1,720,964 research outputs found
Research on Copyright Issues of User-Generated Content Websites: A Case Study of YouTube
No full text「由使用者提供內容」網站(User-Generated Content Websites)是指平凡大眾利用數位科技參與並分享創作內容的網站，以部落格、影音分享網站為典型。該類型網站的出現是由於社會上長期存在的分享資訊、凝聚社群、表現自我的需求、以及資訊科技進步互相作用的結果。類型網站的興盛標誌了網路使用者自主權的崛起。其存在不僅造成言論自由市場蓬勃發展，更重要的是使網路使用者有了藉由發表言論來實現自我的機會。然而該類型網站也引起多件著作權人控告網站業者以及網路使用者侵害著作權的案例。同時，著作權人的進攻也引起網路自由運動團體起身代表受指控的網路使用者反控著作權人侵害言論自由。一波「由使用者提供內容」網站訴訟爭議的出現，究竟代表了什麼意義？對於現行著作權法又會產生何種影響？本文以YouTube相關案件為例，探討美國現行著作權法適用於該類型網站的問題。並認為，該類型網站與以往規避甚至刻意挑戰著作權法的網路服務提供者不同。對於其尊重並維護著作權的態度、以及出於公共利益考量所發展出不得不然的運作模式與商業模式，應該給予更公正的法律評價，現行著作權法間接侵權責任以及安全港條款構成要件應予修正。又對於該類型網站使用者的言論自由，著作權法中原有「合理使用」條款以為保障。然而通知取下制度的濫用與誤用以及合理使用判斷標準的模糊不清造成網路言論的寒蟬效應。又合理使用認定範圍寬窄將影響到網路使用者的言論自由是否真正獲得保障，因此合理使用條款適用時仍不能避免美國憲法第一修正案的檢驗。User-Generated Content (UGC) websites refer to the websites the content of which is provided by internet users. Blogs and video-sharing websites are typical UGC websites. The advent of UGC websites is the consequence of interaction between innovations of new technology and the long-existing social needs of information-sharing, community-forming, and self-expression. he prosperity of UGC websites marked the rise of internet users’ autonomy. These websites not only further the development of market place of ideas, but also provide internet users with the opportunities of self-fulfillments. These websites has also led to many copyright infringement lawsuits against website owners and internet users. At the same time, many internet freedom groups and internet users are fighting back against copyright holders, asking for freedom of speech. hat are the implications of these lawsuits? Will they have any impact on the existing copyright law? This thesis studies the legal issues of the YouTube case, and concludes that those websites deserve positive legal judgments since they are different from traditional internet service providers for their public interest considerations and good attitude toward copyright protection. The existing elements of secondary liability for copyright infringement and the DMCA safe harbor provisions should be amended. Furthermore, although copyright law already has the “fair use” doctrine to protect freedom of speech, the abuse or misuse of takedown notices and the ambiguity of fair use doctrine lead to chilling effects of internet speech. Thus, “fair use” doctrine does not ensure the freedom of speech of internet users, and the enforcement of copyright law is still under the first amendment scrutiny.第一章 緒論 1一節 前言 1一項 法意識－實體世界與數位世界的不等號 1二項 互補或擷抗－著作權與言論自由 2三項 雙贏局面或零合遊戲？ 2二節 研究背景 3一項 「由使用者提供內容」網站崛起 3二項 影音分享網站招致訴訟 4三項 現行法令規範引發爭議 5四項 台灣引進相關立法例 6三節 問題意識 6四節 研究範圍 7五節 本文架構 7二章「由使用者提供內容」網站概述 9一節 「由使用者提供內容」網站之定義、成因與特徵 9一項 「由使用者提供內容」網站之定義 9二項 「由使用者提供內容」網站之成因 10一款 社會需求 10二款 資訊科技進步 10三款 經濟誘因 11四款 法令鬆綁 11三項 「由使用者提供內容」網站之特徵 12一款 OECD所歸納四項特徵 12二款 使用者參與 14二節 網路使用者自主權崛起的過程 14一項 使用者參與網路內容的時代 15二項 網路完全取代個人電腦的時代 15三節 「由使用者提供內容」網站個案簡介－YouTube 16一項 成立目的 16一款 成立動機 16二款 基本精神 17二項 運作模式 18一款 網站技術 18二款 使用行為 18三項 商業模式 18一款 網站廣告 18二款 娛樂媒體結盟 19四節 「由使用者提供內容」網站法律問題初探 20例：Viacom v. YouTube 20. 背景事實 20. 案例事實 21一項 著作權間接侵權責任與網站運作模式的合法性 22一款 Viacom的指控 22二款 問題分析 22二項 代理侵權責任與網站商業模式的合法性 23一款 Viacom的指控 23二款 問題分析 24三項 通知取下制度監控責任分配的合理性 25一款 Viacom的指控 25二款 問題分析 26三章 「由使用者提供內容」網站間接侵權責任－以YouTube為例 28一節 Viacom v. YouTube一案中的言論自由意涵 28一項 表達自我的地點與方式受限 28二項 著作權間接侵權責任與安全港條款的影響 29二節 「由使用者提供內容」網站與言論自由之關係 30例：Perfect 10, Inc. v. Google, Inc. 30. 案例事實 30. 法院見解 31. 意義分析 32三節 著作權間接侵權責任概述 33一項 輔助侵權責任 33二項 誘導侵權責任 33三項 代理侵權責任 34四節 著作權間接侵權案件的意義 34一項 尋找技術提供者必須為使用者行為負責的臨界點 34二項 尋找科技創新與著作權保護的平衡點 35五節 實務態度與發展 35一項 考量科技本身是否用於正途 35例：Sony Corp. of America v. Univesal City Studios 35二項 技術提供者是否欠缺監控的權利與能力或未直接獲利 37例：A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 37三項 技術提供者是否不具誘導意圖 38例：MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd 38四項 小結－刻意的模糊使問題懸而未決 39六節 YouTube的間接侵權責任 40一項YouTube相較於過去案例的特殊性 40一款 鼓勵原創 40二款 積極遵守甚至超前著作權法的規定 40二項 YouTube的輔助侵權責任 42一款 Viacom的主張 42二款 YouTube案例分析 42三項 YouTube的代理侵權責任 44一款 Viacom的主張 44二款 YouTube案例分析 45四項 小結 47四章「由使用者提供內容」網站之責任限制－以YouTube為例 48一節 DMCA安全港條款概述 48一項 制定目的 48二項 主要特徵 48二節 適用對象 49一項 基本定義：線上服務提供者 49二項 四大類型 49一款 數位網路溝通服務 49二款 系統快取服務 50三款 在使用者支配下的系統儲存服務 50四款 資訊定位工具 50三節 適用要件一：對屢次侵害著作權者採取停權措施 51一項 基本規範 51二項 具體要件 51四節 適用要件二：容忍著作權人使用技術來維護著作權 52一項 基本規範 52二項 具體要件 53五節 適用要件三：不知有侵害著作權行為發生 53一項 實際知悉 54一款 基本概念 54二款 如何證明 54二項 顯然知悉 55一款 基本概念 55二款 如何證明 56六節 適用要件四：遵循通知取下制度 56七節 適用要件五：未直接獲利「或」無監控權利與能力 57一項 無監控的權利和能力 57例一：Hendrickson v. eBay 58例二：Perfect 10 v. Cybernet 58二項 未直接從著作權侵權事件中獲利 59一款 歷史解釋 59二款 實務見解 60八節 YouTube是否能受到安全港條款保護 61一項 是否是安全港條款適用對象 61二項 是否符合安全港條款適用要件 61一款 是否對屢次侵害著作權的使用者採取停權措施 61二款 是否容忍著作權人使用技術來維護著作權 62三款 是否不知侵權行為的發生 62四款 是否遵循通知取下制度 63五款 是否未直接從著作權侵權事件中獲利或無監控權利與能力 64三項 小結－DMCA安全港條款對YouTube保護不周 65九節 通知取下制度之檢討 65一項 應防止誤刪構成合理使用的內容 66例：YouTomb運動 66二項 監控責任分配合理性的再檢討 67三項 以登錄制度彌補通知取下制度的缺失 69一款 登錄制度簡介 69二款 登錄制度之優點 70十節 DMCA安全港條款之其他檢討 70一項 檢討適用要件一 71一款 應放寬網站所能採取之著作權政策 71二款 政策內容應留待網站自行決定 72二項 檢討適用要件二 72一款 應放寬著作權人所能合法使用的技術 72二款 應鼓勵線上服務提供者研發此標準技術 72三項 檢討適用要件三 73一款 網站判斷其內容侵權與否有實際上困難 73二款 與輔助侵權責任構成要件應採取不同判斷標準 74四項 檢討適用要件五 75一款 「直接獲利」直接宣告商業模式違法 75二款 與代理侵權責任構成要件採取不同判斷標準 75五章「由使用者提供內容」網站之言論自由問題－以YouTube為例 78一節 言論自由之理論基礎 78二節 言論之管制與審查基準 79一項 針對言論內容的管制 80一款 基本概念 80二款 審查基準－類型化審查與雙階理論 80二項 非針對言論內容的管制 82一款 基本概念 82二款 審查基準－象徵性言論或時間地點方式審查 82三節 著作權與言論自由之關係 83一項 著作權與言論自由之相輔相成 83二項 著作權與言論自由之不協調 84四節 美國法上著作權與言論自由關係之憲法解釋 85一項 歷史解釋 87一款 兩憲法條款制定時間相近 87二款 增修條款效力大於憲法本文 87二項 體系解釋 88五節 美國法上著作權與言論自由關係之實務態度 88一項 傳統實務的態度 88例：Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprise 89. 案例事實 89. 法院見解 90. 意義分析 90二項 實務態度的修正 90例：Eldred v. Ashcroft 91. 案例事實 91. 法院見解 92. 意義分析 92六節 著作權與言論自由關係之調和理論一：概念表達二分法 93一項 概念表達二分法簡介 93二項 概念表達二分法理論基礎 93一款 柏拉圖哲學觀點 94二款 浪漫主義觀點 95三項 概念表達二分法對調和著作權與言論自由關係之貢獻 96四項 概念表達二分法理論檢討 96一款 言論自由保護範圍不限於概念 96二款 概念與表達間欠缺通用的區分標準 97三款 實際上的區分困難 98七節 著作權與言論自由關係之調和理論二：合理使用制度 99一項 合理使用制度簡介 99二項 合理使用制度對調和著作權與言論自由關係之貢獻 99一款 保障非主流或反對言論 99例：Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, Inc 100二款 防止事前言論限制 102例：SunTrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co. 102三項 合理使用理論檢討 104一款 欠缺明確的判斷標準 104二款 造成寒蟬效應 104三款 觀點的歧視 105六章 「由使用者提供內容」網站使用者言論自由－以YouTube為例 106一節 網路使用者的態度改變 106二節 網路言論自由的理論基礎 107一項 言論自由市場說 107二項 實現自我說 108三節 網路言論自由案例 109一項 通知取下制度的誤用 109例：MoveOn, Brave New Films v. Viacom 109. 案例事實 109. 意義分析 110二項 通知取下制度的濫用 111例：EFF v. Uri Geller 111. 案例事實 111. 意義分析 112三項 通知取下制度的言論自由問題分析 112四節 YouTube使用者的言論自由 114一項 主張之方式 114二項 主要爭論重點：合理使用範圍大小 115一款 以合理使用為爭論重點的原因 115二款 法院認定合理使用與否時的政策考量 115三款 使用者行為類型化分析的必要性 116三項 YouTube使用者得主張言論自由之情形 116一款 完全原創性內容 116二款 含有非原創性內容但獲得著作權人授權 117三款 含有非原創性內容但構成合理使用 117四項 YouTube使用者不得主張言論自由之情形 117七章 結論 119一節 「由使用者提供內容」網站值得更公正的法律評價 119二節 現行著作權法對網路使用者言論自由保障尚形不足 120記：「由使用者提供內容」網站的未來可能性 122考文獻 I錄一、我國著作權法上技術提供者責任 X錄二、我國著作權法上安全港條款草案 X
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
