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On State Liability for Damage Resulting from Trans-boundary Pollution in International Environmental Law
No full text本論文旨在探討國際環境法上「越境損害賠償責任制度」之安排與發展趨勢，透過國際上有關越境賠償責任制度安排（包括核子損害賠償、危險廢棄物越境損害賠償責任等越境轉移所造成損害的賠償責任，以及補救方面的國際規則和程序的決定），融入國家賠償責任（state liability）之發展與趨勢，並與傳統國際法上國家責任（state responsibility）制度相互釐清。
由於傳統國際法上國家責任制度所規範的客體是國際不法行為，即只有國際不法行為的存在才能構成國家責任。但在國際環境法上，一方面在其境內或控制區域內從事各種活動，或者開發利用資源之行為是在公有物或人類共同繼承財產上之活動，由於屬於主權範圍及主權行為內的事，或者國際法並沒有且不可能加以禁止，但另一方面這些行為可能或必然造成越境環境污染，而對大自然生態、另一主權國家與人民之權益造成損害，如果造成了損害，但卻因非不法行為而不承擔任何責任，則傳統國家責任制度有失公允，此為本論文欲探討之問題。
論文將採文獻分析法、歷史解釋法、法律解釋法及比較法等研究方法，就因越境環境污染損害之國家賠償責任制度相關之國際立法與案例，以及在立法過程中會議紀錄與結論、聯合國「國際法委員會」及其他有關損害賠償責任制度的國際條約或國內立法等進行討論。本論文盼填補國內對越境污染造成損害之國家賠償責任制度研究能量仍不足之憾，並結合當今世界情勢和國際法發展之動態，提出「法律應當是什麼」之見解。This thesis will focus on the arrangements and trends of international environmental law by the “liability regime for trans-boundary damage." Through the discussion of international liability system for the trans-boundary arrangements, including compensation for nuclear damage, liability from trans-boundary hazardous waste and other trans-boundary movements of damage liability and redress in international rules, procedures and judicial decision, we find that the compensation system including state liability is more complete than state responsibility in traditional international law.The objective of state responsibility is the international wrongful act. But sometimes trans-boundary pollution without wrongful act causes other state damge. It’s unfair if the damage is done, the polluter or the state of polluter’s nationality doesn’t take any responsibility based on traditional international law because of its lawful acts.
This thesis will be conducted by document analysis, historical interpretation, legal interpretation and comparative law methodology, trans-boundary environmental pollution due to damage on the regime of state liability related to international legislations and cases, and minutes of meetings in the legislative process, conclusions of the International Law Commission (UN) and other related studies. This thesis hopes to fill some research gap on the state liability caused by trans-boundary pollution. Combining with the latest development of international law, the conclusion will offer some comments about what the law ought to be
Using Augmented Reality in a Multi-Screen Environment for Construction Discussion
No full text在工地現場需要眾人共同討論解決的事情中，最重要便是確認、預測及解決潛在的問題。但目前的討論過程多依賴口頭討論、紙本工程圖說及其他文件。由於大部份的營建專案包含多個工作面，並牽涉跨領域的討論，與會者除了不容易清楚的藉由口頭描述及紙本資料呈現的資訊來理解整個工程狀況，也常因資料過多且雜亂，導致討論時溝通理解產生誤會，更遑論要進行施工情形之預測、解決問題。故本研究提出一視覺化工地討論環境，以將討論中的資訊區分為公共資訊及私有資訊的資訊呈現方式，實作了一名為AR-MS (augmented reality and multi-screen) 之系統，其架構包含一固定式的展示裝置及數個行動裝置，可分別呈現公共及私有的資訊，並利用擴增實境的技術連結公私資訊。AR-MS系統可於討論的過程中，減少不必要的資訊呈現，只顯示關鍵及所需之資訊，提升討論之效率，並以即時的視覺回饋以及直覺式資訊操作的方式來對工地討論進行探討，進而了解工程資訊間的溝通與增加工程資訊在討論上的可讀性和可操作性，並發現與解決工程討論上的問題。為了測試AR-MS系統之效用，本研究以一建築施工環境為驗證案例，設計三項使用者測試題目，抽選36位年齡介於23到35歲，具有土木相關科系學士學位或以上教育程度受測者，分別使用AR-MS與紙本資訊來完成我們歸納出工地討論時會進行的三個重要項目：查詢資訊(data-finding，以下簡稱DF)、預測問題(problem-prediction，以下簡稱PP)以及幫助決策(decision-making以下簡稱DM)。測試結果顯示，在資訊查詢(DF)以及預測問題(PP)方面，使用AR-MS進行工地討論比使用傳統平面工地討論方式所花的時間分別減少了55%與66%，而在使用兩種方式作答時的正確率並沒有顯著差異。然而在幫助決策(DM)方面，使用AR-MS系統所花的完成時間較傳統平面工地討論方式長。這是由於擴增實境技術上的限制所造成，使用者在利用AR-MS系統幫助決策(DM)時，需要藉由重複地嘗試以及辨認圖示來完成，導致了此項測試完成時間較長。測試結果顯示，擴增實境輔助之多螢幕工程討論環境，能提供工程人員更有效地整合公私的資訊，完成資訊查詢與發現問題等工程討論事項。Discussion is critical in identifying, predicting, and resolving the potential problems in the field of construction. This process relies heavily on oral communication with the assistance of construction drawings, schedules and other related documents. Since most construction projects include multiple working phases and involve multiple parties, it is difficult for participants to clearly grasp the whole picture of a construction site and to make accurate predictions about future activities. In this research, we proposed a visualized environment to facilitate the discussion process. It includes a stationary display called 〃BIM Table〃 for displaying public information and for collaboration among disciplines, and multiple mobile devices for showing private information. We employed augmented reality technologies to connect the BIM Table and the mobile devices as well as the public and private information. We named this discussion environment AR-MS (Augmented Reality and Multi-Screen) system. This system aims to reduce the complexity of discussion information while keeping necessary information available during the entire discussion process. To validate the AR-MS system, a user test with 36 participants (N=36) was conducted. The participants were required to perform the three tasks: data-finding (DF), problem prediction (PP), and decision-making (DM) using both the AR-MS system and the conventional paper-based method. We discovered that the completion time is significantly shortened using the AR-MS system in both DF and PP tasks, while the accuracy in all three tasks showed no significant difference between AR-MS system and conventional method. Based on the results, the AR-MS system can be of benefit in information searching and foreseeing potential problems on a construction site and the discussion process can be made more effective and efficient by its use.誌謝 i
摘要 iii
Abstract v
Table of contents vii
List of figures viii
List of tables ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Literature Review 5
Augmented Reality 5
Tangible User Interface 7
2. Research Goal 9
3. Developing an AR-MS Environment 11
4. Methods 15
4.1 Hardware 15
BIM Table 15
Mobile Devices 19
4.2 Software 19
Software Design Structure 19
Interaction Functions 21
5. User Test 23
6. Results and Discussion 26
7. Conclusion 32
8. References 3
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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