六：實驗一B假詞詞彙判斷正確反應時間之變異數分析簡表 75
附錄七：實驗二唸名作業各項統計值 76
附錄八：實驗二唸名正確反應時間與錯誤率之變異數分析簡表 77
附錄九：實驗三、實驗四假詞材料 78
附錄十：實驗三假詞詞彙判斷項目各項統計值 80
附錄十一：實驗三正確反應時間之變異數分析簡表 82
附錄十二：實驗四假詞項目各項統計值 83
附錄十三：實驗四正確反應時間之變異數分析簡表 85
附錄十四：實驗四依速度分組正確反應時間之變異數分析簡表 8
Karyotyping and localization of functional genes on chromosomes of Ganoderma lucidum
No full text靈芝(Ganoderma lucidum)為一種傳統的中藥材，同時靈芝也是一種會造成木材白腐的木材腐朽菌和多種樹木的病原菌。在近代的研究中證實靈芝的次級代謝產物具有抗腫瘤、降低高血壓和保護肝臟的功能。現今關於靈芝的研究很多，但大多都聚焦於靈芝的次級代謝產物上，在基礎研究上相對較為缺乏。本研究主要目的在探討靈芝的染色體特性，包含染色體核型分析以及功能性基因座落位置。在細胞學染色體核型分析，應用發芽管爆破的方式將靈芝單核株37180的染色體釋出，再以螢光染劑DAPI配合螢光顯微鏡觀察染色體的數量和型態。鏡檢顯示G. lucidum 37180 (A2B2)染色體數目為11至15條之間，平均為12.65條，長度在0.8 µm至4.1 µm之間。此外，電泳染色體核型分析則是用脈衝式電泳將染色體DNA依照分子量大小做分離，脈衝式電泳可將G. lucidum 37180的染色體DNA分離成六個訊號強度不同的條帶，大小分別為3.02、3.36、3.67、4.24、4.53和5.05 Mb。此外，也進行G. lucidum 37177(A1B1)的脈衝式電泳；37177的脈衝式電泳結果顯示具7個條帶，比37180多一個約4 Mb的條帶。將經脈衝式電泳分離的染色體DNA轉印到尼龍膜後進行南方氏雜合分析，以G. lucidum 37177 的13條染色體上的序列設計探針，可以在G. lucidum 37180脈衝式電泳的6個條帶上標示出與G. lucidum 37177同源性的13條染色體的位置，並可估計出G. lucidum 37180的基因體大小約為50.35 Mb。此外也利用專一性探針(A2之b1與B2之PR8基因)探測了G. lucidum 37180上交配型基因座的位置；A2交配型基因座位於ChI染色體上，B2交配型基因座則位於ChIII、ChV或ChVI其中一條染色體上。此外也嘗試應用掃描式電子顯微鏡、螢光原位雜交和流式細胞分析儀對G. lucidum染色體做分析。In nature, Ganoderma licidum acts as wood white-rot pathogens for many tree species; nevertheless, its fruit body has also been used for century as folk medicine. More recently, researches have shown its polysaccharides or terpenoides with anti-tumor, alleviating high blood pressure and hepatoprotective activity. Though immensive biological activity studies of G. lucidum have been focused on its secondary metabolites, the basic exploration appeared rare. Herein, we concentrated our efforts to study the chromosomal and karyotyping of G. lucidum via germ tube bursting method (GTBM), pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), flow cytometry and scanning electromicroscopy. GTBM in combination of fluorescent microscopy indicated that G. lucidum 37180 (A2B2) possessed 11-15 chromosomes, with average of 12.65, and a length of 0.8~4.1 µm, while PFGE showed the six-banded chromosomal zones of 3.02, 3.36, 3.67, 4.24, 4.53 and 5.05 Mb. One additional chromosomal band at 4.0 Mb was found in G. lucidum 37177 (A1B1). Southern blotting of the six GL 37180 chromosomes bands separated by PFGE by using specific probes derived from the thirteen deciphed GL 37177 chromosomes unraveled the 13 allelic chromosomes, respectively. In addition, by specific probe (A2: b1 gene) also can allocate GL A2 mating locus located at chromosome I, also allocating the possible location of B2 mating locus possibly at chromosome III, V or VI by specific probe (B2: PR8 gene). The same approaches undertaken in this study perhaps can be applied to study the karyotyping of other GL monokaryotic strains and other medicinal mushrooms as well
UV Roller-type Micro/Nanoimprint Lithography to Fabricate Patterned Sapphire Substrate
No full text高功率藍光GaN基 LED搭配黃色螢光粉發出白光之裝置，已經廣泛被使用於戶外照明及LCD背光模組，並快速朝室內照明發展。先前研究指出在藍寶石基板上製作微米甚至奈米級週期性陣列，有助於GaN磊晶及光線散射，能夠大幅提升LED發光效率，故現行LED多生長於圖案化藍寶石基板(Patterned Sapphire Substrate, PSS)上。藍寶石硬度極高加工不易，欲製作微米級圖案化基板，通常使用曝光顯影或微奈米壓印製作高深寬比光阻遮罩，再進行ICP-RIE於藍寶石上蝕刻出尖錐狀結構。由於藍寶石基板本身以多層磊晶方式製作，其表面常有彎曲或部分不平整現象，使得以曝光顯影方式製作，尤其於大尺寸基板時備受挑戰。反之，以軟性模具壓印藍寶石基板製作所需遮罩之製程，因其低成本及高適用性得到廣泛關注。 本研究提出以滾輪式UV微奈米壓印技術製作上述光阻遮罩，期許能以滾輪連續快速壓印、低成本、高複製率之優勢，將現行批量式壓印之圖案化藍寶石製程持續向前推進。研究分成三個主要部分：一為滾輪模具製作；二為滾輪式UV壓印；三為反轉式UV滾輪壓印。 第一部分滾輪模具製作將矽晶圓上平面微柱陣列光阻，經電鍍、熱壓印成型、微澆注等製程後，成功以高複製率製作具整齊微米凹洞之PDMS軟滾輪，其中詳細探討熱壓印參數與現象，並以富士感壓軟片針對軟滾輪物理特性進行分析；第二部分以此軟滾輪為模具、量產化之曝光顯影用光阻作為膠體，於藍寶石基板上進行滾輪式UV壓印製作所需微柱光阻遮罩。經過系統化探討光源設計、平台移速、施加壓力等參數後，成功以1.25mm/s滾壓速度，連續於兩吋藍寶石基板上成型微柱陣列。以雷射共軛焦顯微鏡觀察，最佳成型區域結構高度2.01μm，相對於滾輪模具，結構複製率達95.2%。惟基板上成型結構高度並不均勻，呈現順著壓印方向由高至低分布現象，且SEM斷面結果顯示殘留層厚度稍厚，亦針對此兩項缺陷提出相關成因及改良方法。第三部份針對上述製程之成型不均及殘留層厚度等問題提出改良製程：以反轉式UV滾輪壓印技術結合滾輪式液態膠體轉印技術(Roll-typed liquid transfer imprint lithography, R-LTIL)，製作圖案化藍寶石基板所需微柱陣列光阻遮罩。找到最佳化參數後，成功以1.68mm/s滾壓速度成型，以SEM及雷射共軛焦顯微鏡觀察，發現整面兩吋基板均具有高均勻性之微米柱狀陣列。其平均結構高度2.07μm、圓柱直徑1.69μm、週期3μm，相較於母模結構高度複製率達88.8%、相較於PC環型子模結構複製率達98.1%，結合R-LTIL技術也成功使殘留層厚度顯著下降。 本研究成功開發兩套滾輪式UV微奈米壓印製程應用於製作圖案化藍寶石基板，證實自製PDMS軟滾輪結合UV壓印技術能連續於藍寶石基板上製作高深寬比微柱光阻陣列。將目前曝光顯影及平面式壓印等批量式生產，提升至連續式滾輪生產，於未來圖案化藍寶石基板朝快速大量製造、大面積晶圓量產等發展上，相當具有潛力。White LEDs have been widely used for light source and backlight in LCDs. It has been reported that micro-cone-pattern on sapphire substrates can improve GaN crystalline quality and the light scattering to enhance the output power of GaN-based LEDs. Therefore, LEDs are commonly grown on patterned sapphire substrates(PSS). To fabricate PSS, conventional photolithography and imprinting lithography are used to form high aspect ratio pillar array, which is served as the mask of subsequent ICP-RIE. Because a multi-layered sapphire substrate for LED is often warped, the imprinting methods with soft mold are attracted attention for their low cost and suitability. In this study, two continuous UV roller-type approaches to fabricate micro-pillar array on sapphire substrate have been developed. We expect that by using roller-imprinting, PSS can be fabricated with lower cost and higher throughput. There are three main topics are researched and discussed: fabrication of a soft roller mold, roller-type UV imprint and roller-type reverse imprint. To begin with the fabrication of the roller mold, by electroplating and hot embossing, we can replicate the pattern from flat resist master to a flexible circular mold with high fidelity. Then a roller with PSS cavity made of PDMS is fabricated by casting from the circular mold.The roller is integrally molded with simple process, high fidelity and low-cost. The second, with the conformal contact of the soft roller, we successfully form micro-pillar array on sapphire substrates by roller-type UV-imprinting at high feeding speed 1.25mm/s. The height of pattern in terms of applied pressure, feeding velocity and initial photoresist thickness were investigated. In the best condition, the average height can reach 2.01μm and 95.2% fidelity. Lastly, to enhance the uniformity of pattern and reduce the residual layer thickness (RLT), we develop another roller-type reverse imprinting process by the same soft roller mold. The pattern is formed on almost whole the 2-inch sapphire substrate at 1.68mm/s feeding speed with high uniformity. The height, top diameter and period are 2.07μm, 1.69μm and 3μm, respectively. In this study, two processes have been successfully developed to form micro-pillar array for the PSS mask by UV roller-type imprinting. These roller-type methods can be easily implemented and fabricate PSSs at high feeding speed. Therefore, they have a great potential in fabricating larger size PSS with low cost and high throughput in the future
Research on the Dental Implant Surface Properties and Performances Using Atomic Layer Deposition Technique
No full text牙科植體（dental implant）於近年來蓬勃發展，是當前受矚目的牙科治療技術。透過人工牙根與患者齒槽骨達成骨整合（osseointegration），使病人在無牙區的贗復上能有更能承受咬合力量的治療選擇，在過往的研究中顯示牙科植體的表面處理方式對於骨整合的成功與否影響深遠。 當前最廣泛使用的人工牙根材料以商業級純鈦（commercially pure titanium, CPTi）及鈦六鋁四釩（Ti6Al4V）等鈦金屬為主。此類鈦金屬在自然環境下會在極短時間內形成二氧化鈦保護層（passive layer），然而此二氧化鈦保護層為非晶形（amorphous）結構，且厚度只有約5–6奈米。為了產生緻密度更佳、厚度更厚的二氧化鈦保護層以提供更好的成骨細胞（osteoblastic cells）生長環境，將使用原子層沉積技術（atomic layer deposition, ALD）於純鈦及鈦六鋁四釩表面成長二氧化鈦鍍膜，測試厚度包含0奈米，20奈米，50奈米，100奈米；測試晶形包含非晶形與銳鈦礦形（anatase）二氧化鈦。我們預期經由原子層沉積技術成長二氧化鈦保護層的鈦金屬能提高其生物相容性（biocompatibility）。 本研究主要分為材料分析及細胞實驗兩個主要部分。材料分析方面包含電子顯微鏡（scanning electron microscope, SEM）以及原子力顯微鏡（atomic force microscope, AFM）。細胞實驗部分包含細胞存活率（cell viability）、鹼性磷酸酶試驗（alkaline phosphatase assay, ALP assay）、骨鈣素試驗（osteocalcin assay, OCN assay）以及免疫螢光染色試驗（Immunofluorescence assay, IFA）。Dental implant has been very popular nowadays, and implant therapy has also been in the limelight. By osseointegrated with patient’s alveolar bone, dental implants provide dentists another prosthetic treatment choice which can bear more occlusal force during chewing. Previous research pointed out that implant surface treatment may play an important role on implant osseointegration. The most commonly used dental implant materials are commercially pure titanium and Ti6Al4V. In natural environment, these titanium alloy mantles a cover of titanium dioxide passive layer in short time. Nevertheless, the cover of titanium dioxide is amorphous type and its depth is about 5-6 nm. For producing a more intensive and thicker cover of titanium dioxide to provide better environment for osteoblastic cells, atomic layer deposition technique is used. In this research, we tested four different thickness（0 nm, 20 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm）and two different crystal forms（amorphous, anatase）of titanium dioxide. Thicker titanium dioxides passive layer as expected to be more biocompatible. This research has two main parts, material analyses and cell experiments. Atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope were carried out in material analyses. Cell viability, alkaline phosphatase assay, osteocalcin assay and immunofluorescence assay were carried out in cell experiments
A Nursing Experience for Application of the Neuman System Model to a Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease=應用紐曼模式於一位慢性 阻塞性肺疾病患者之護理經驗
No full textIn this study, the Neuman System model was applied while caring for an 84 -year-old patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The period of nursing care was from January 7 to January 10, 2009. Data were collected by means of interview, observation, assessment, and physical examination. With the Neuman System model, the data were analyzed in terms of the stressors in physiological, psychological, social and cultural, and developmental and spiritual aspects. The patient's main stress came from physiological and psychological problems. The patient was emotionally depressed secondary to acute exacerbation of the respiratory disease. Identified major health problems were ineffective breathing pattern, fluid overload, activity intolerance, and fear. Individualized nursing interventions included progressive pulmonary exercises for rehabilitation and proactive stress management, which helped strengthen the patient's disease resistance and defense mechanisms. This article serves as a reference for clinical nurses who care for COPD patients with acute exacerbation facing a life threatening situation
Study on Operation Diagnostic System in Wind Turbine
No full text 本研究以六標準差的模式開發一可應用於離岸風力發電場的智慧型線上模擬及診斷系統的理論模式和軟體架構，並驗證系統及修改所建立的貝氏網路模型和軟體架構，以因應未來離岸大型風力發電場建立後的最有效能的營運模式。 本研究以延伸式標籤語言(Extensible Markup Language, XML)為基礎開發的資訊系統包含了三個部份：運用X3D(Extensible 3D)動態模擬、配合Android手機平台行動化以及使用AJAX(Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)技術實作線上營運診斷系統。 本論文採用六標準差的DMADV方法模型之資訊系統，來處理風力發電機營運損壞的問題，以提昇風機穩定度，降低風機的維護成本，增加風機的可用率。 The theory model and software architectures will be developed for the intelligence online simulation and diagnosing system of offshore wind farm based on the infrastructure of six sigma methodology. The system will be used for the validation and modification of the developed Bayesian network model and software architecture. The optimum model and architecture of large offshore wind farm will be proposed in this study. The information system developed in this paper consists of three main components based on XML: dynamic X3D simulation, mobility in Android, and online operation diagnosing system with AJAX. The study on this thesis which applied six sigma DMADV model to deal with operation failure problem in wind turbine was done by information system and it lifted the stability, reduced the cost on maintenance and increased the availability in wind turbine.摘要 Ibstract II錄 III目錄 V目錄 VI一章 緒論 1-1 研究動機 1-2 研究目的 1-3 論文架構 2二章 探討六標準差 3-1 六標準差簡介 3-1-1 六標準差的起源 3-1-2 六標準差的應用領域 3-2 六標準差的意義 4-2-1 統計衡量 4-2-2 目標 4-2-2 管理系統 5-3 六標準差的方法 5-3-1 兩大方法概述 5-3-2 DMAIC 6-3-3 DMADV 6-3-4 DFSS其他方法 7-3-5 六標準差方法 8-4 六標準差的營運方法 8三章 系統架構 10-1 智慧系統 10-1-1 智慧系統概述 10-1-2 評估問題 10-1-3 擷取資料和知識 11-1-4 開發系統 11-1-5 修訂系統 12-1-6 整合和維護系統 12-2 診斷系統 13-2-1 規則式專家系統 13-2-2 貝氏定理 14-2-3 貝氏網路 16-3 資訊系統 17-3-1 系統技術 17-3-2 AJAX 18-3-3 X3D 19-3-4 Android 21四章 營運診斷網站的實作 24-1 系統架構 24-2 系統介面 24-2-1 營運診斷 25-2-2 更新系統 25-2-3 風機3D模擬 27-3 系統成果討論 27五章 結論 29-1 研究成果 29-2 未來展望 29考文獻 6
The interaction between board composition and firm performance – a simultaneous equation approach
No full text此篇論文運用了同步迴歸–三階段最小平方法來探討公司績效與董事
會組成的雙向關係，其中我們以所有獨立董、監事席次佔所有董、監會席次的比例來代表董事會組成的獨立性。我們的研究結果發現這兩個變數間的關係是互相影響，且正向的相互良性循環。在董事會組成的式子裡，實證結果顯示應變數–董事會的獨立性，與公司績效、現金權、電子相關產業虛擬變數正相關；與公司規模、成長性負相關。而在公司績效的式子裡，應變數–公司績效與董監事質押比例、負債比例與研發費用負相關；與董事會組成獨立性、現金權、偏離程度與公司規模成反比。This paper employ a simultaneous equation model to explore the cause and effect relationship between board composition (we proxy it by the percentage of the independent members on the board, including directors and supervisors) and firm performance. Our finding reveals that the two variables impact and interact with each other jointly in a positive manner that brings a virtuous circle into companies. In the board composition equation, we find evidence that the percentage of independence of the board correlate positively to firm performance 、cash flow right and
electronics-related industry and is negatively impacted by firm size and growth opportunities. In the other equation, firm performance is inversely impacted by equity pledge percentage 、debt ratio and research and development expenditure and positively relates to board independence、cash flow right、divergence percentage and firm size.目錄
口試委員審定書… … … … … … … … … … … … … i
致謝… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ii
中文摘要… … … … … … … … … … … … … … …iii
英文摘要… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … iv
1.Introduction....................................... 1
2.Literature Review.................................. 2
Does board composition affect firm performance? ..... 3
Does firm performance affect board compos ition? .....5
The ambiguous relationship between firm performance and board composition.................................... 6
3. Methodology....................................... 7
Board composition equation........................... 8
Firm performance equation............................13
4. Model............................................ 16
5. Data Collection ......................................... 19
6. Empirical Results ............................... 22
7. Conclusion....................................... 3
Application of remote sensing images to irrigation pond change analysis in Taoyuan
No full text農業式微，工商興起，埤塘地景是人類與環境共生下的歷史地景，具豐富的人文價值與生態價值，逐漸消逝在桃園台地。埤塘的定義為灌溉水池、魚池、蓄水池，且面積在0.3公頃以上者。本研究目的利用遙測影像偵測埤塘地景變遷。衛星遙測具宏觀與周期資訊的特性，配合影像的分類可偵測地表使用情況，以獲取變遷資訊。研究中使用1904年台灣堡圖數位化地籍資料、1969年桃園地區CORONA衛星影像與2004年及2014年SPOT5衛星影像。SPOT5衛星影像具有多光譜資訊，其中遠紅外光及短波紅外線能有效的辨識埤塘；而CORONA衛星影像為全譜態，需藉由紋理分析增加分類的依據，以增進分類的正確率。單以紋理特徵作為分類依據時，能夠依照地物表面紋理將其分辨為各分類類別，並進行紋理分析。計算紋理特徵時，在各參數中，影響最大的為選擇移動網格尺寸；而在適用於遙測的六種紋理統計指標中，其分類成果差異不大。最後，配合推理判釋之技巧，可清除多選出來被誤判為埤塘的農田像元。 由時政回顧與變遷形態圖發現，1904年至1969年變遷原因為日治時期水利組織的建立使私人埤塘整併、桃園大圳竣工，並且因應台北快速發展下大型建設興起；1969年至2004年石門水庫的建立與石門大圳的開通，使埤塘的功能式微，工業帶動都市發展而產生的變遷，都市由面狀逐漸擴張為帶狀，使都市邊緣的埤塘快速消失；2004年至2014年桃園工業與發展至一個段落，台灣人民開始注重環境品質與台灣農業的永續，因此開始積極的保護埤塘，除了政府通過桃園市埤塘水圳保存及獎勵新生利用自治條例，許多社會組織也投身埤塘保護的事業中。The industry and commerce rose after the agriculture descended. The landscape of ponds which contains many historical value, humanistic value and ecological value is now gradually disappearing at Taoyuan tableland. This research applies remote sensing images to observe the changing of the ponds. We can obtain the information from remote sensing images of objects indirectly and learn the usage of land by classifying the images. In this research, we apply Taiwan Bao-tu of Taoyuan in 1904, Corona satellite image of Taoyuan in 1969 and SPOT5 satellite image of Taoyuan in 2004 and 2014. The multispectral of near infrared and Short-Wave Infrared from SPOT5 satellite can classify the ponds effectively. However, the images of Corona satellite are panchromatic. We can rise the accuracy of the classification by texture analysis. In the analysis of textural features, the most influential part is to choose the moving window size. Furthermore, there is unapparent difference between six methods of texture statistics that can use to remote sensing. Also, we can eliminate the clutter of farmland pixel form ponds pixel by the skill of inference. As a result, from 1904 to 1969, the reason of transition is the development of water facilities that merging the ponds, the construction of the Tao-Yuan Irrigation Association and the vast construction for developing Taipei through the history and the change of patterns. Then from 1969 to 2004, because of the build of Shihmen Reservoir and Shihmen Irrigation Association, the function of the ponds gradually declined. Industrial development made the ponds near urban disappeared. The last part from 2004 to 2014, the industrial development in Taoyuan reached to the ceiling and people began to aware the importance of our environment and the sustainable development of the agriculture in Taiwan. For this cause, people and many social organizations started to protect the ponds. The government also legislates regulation to protect the ponds
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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