401,321 research outputs found
An Analysis of <i>Judge Lin</i>
No full textBiography of Lin Wen Zhong Gong has another way to call, that is Judge Lin. The leading character is Lin Ze-Xu. This book is based on functionary experience of Lin Ze-Xu, with the captivating plots of court case, helping by highly skilled military attach\uc3\ua9s and chivalrous knights, and the history facts of Opium War. It makes Lin Ze-Xu\ue2s Confucian temperament and tragic mood more, also contrasts with author\ue2s sorrow and furiousness for the politics at the time. History, court case, martial arts\ue2\ua6\ue2\ua6etc. are essence of this book and it broadens the way of this writing style.
The topic of the thesis is \ue2An Analysis of Judge Lin\ue2. The following thesis will be divided into six different chapters. The introduction is Chapter one of the thesis, which is including researching motive and purpose, literature review of predecessors, researching version by existing information, raising questions, choosing research methods and arranging chapters. In chapter Two, I discuss the study of characters of Lin Ze-Xu, also makes a deep analysis of author\u27s purpose of writing him. In chapter Three, I analyze supporting actors and actress. Meanwhile, I illustrate author\u27s purpose of writing supporting actress because the author had different manner to describe supporting actress. Moving to the Chapter Four, I mainly focus on the plots of Judge Lin, and organize cases of Lin Ze-Xu and his subordinates to understand features of cases. In Chapter Five, I represent the causes of Opium War. China and England had difference of opinions of opium. Therefore, it is easier to comprehend what the author\u27s purpose is. In the last chapter I summarize the main points of the preceding chapters and confirm particularity of Judge Lin
Supplemental material for Multivariate-<i>t</i> linear mixed models with censored responses, intermittent missing values and heavy tails
No full textSupplemental Material for Multivariate-t linear mixed models with censored responses, intermittent missing values and heavy tails by Tsung-I Lin and Wan-Lun Wang in Statistical Methods in Medical Research</p
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
[[alternative]]A Study on the Relation of the Citizen’s SubjectiveI Impression on the Spouses from Mainland China and Vietnam and Community Educational Policies in Shu Lin City in Taipei ounty.
No full text[[abstract]]A Study on the Relation of the Citizen’s SubjectiveI Impression on the Spouses from Mainland China and Vietnam and Community Educational Policies in Shu Lin City in Taipei ounty.
Abstract
By：Chou chen- tsung Advisor：Lin en-chung
The purpose of this research is to understand the current situation of the citizen’s subjective impressions on the spouses from Mainland China and Vietnam in Shu Lin City. The survey is carried out by self-designed questionnaires. The parents of the students in 10 ele mentary schools of Shu Lin City were taken as samples, 1000 que stionnaires were released, in which 825 effective copies were responded and returned (reaching a 93.0% share of all return questionnaires). The methods for analyzing the data are adopted from SPSS Statistic Software, which includes avera
ges, standard deviation,t-test,ANOVA…etc to analyze.The main findings are as below:
1. The subjective impression of Shu Lin citizens on the
Mainland spouses tends to be “ordinary” to “slightly
good.”
2. Regarding the subjective impression of Shu Lin citizens
on the Mainland spouses, there is a significant
difference on the four out of six different variants,
which are gender, occupations, marital status, and their
experience of contacting Mainland China spouses.
3. The subjective impression of Shu Lin citizens on the
Vietnamese spouses tends to be “ordinary”to “slightly
good.”
4. Regarding the subjective impression of Shu Lin citizens
on the Vietnamese spouses, there is a significant
difference on the three out of six different variants,
which are occupations, marital status, and educational
background.
5. There is a significant difference on the citizens’
subjective impres sion between the spouses from Mainland
China and those from Vietnam.
“Focus Group Interview” was also practiced to enrich the study. Based on the research result, some suggestions regarding the effective community educational policies are proposed.
1.Publicize the positive impressions of Shu Lin citizens
toward the spouses from Mainland China and Vietnam.
2.More researches and studies should be done by th
government and the academic institutes in order to
facilitate the positive understanding.
3.Encourage the positive reports from the media which
should be carefully regulated by the government and the
non-gover nmental organizations.
4.For schools, enhance multicultural teaching
environment;for the government, host more multicultural
exhibitions about the spouses from Mainland and Vietnam.
5.Make good use of the resources from schools and
communities to popularize the idea of “multicultural
community educati on” as well as to facilitate the
integration of different races.
6.The spouses from Mainland and Vietnam should learn
actively and positively to adapt themselves to the
lifestyles of the ir family and the community; therefore,
they are able to gain more positive interaction and
feedback from the peoplein the community.
Key words: Mainland China spouses, Vietnamese spouses,
Transnational marriage, Subjective impression
A Collated and Critical Study of the Xiang’er Commentary to the Laozi
No full textThis work is a translation of the Xiang'er commentary to the Daodejing and Jao Tsung-i's (1917-2018) supplemental notes and analysis. Jao Tsung-i offers a historically and hermeneutically rich study of the Xiang’er Commentary, discovered in the Mogao caves at Dunhuang in the final years of the Qing Dynasty, and its author Zhang Daoling. Opening a new and fascinating window into the early reception of the Daodejing, Jao Tsung-i also uncovers the important influence texts such as the Scripture of Great Peace (Taiping jing) had on Celestial Masters Daoism and the construction of the Xiang'er commentary
A Collated and Critical Study of the Xiang’er Commentary to the Laozi
Full text linkThis work is a translation of the Xiang'er commentary to the Daodejing and Jao Tsung-i's (1917-2018) supplemental notes and analysis. Jao Tsung-i offers a historically and hermeneutically rich study of the Xiang’er Commentary, discovered in the Mogao caves at Dunhuang in the final years of the Qing Dynasty, and its author Zhang Daoling. Opening a new and fascinating window into the early reception of the Daodejing, Jao Tsung-i also uncovers the important influence texts such as the Scripture of Great Peace (Taiping jing) had on Celestial Masters Daoism and the construction of the Xiang'er commentary
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