1,720,956 research outputs found
De-/Reconstructing the Land Policies for Indigenous Peoples in Taiwan
No full text歷史上，台灣原住民族土地定位的變遷，也就是原住民族地位的變遷。當然，這個變遷是從國家的角度決定或宣稱的。國家將原住民族視為敵對者，且保持距離避免接觸時，原住民族土地就是「界外」。國家覬覦原住民族土地與自然資源的經濟利益時，就必須將隔離原住民族的「邊界」稱為國境內的「行政界」，將原住民族稱為臣民或叛亂中的臣民或非人，原住民族土地就是「國家領土」或「國有地」。國家決定了社會文明進步的方向時，原住民就必須脫離民族，學習私有財產、定住農耕、密集生產，原住民族土地就開始化整為零，以供有效開發，特別是供較有「能力」的非原住民進行開發。台灣原住民族土地、原住民族地位的整個變遷過程，可以概括為從國際法領域轉換為國內法領域的過程。原住民族從獨立的政治實體，轉變為國家之內特殊社群，特殊社群地位瓦解之後，則僅存原住民個人面對國家各種「扶助」政策。原住民族土地則從原住民族領土，轉變為國家之內特殊社群的集體用地，再轉變為私有財產權，「剩餘」的則成為國有地。而國家對原住民族地位、原住民族土地定位的宣稱，雖然亦援引國際法為論據，但其實端視爭奪原住民族土地的國家之間勢力消長而定，因此國際法更像是一種事後的合理化說詞。
原住民族土地是一種主權與財產權交錯之下的概念；原住民族土地制度也呈現出政治、經濟、法律、保險、福利、社會組織、生態保育等多重面向意義。個別原住民族社會中，都存在著多樣的土地利用形態，對應著多樣的土地權利類型與產權主體規模。如果說私有財產權不足以描述原住民族土地產權制度，那麼集體財產權同樣無法涵蓋原住民族土地產權制度。只要我們放棄「從集體到個人」的線性進步觀點，認知到財產制度的社會脈絡有其意義，承認文化差異不見得是文明差異，我們就可以將產生原住民族獨特土地制度的原住民族政治組織、法律制度與現代國家的政治組織、法律制度同等看待。也可以將原住民族之為政治實體與現代國家之為政治實體同等看待。如此一來，過去國家以「無主地先佔」、「征服」或「條約」等方式取得原住民族土地，要不是不合法地忽略原住民族主權，就是並未消滅原住民族主權，甚至是恰恰證明原住民族主權的存在。所以，今天國家要合法且正當的行使領土主權（或說補救國家領土主權瑕疵），就必須爭取原住民族同意、與原住民族進行主權分享。也因為原住民族對其土地管領權的重建，與原住民族政治地位、組織規範的重建有密切關係，台灣原住民族並沒有等待國家改變，而是自己一點一滴的從「行動」當中實踐自決、自治。
原住民族政治主權地位不被承認，連帶地原住民族土地自然資源被剝奪，是全世界原住民族的共同遭遇。國際社會對此的反省，已經逐漸體現在相關的國際規範、區域規範或國內法之中。而承認原住民族與其土地自然資源的獨特關係、檢討國家對原住民族土地自然資源的不當政策、於原住民族土地集體權利與國家主權之間尋求平衡，也成為國際原住民族人權的重要課題。回復原住民族對其土地的管領、利用、發展權能，也就等同於回復原住民族的自決、自治地位。在這個過程中，並沒有一種適用於所有原住民族的途徑。不僅各原住民族只能依自己的步驟、條件、程序、組織、時程進行重建，這其實也是各原住民族的權利。台灣原住民族在向國家主張其政治主權地位、主張其土地資源集體權利的往復對話之間，已經呈現了這樣的多元狀態。國家所能╱應該做的，是謹慎的在每一個政策環節，讓原住民族主體、原住民族傳統領域、原住民族規範制度得到強化與推展。憲法「原住民族條款」所保障的原住民族自治基本權或原住民族自治制度，確實為國家原住民族土地政策提供了新的方向，並且，成為理解〈原住民族基本法〉中原住民族土地自然資源權利、原住民族土地海域回復取得、原住民族充分資訊與自由意志下同意、與原住民族諮商、原住民族參與分享或共管等規定的前提。第一章 前言……………………………………………..9
第一節 問題意識…………………………………….9
第二節 名詞界定……………………………………17
第三節 論文架構……………………………………20
第二章 原住民族土地概念變遷史……………………..27
第一節 熟番地：從「領土」到「個人財產」的退化.28
第一項 荷治時期（一六二四年至一六六二年）….28
第二項 明鄭時期（一六六二年至一六八三年）….33
第三項 清治時期（一六八三年至一八九五年）….35
第四項 日治時期（一八九五年至一九四五年）…..41
第二節 生番地：從「界外」到「國有地」的宣稱..44
第一項 清國對生番、生番地的態度……………….44
第二項 清末外交關係中生蕃、生蕃地的國際法定位…….50
第三項 日本國內法中生蕃、生蕃地的法律地位….60
第三節 「蕃人所要地」的出現…………………….70
第三章 現行原住民保留地制度評析……………………77
第一節 原住民保留地的法制背景………………..78
第一項 日治時期到國治時期的轉換………………78
第二項 保留地開發管理辦法的更迭………………89
第二節 原住民保留地的實證挫敗…………………99
第一項 「保障原住民生計」的財產效益有限……99
第二項 保留地制度的侵蝕……………………….107
第三節 原住民保留地面臨的難題……………….115
第一項 法令適用的危機………………………….115
第二項 保留地無法承載的集體利益…………….126
第四章 重返原住民族土地…………………………….136
第一節 原住民族土地財產權的承認………………137
第一項 原住民族土地財產權的效率…………….137
第一款 土地財產權界定的經濟原則………..137
第二款 原住民族土地財產權制度…………..143
第二項 財產權制度的文化意涵………………….151
第一款 西方財產權理論的偏見……………..151
第二款 原住民族土地制度的多重面向……..158
第二節 原住民族主權的回歸…………………….162
第一項 原住民族主權的國際法反省…………….162
第一款 國家取得原住民族領土主權的爭議..162
第二款 原住民族主權的實存…………………168
第二項 原住民族主權與土地管理權能………….175
第一款 國家主權擴張對原住民族的衝擊…..175
第二款 原住民族主權的延續…………………181
第五章 原住民族土地與違憲審查…………………….186
第一節 印第安土地分配法的教訓……………….187
第一項 土地流失………………………………….187
第二項 主權淪喪………………………………….193
第二節 印第安土地法制違憲審查……………….201
第一項 平等原則與種族歧視、種族優惠……….201
第二項 印第安法制的政治特殊性……………….210
第三節 原住民族土地法制違憲審查…………….222
第一項 原住民族土地議題的重新定性…………222
第二項 憲政秩序變遷下的保留地………………229
第六章 原住民族土地政策展望………………………242
第一節 聯合國原住民族議題的發展………………243
第一項 原住民族土地與自然資源永久主權…….243
第二項 原住民族權利宣言……………………….249
第二節 原住民族土地政策新視野……………….253
第一項 自治的多元與動態觀點………………….253
第二項 憲法原住民族條款的功能……………….267
第七章 結論……………………………………………27
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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