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A Comparative Study of Library and Information Science Research in Taiwan and Japan
No full text本研究旨在探討臺灣與日本兩地1991年至2002年間圖書資訊學研究之特性與發展情形，以內容分析法分析12年間臺灣出版之26種圖書資訊學專業期刊，共2,016篇研究性論文，以及日本出版之43種期刊，共1,283篇論文，並比較臺灣與日本分析結果的異同。研究結果發現，兩地的圖書資訊學研究在文獻成長、文獻內容特性、作者特性三方面皆呈現顯著的差異，相同或相似之處並不多。
在文獻成長方面，臺灣的文獻數量較日本多，且呈現顯著的成長趨勢，日本則無增加的現象。在內容特性方面，主要的研究主題均為「圖書資訊技術」，但次要研究主題則相異；探討各類型圖書館的期刊論文比例相近，公共圖書館及大學圖書館為最常探討的圖書館類型；最常探討的資料類型均為電子資料，但比例上有顯著差異；探討其他學術領域的比例有差異，臺灣以探討社會科學領域為主，日本則以生物醫農及人文學領域居多；探討的國別亦有差異，臺灣對亞洲國家的探討多於日本，日本對歐洲國家的研究則較臺灣多；網際網路對於兩地的研究均產生影響，且對臺灣的影響較為顯著；常使用的研究方法為文獻探討、概念分析，以及文件分析，但比例上有顯著差異；日本使用統計的情形較為普遍，但使用敘述統計與推論統計的比例與臺灣相較有顯著差異。
在作者特性方面，臺灣圖書資訊學領域作者人數雖較日本少，但作者生產力較高；合著情形則以日本較為普遍，且合著者人數較多；兩地的作者性別比例有顯著差異，臺灣為女性多於男性，日本則為男性多於女性；作者均以大學教師為主，其次為圖書館員，但學生、其他身分作者的比例分布有顯著差異。The purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics and developments of Library and Information Science (LIS) research of Taiwan and Japan from 1991 to 2002. To make a comparison between Taiwan and Japan, a total of 2,016 research articles from 26 LIS journals published in Taiwan, and 1,283 research articles from 41 journals published in Japan were obtained for content analysis. The findings show that the LIS researches in Taiwan and Japan were significantly different in the aspects of literature growth, content characteristics, and authorship characteristics.
In the aspect of literature growth, more research articles were published in Taiwan than in Japan, showing obvious growth trend. However, research articles in Japan did not increase by year.
The findings on content characteristics are as follows:
1. The major research subjects of Taiwan and Japan were both “Library and Information Technology”, but others were different.
2. Percentages of articles about libraries were similar. The most frequently discussed library types were Public Library and Academic Library.
3. The most frequently discussed media types were both Electronic Media, but percentages were significantly different.
4. Percentages of articles about discipline were different. Social Science was mainly concerned in Taiwan. In contrast, Medicine, Agricultural and Biological Science and Arts and Humanities were mainly concerned in Japan.
5. Percentages of articles about countries were also different. Asian countries were more concerned in Taiwan than in Japan. However, European countries were more concerned in Japan.
6. The development of the Internet had influences on LIS researches both in Taiwan and Japan, but had more obvious influence on Taiwan.
7. The most frequently used research methods were Literature Review, Concept Analysis, and Document Analysis, but percentages were different.
8. Japan's LIS researches used statistics more often than Taiwan did, but percentages of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were different.
In the aspect of authorship characteristics, Taiwan's LIS authors had higher productivity, although there were fewer authors in Taiwan. However, co-authorship was more common in Japan, and had more co-authors per article. The percentages of author's genders in Taiwan and Japan were significantly different. There were more female authors in Taiwan, but more male authors in Japan. With respect to the author's occupations, most of them were university professors, and the second were librarians. However, the percentages of student authors and others were significantly different.謝辭.......................................................i
中文摘要.................................................iii
英文摘要...................................................v
目次.....................................................vii
表目次....................................................ix
圖目次....................................................xv
第一章 緒論...............................................1
第一節 問題陳述...........................................1
第二節 研究目的...........................................5
第三節 研究問題...........................................5
第四節 研究範圍與限制.....................................7
第五節 名詞解釋...........................................8
第二章 文獻探討..........................................11
第一節 圖書資訊學研究特性................................17
第二節 臺灣地區圖書資訊學研究之發展與特性................35
第三節 日本地區圖書資訊學研究之發展與特性................54
第三章 研究設計與實施....................................63
第一節 研究方法..........................................63
第二節 研究對象..........................................66
第三節 研究工具..........................................75
第四節 研究步驟..........................................85
第五節 信度與效度........................................88
第六節 資料處理與分析....................................91
第四章 臺灣地區圖書資訊學研究之特性......................95
第一節 臺灣地區圖書資訊學期刊文獻成長....................95
第二節 臺灣地區圖書資訊學期刊文獻內容之特性.............100
第三節 臺灣地區圖書資訊學期刊作者之特性.................121
第四節 小結.............................................135
第五章 日本地區圖書資訊學研究之特性.....................139
第一節 日本地區圖書資訊學期刊文獻成長...................139
第二節 日本地區圖書資訊學期刊文獻內容之特性.............143
第三節 日本地區圖書資訊學期刊作者之特性.................162
第四節 小結.............................................174
第六章 臺灣與日本圖書資訊學研究特性之比較...............179
第一節 臺灣與日本圖書資訊學期刊文獻成長之比較...........179
第二節 臺灣與日本圖書資訊學期刊內容特性之比較...........183
第三節 臺灣與日本圖書資訊學期刊作者特性之比較...........198
第四節 小結.............................................211
第七章 結論與建議.......................................217
第一節 結論.............................................217
第二節 建議.............................................223
第三節 進一步研究之建議.................................226
參考書目.................................................227
附錄一 日本圖書資訊學期刊英文刊名及中譯名對照表.........237
附錄二 圖書資訊學期刊論文內容分析登錄表.................240
附錄三 臺灣地區圖書資訊學期刊論文各分析項目論文篇數分布.243
附錄四 日本地區圖書資訊學期刊論文各分析項目論文篇數分布.25
Multiuser Detection with Multistage Interference Cancellation for Asynchronous Optical CDMA Systems
No full text分碼多工技術在無線通訊系統中發展已相當成熟。在近幾年來，釵h研究把注意力放在如何將分碼多工技術應用在光纖的傳輸上；光分碼多工本身有釵h優點，包括；非同步傳輸，提供保密機制，對於網路設計較有彈性，支援突增流量和多位元速率服務，以及抗干擾的能力等等。光分碼多工系統的效能表現與系統中同時存在漕洏峈抯ぁ埵雪奶j的相關性，當使用者數目越多時，彼此之間訊號的干擾就愈形嚴重，容易造成接收端偵測上的錯誤，使得傳輸錯誤率增加，因而導致通訊品質變差。
為了提升光分碼多工系統的效能，以往相關的研究，主要是致力於發展特性優良的展頻碼，讓不同展頻碼彼此的相關性降到最低，如此一來，用戶們可採用不同的展頻碼作為身分的識別，而且訊號相互間的干擾可以降到最低。由於光訊號能量恆正的特性，適用於光分碼多工系統的展頻碼和傳統無線系統中所使用的不同，乃是由零與一所組成的序列，且彼此間滿足特定自我相關以及交互相關的特性，一般稱之為光正交碼。然而，在多用戶的光系統中，為了達到好的效能表現，每個使用者必須採用極長的光正交碼，如此一來會降低頻寬的有效使用率。近年來，研究上發展出同時在波長和時間上展頻的二維光正交碼，也稱為多波長光正交碼，可提升系統效能且增加可容納的用戶數目。
此外，另一方面的研究則著重於接收器的設計，透過特殊演算法，藉由多用戶偵測技術消除使用者彼此間的干擾，來提高偵測的正確性。本論文主要是研究光分碼多工系統中的多用戶偵測技術與接收器設計，配合已經廣為發展的光正交碼，可以進一步提升光分碼多工系統之效能。同時，採用多用戶偵測技術來輔助接收，可以在使用者相互干擾存在的情況下，仍然正確的偵測到所需要的信號；如此一來，系統採用較短的展頻碼就可以達到好的效能表現，改善了原本光正交碼極長的缺點，提高頻寬的有效使用率也擴大系統可容納的用戶量。本論文中，吾人將多級數平行化干擾消除的演算法(multi-stage parallel interference cancellation)引用到光分碼多工系統中並分析之，由於光系統中要讓使用者的信號維持能量均等是可行的，因此吾人發現平行化干擾消除演算法提供了比循序化干擾消除演算法更加的效能。此外，吾人提出以多級數權重式干擾消除的演算法(multi-stage partial parallel interference cancellation)來實現適用於光分碼多工系統中的多用戶偵測技術，經由本論文的分析與模擬發現，此種光系統中新式的多用戶偵測器，提供了極佳的效能表現，趨近由干擾已知情況下所推導出的效能界限。此外，吾人提出一新式的接收器設計，稱之為正交碼權重分割接收器(code-weight-partition receiver)，此接受器的結構簡單，且能提供比傳統光接受器較好的效能，結合前述的多級數平行化干擾消除演算法所產生的多用戶偵測器，經由模擬結果發現，亦能提供相當好的效能。簡言之，本論文針對光分碼多工系統所提出的多用戶偵測技術，可達到極佳的效能表現且複雜度只和用戶數目呈線性增長，和所謂最佳偵測器的指數性增長相比，實用價值極大，對於提升頻寬有效使用率，增加可容納的用戶數目均有助益，確實提升光分碼多工系統之效能表現。For optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) communication systems, the optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) with ideal auto- and cross-correlation properties have been widely studied. Another approach to improve the performance is to employ multiuser detection techniques. In this thesis, we present several multiuser detection (MUD) schemes for OCDMA systems. Characterization of the intensity-modulation/ direct- detection OCDMA system with the avalanche photodiode is addressed. The parallel interference cancellation (PIC) algorithm is applied to OCDMA and results in a multi-stage PIC detector, which is shown to outperform the correlator. A modified partial parallel interference cancellation (PPIC) algorithm for OCDMA is proposed and analyzed. The main concept is to remove only a fractional of the multiuser interference (MUI) instead of complete cancellation when the estimation is poor, and raise this weighting factor as the fidelity of decision and estimation improved. The multistage PPIC detector is found to significantly reduce the degradation due to the MUI and offer excellent performance with complexity proportional linearly to the number of users. With appropriate choice of the weighting factor, OCDMA systems with the PPIC detector will achieve the known-interference lower bound as shown in the simulation and numerical results. Moreover, the code-weight- partition receiver, which can be considered as the modified version of the correlator, is proposed and can be combined with the PIC algorithm. The proposed multiuser detectors in this thesis are of excellent performance and acceptable complexity.List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Overview of OCDMA systems 3
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Asynchronous and SynchronousOCDMASystems . . . . . . . 7
2.2.1 AsynchronousOCDMASystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.2 SynchronousOCDMASystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 Two-DimensionalWavelength/Time Codes . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Description of OCDMA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Encoder Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.2 Receiver structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Conventional Multiuser Detection Techniques 21
3.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Single-User CorrelationDetector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3 Optimal Multiuser Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.4 Some SuboptimalMultiuserDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4.1 LinearMultiuserDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.4.2 NonlinearMultiuserDetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4 Proposed Multiuser Detection Techniques for OCDMA systems
37
4.1 General System Model for Proposed Algorithms . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.1 Multiuser Photon Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.1.2 Signal Model of Avalanche Photodiode (APD) Detector 41
4.2 Multistage Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) Multiuser
Detector forOCDMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.3 Multistage Partial Parallel Interference Cancellation (PPIC)
Multiuser Detector for OCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.4 Code-Weight-Partition Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 Theoretical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.5.1 Single-User Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.5.2 Known-Interference Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.5.3 Saddlepoint Approximation for BER Computation . . 63
4.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Simulation and Numerical Results 69
5.1 Default Systemand Simulation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2 Multistage PICMultiuserDetector forOCDMA . . . . . . . . 72
5.3 Multistage PPICMultiuserDetector forOCDMA . . . . . . . 74
5.4 Code-Weight-Partition Receiver forOCDMA . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6 Conclusion 87
Bibliograph
Pharmacokinetics and dosing of vancomycin in sustained low efficiency daily diafiltration (SLEDD-f)
No full text目的： 持續型低效率血液透析過濾(sustained low efficiency daily diafiltration，SLEDD-f)結合了間斷型血液透析(intermittent hemodialysis，IHD)與連續型腎臟替代療法(continuous renal replacement therapy，CRRT)的技術與優點，主要用在加護病房內併發腎衰竭的重症病人。而外科加護病房的病人常有傷口及導管，增加革蘭氏陽性菌感染的機會。在多重抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌(methiciilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus，MRSA)造成的感染，vancomycin是首選的用藥。SLEDD-f使用高穿透性透析膜(high-flux dialyzer membrane)，可能導致vancomycin被移除而使血中濃度不足。另外，vancomycin可能被透析膜吸附，增加一次SLEDD-f期間移除的量。因此，本研究的目的在觀察觀察以SLEDD-f做腎臟替代療法的病人，vancomycin的藥品動態學參數，同時評估一次SLEDD-f療程中，有多少比例的vancomycin會被移除，以及透過體外試驗，評估有多少量的vancomycin會被透析膜吸附。藉由以上的資料，找出在這群病人的適當給藥劑量。法： 本研究收入17位病人。收納條件為18歲以上，因任何原因導致腎衰竭而須使用SLEDD-f作為腎臟替代療法，且同時使用vancomycin做為感染的預防或治療之患者。vancomycin的給藥劑量與間隔由醫師或藥師決定，在起始劑量或第四劑以上後開始抽血。vancomyicn的給藥時間為SLEDD-f開始前15個小時，靜脈輸注2小時。抽血的時間為靜脈輸注結束後0、1、2、4、9個小時，SLEDD-f開始後0、2、4小時、SLEDD-f一結束時、SLEDD-f結束後1、2、3小時，共抽12個時間點的血，以FPIA測量濃度。 SLEDD-f使用的透析膜材質為helixone，表面積為1.4 m2。血液流速(QB) 200 mL/min，透析液流速(QD) 300 mL/min，超過濾速率(UFR)與補充液流速依病人所需的脫水量設定，透析時間為8小時。每2個小時收集透析期間的流出液，評估一次SLEDD-f療程所移除vancomycin的量。利用藥品動態學軟體WinNonlin中的Non-compartment模式來分析vancomycin的藥品動態學。果及討論： 本研究共收納16位男性，1位女性，共有10位病人被排除，排除的原因如下：1 位由於血行動力學不穩定更改腎臟替代療法，1位由於簽署放棄急救同意書而取消腎臟替代療程，1位由於腎功能恢復而取消腎臟替代療程，1位由於病危自動出院而取消腎臟替代療程，1位於簽署受試者同意書後決定退出試驗，另外2位分別因SLEDD-f開始前後的血中濃度收集不完全而無法分析其藥品動態學參數。但僅有9位男性、1位女性納入數據分析。這10位病人年齡介於33-73歲，平均55.7±12.6歲，體重介於54.2-90.6 kg，平均71.2±12.0 kg。以SLEDD-f做為腎臟替代療法的原因，8位為急性腎衰竭(acute renal failure，ARF)，4位為末期腎病(end stage renal disease，ESRD)。vancomycin的劑量介於500-1000 mg，平均8.7±2.8 mg/kg。1位病人在速效劑量後進行抽血，11位病人在第四劑給藥以上進行抽血。SLEDD-f設定方面，UFR平均2247.9±288.6 mL/hr，補充液流速平均1936.0±320.7 mL/hr。 8小時的SLEDD-f療程可移除455.7±90.7 mg的vancomycin (325.3-610.0 mg)，佔給藥劑量的78.0±18.1% (33.2-96.1%)。SLEDD-f前後血中濃度下降57.5±14.9%，若考慮反彈現象(rebound)，則下降47.2±12.2%。rebound發生的時間介於SLEDD-f結束後1-3個小時，rebound的百分比介於透析結束時血中濃度的4.6-28.8%。SLEDD-f一開始時，血中濃度平均16.5±4.2 mg/L，SLEDD-f一結束時，血中濃度平均6.9±2.5 mg/L，低於建議的8 mg/L以上。 SLEDD-f前後藥品動態學參數的差異：排除速率常數(elimination rate constant，k)：0.01 ± 0.01 vs. 0.11 ± 0.06 hr-1、半衰期(half-life，t1/2)：583.8± 1037.8 (43.0-3465.0) vs. 7.7 ± 3.0 (2.9-11.5) hr及廓清率(clearance，CL)：0.05± 0.07(0.00-0.22) vs. 1.5± 0.4 (0.8-2.2) mL/min/kg。體外試驗的結果顯示，在8小時內，全血溶液中的vancomycin濃度的變化均落在FPIA測量的誤差範圍內，顯示透析膜吸附vancomycin導致的濃度下降，低於FPIA偵測的範圍，因此在設計給藥劑量時，可將此部分忽略。 在以SLEDD-f作為腎臟替代療法，同時需以vancomycin做為感染的治療或預防的病人，vancomycin應在透析之後給予，給藥的頻率應依據SLEDD-f頻率調整。在未曾給藥的病人，可給予15-20 mg/kg的速效劑量，10-12 mg/kg的維持劑量。Background: Sustained slow low efficiency daily diafiltration (SLEDD-f) is a conceptual and technical hybridization of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and intermittent hemodialysis (IHD). It is an increasingly used modality of renal replacement therapy for patients in intensive care unit (ICU) with acute or chornic renal failure. Vancomycin, a member of glycopeptides antibiotics, is commonly used in ICU patients for prevent or treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureas (MRSA) infection. Since the pore size of high-flux dialyzer membrane is much larger than vancomycin, post dialysis supplement dose may be required. Several studies have demonstrated that intermittent hemodilaysis with high-flux dialyzer membrane removed significant amount of vancomycin, and once weekly dose is not appropriate. However, until now, there is no relavent study on the effect of SLEDD-f on vancomycin pharmacokinetics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand the pharmacokinetic of vancomycin in these patients and the amount of vancomycin removed during one course of 8-hr SLEDD-f, in order to determine an appropriate dose regimen for patients requiring SLEDD-f as renal replacement therapy. atients and methods: Patients who used SLEDD-f as renal replacement therapy and also vancomycin for infection control or prevention were included. Vancomycin dose regimen was decided by ICU doctor or pharmacist. Serum concentration was measured after lodiang dose or the 4th doses. Vancomyicn infusion was started 15 hours before SLEDD-f start. Blood samples were drawn from arterial line at 0, 1, 2, 5, 9 hours after completion of vancomycin infusion, predialysis, 2, 4 hours after dialysis started, at the end of dialysis, 1, 2 and 3 hours after completion of dialysis. Serum vancomycin concentration was measured with fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). A high-flux helixone membrane (F60X, Fresenius) with surface area of 1.4 m2 was used for SLEDD-f. Blood flow was 200 mL/min, and dialysate flow was 300 mL/min. Ultrafiltration rate was determined by the doctor. Dialysis duration was 8 hours. Effluent (the combination of dialysate and ultrafiltrate) was collected every two hours to measure the amount of vancomycin removed during one course of SLEDD-f. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed with WinNonlin professional version 4.1.esults and discussion: 17 patients were included into this study; 7 patients drop out for unstable hemodynamics (1), sign DNR (do not resuscitation) (1), renal function recovery (1), against advice discharge (1), withdraw from the study and uncomplete blood samples collection (2); only 9 males and 1 female were included for data analysis. They aged from 33-73 years, (mean±standard deviation: 55.7±12.6). The average body weight was 71.2±12.0 kg. 8 patients received SLEDD-f because of acute renal failure (ARF) and 4 for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Vancomycin dose ranged from 500-1000 mg (mean±standard deviation: 8.7±2.8 mg/kg). Blood samples were obtained after loading dose for 1 patient and maintenance dose for 9 patients. During 8 hours of SLEDD-f, 455.7±90.7 mg of vancomycin was removed, accounted for about 78.0±18.1% (33.2-96.1%) of vancomycin dose infused. Serum concentraiton decreased by 57.5±14.9% after 8 hour of SLEDD-f, and taking into consideration of the post-dialysis rebound, the concentration decreased by 47.2±12.2%. Time of rebound ranged between 1-3 hours, and the percentage of rebond ranged from 4.6-28.8% of post dialysis concentraiton. Serum concentraiotn before SLEDD-f started was 16.5±4.2 mg/L, and concentration at the end of SLEDD-f was 6.9±2.5 mg/L, lower than the therapeutic level defined in this study (> 8 mg/L). The pharmacokinetic parameters before SLEDD-f started and during SLEDD- f were quite different: elimination rate constatnt (k) before and during dialysis, 0.01 ± 0.01 vs. 0.11 ± 0.06 hr-1, half-life (t1/2), 583.8± 1037.8 (43.0-3465.0) vs. 7.7 ± 3.0 (2.9-11.5) hr. Total clearance (CLT) before dialysis was 0.05± 0.07(0.00-0.22) mL/min/kg. Dialysis clearance (dialysance, CLD) was 1.5± 0.4 (0.8-2.2) mL/min/kg. In vitro experiment showed that during 8 hour of study, the absolute amount of vancomyicn adsorbed on the dialyzer membrane was minimal, so it can be ignored in clinical practice. onclusion: Significant amount of vancomycin is removed during SLEDD-f, thus, post dialysis supplement dose is recommended. For patients requiring SLEDD-f as renal replacement therapy, a 15-20 mg/kg loading dose, followed by a 10-12 mg/kg maintenance dose given at the end of each dialysis is an acceptable dose regimen.內容目錄 III目錄 V目錄 VII文摘要 1bstract 3寫表 51章 前言 72章 文獻探討 8.1 腎臟替代療法的原理 8.2 各種腎臟替代療法的簡介 8.2.1 連續型腎臟替代療法(continuous renal replacement therapy，CRRT) 8.2.2 間斷型血液透析(intermittent hemodialysis，IHD) 9.2.3 持續型低效率血液透析(sustained low efficiency daily dialysis，SLEDD) 10.2.4 持續型低效率血液透析過濾(sustained low efficiency daily diafiltration，SLEDD-f) 10.2.5 SLEDD、SLEDD-f與CVVH的比較 10.2.6 腎臟替代療法的優缺點與選擇 12.3 vancomycin 14.3.1 藥效學介紹 14.3.2 藥品動態學(pharmacokinetics、PK) 17.3.3 影響藥品動態學的狀態 21.3.4 副作用 23.3.5 療劑監測 25.3.6 vancomycin血中濃度的測量 27.3.7 檢體的處理 28.4 腎臟替代療法對vancomycin排除的影響 29.4.1 藥物相關因子 29.4.2 透析膜相關因子 30.4.3 透析設定 32.4.4 反彈(rebound)現象 32.5 IHD與SLEDD對vancomycin排出的比例、量與藥品動態學參數的影響 33.5.1 間斷型血液透析(intermittent hemodialysis，IHD) 33.5.2 持續型低效率血液透析(SLEDD) 343章 研究目的及方法 38.1 研究目的 38.2 研究方法 38.2.1 病人的收納條件 (inclusion criteria) 38.2.2 SLEDD-f作業系統 39.2.3 SLEDD-f設定 39.2.4 試驗設計 40.2.5 相關資料收集 41.2.6 vancomycin血中濃度的測定 42.2.7 藥品動態學研究 42.2.8 利用三點(Cpk、Cpi、Cpo)所獲得的藥品動態學參數 46.2.9 劑量學研究 47.2.10 vancomycin透析膜吸附試驗 48.2.11 vancomycin濃度的測定 514章 研究結果 52.1研究時間，地點及病人數 52.2病人基本資料 52.3 vancomycin使用情形與SLEDD-f的設定 53.4透析前後藥品動態學參數的變化 56.5 vancomycin血中濃度相對時間的變化 57.6各項藥品動態學參數之間的相關性與變化趨勢 60.6.1各種估計透析機廓清率的方法比較 60.6.2利用兩點(Cpk、Cpi)估計透析前藥品動態學參數與WinNonlin的參數比較 61.6.3利用兩點(Cpi、Cpo)估計透析期間藥品動態學參數與WinNonlin的參數比較 64.6.4透析機廓清率與全身廓清率的關係 65.6.5影響SLEDD-f移除量的因子 66.7劑量學研究 66.8透析膜吸附試驗 67.8.1全血溶液 67.8.2 0.9%生理食鹽水溶液 715章 討論 73.1 SLEDD-f病人vancomycin藥品動態學分析 73.2 SLEDD-f病人vancomycin血中濃度的變化 77.3 劑量學研究 80.4 透析膜吸附的vancomycin 86.5 研究限制 88.5.1 病人數 88.5.2 給藥劑量與透析設定 88.5.3 試驗設計 89.5.4 vancomycin療效的評估 906章 結論 917章 附錄 92.1 劑量學研究 92.2 分佈體積的決定 101考資料 10
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