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Factors Affecting Furan Formation in Foods
No full text呋喃(Furan)為一脂溶性、低沸點且易揮發之液體，其是由食物經熱處理(如工業製程和烹煮過程)後產生。過去研究已指出呋喃對囓齒類動物具有細胞毒性，且在高劑量暴露下對動物具有致癌性。另一方面，根據動物實驗的結果，呋喃亦被國際癌症研究機構(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)列為可能的人類致癌物質。基於上述之毒性，經由飲食攝取呋喃的相關議題逐漸受到重視。
近年來，許多研究開始致力於探討食物中呋喃的毒性、濃度和分析方法；不同的模式系統亦被應用於了解呋喃生成之機制與相關影響因子。為評估其健康風險並降低呋喃暴露，本研究利用田口式方法配合不同的模式系統(包括醣類和抗壞血酸、胺基酸以及多元未飽和脂肪酸等三大類前驅物)進行實驗，將可能影響呋喃生成的因素列入系統中探討(例如：前驅物的種類和含量、加熱溫度以及加熱時間等)；呋喃的生成量則利用頂空固相微萃取技術結合氣相層析質譜儀(Headspace-solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, HS-SPME-GC-MS )進行分析。
結果顯示，加熱溫度和時間對於醣類和抗壞血酸生成呋喃有顯著的影響(p= 0.0006和p= 0.0448)，當加熱的溫度越高或是時間越長，其生成呋喃的量越多；另一方面，多元未飽和脂肪酸生成呋喃的量亦會受加熱溫度之影響(p= 0.0093)，而呈現差異。基於食物安全的前提下，降低加熱溫度與縮短加熱時間可有效地減少相關食物中呋喃的含量；而因呋喃生成機制複雜且影響因素眾多，未來還需更多研究進行探討與釐清。Furan is a lipophilic and high volatile liquid with low boiling point of 31℃. It may be formed in food under heat treatment, such as the industrial manufacturing and cooking processes. The possible exposure of furan from foods raises concerns because it has been found to cause carcinogenicity and cytotoxicity on animals. Besides, furan is also classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1995.
Recently, many studies have devoted to research on the toxicity, occurrence and analysis of furan in food. Different model systems were also performed to understand the possible factors and the associated mechanism affecting the formation of furan in foods. For the purpose of assessing health risk and reducing exposures from furan, the main objective of this study was to identify other possible factors, including the varieties and the amounts of precursors, heating temperature and heating time. Taguchi method coupled with model system was employed to find the effects of these factors on furan formation from certain precursors (e.g., sugars and ascorbic acid, amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids), respectively. Besides, the technique of solid phase microextraction (SPME) equipped with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed for the determination of furan.
Under the experimental conditions of this study, the results indicated that heating temperature and time might affect furan formation from sugars and ascorbic acid (p= 0.0006 and p=0.0448, respectively). As heating temperature or heating time increased, the amount of furan produced by sugars and ascorbic acid would be increased. Besides, heating temperature also has effect on furan formation by polyunsaturated fatty acids (p= 0.0093). In the premise of food safety, furan formation would be decreased by using lower temperature to cook or sterilize for food containing above components. Shorting heating time may be helpful to reduce furan levels in food fortified with sugars and ascorbic acid as well. Further studies are still needed to clarify the complex mechanism of furan formation in foods
Development of A Building Design Program Using Displacement-Based Design Method
No full text目前國內建築物之耐震設計方法(強度設計法)係將彈性設計力藉由十分具爭議性之強度折減因子降低為設計力，然後再以此設計力去設計結構，但設計出來之結構是否能具有當初預期之耐震能力，除非經過非線性歷時分析否則很難確定。但位移設計法卻可解決此問題，位移設計法是在設計過程中以位移為基礎的設計方法。在設計的過程中，工程師對於一特定的目標位移來完成設計，強度及勁度在設計的過程中不再是變數，而是設計的結果。在最近幾年，地震設計的目光都集中在整體性或區域性的位移變形上，而位移設計即是比強度設計更為清楚的洞察到結構損害和極限破壞的情況。
本文之重點在於如何以現有的位移設計法研究文獻搭配三維非線性結構分析平台PISA3D撰寫出一套全自動之建築物設計程式，利用電腦快速且強大之運算能力處理設計過程中繁雜之迭代過程。此程式具備『新建結構設計模式』、『新建結構加裝消能器設計模式』、『既有結構加裝消能器補強設計模式』三大設計模式並能支援『線性黏性阻尼器』、『非線性黏性阻尼器』、『黏彈性阻尼器』、『降服型阻尼器』等消能器之設計。並撰寫搭配設計程式之圖形化使用者操作介面來執行前、後處理之工作以加強軟體之使用性。為了驗證程式之正確性，使用數個虛擬案例與震動台實驗實例並以程式設計結果、非線性動力分析結果與實驗結果做比較。目錄
摘要
目錄
表目錄
圖目錄
照片目錄
第一章 緒論..............................................1
1.1 研究動機與目的.......................................1
1.2 研究方法.............................................2
1.3 研究內容.............................................2
第二章 常見之結構分析軟體簡介與比較......................3
2.1 SAP..................................................3
2.2 OpenSEES.............................................3
2.3 PISA3D...............................................4
2.4 比較與結論...........................................5
第三章 建築物位移設計原理................................6
3.1 替代結構法...........................................6
3.2 多自由度轉換單自由度系統.............................6
3.3 Takeda勁度遞減遲滯模型...............................7
3.4 鋼結構位移設計原理...................................8
3.4.1 鋼結構純構架位移設計理.............................8
3.4.2 鋼結構含消能裝置位移設計原理.......................9
3.5 鋼筋混凝土結構位移設計原理...........................11
3.5.1 鋼筋混凝土結構純構架位移設計原理...................12
3.5.2 鋼筋混凝土結構含消能裝置位移設計原理...............12
3.6 小結.................................................15
第四章 程式開發過程......................................17
4.1 程式開發流程.........................................17
4.2 需求分析與架構設計...................................20
4.3 程式之實做...........................................24
4.3.1 程式實做...........................................24
4.3.2 開發平台與輔助套件.................................24
4.3.2.1 Borland C++ 6.0..................................24
4.3.2.2 Standard Template Library........................25
第五章 原理與功能介紹....................................26
5.1 核心程式.............................................26
5.1.1 新建結構設計模式...................................26
5.1.2 新建結構加裝消能器設計模式.........................27
5.1.3 既有結構加裝消能器補強設計模式.....................29
5.1.4 消能器性質迭代原則.................................30
5.1.5 反應譜計算.........................................31
5.2 使用者圖形操作介面...................................33
5.2.1 主操作介面.........................................33
5.2.2 設計地震與反應譜輸入與瀏覽功能圖形操作介面.........34
5.2.3 新建結構設計模式圖形操作介面.......................34
5.2.4 新建結構加裝消能器設計模式圖形操作介面.............35
5.2.5 既有結構加裝消能器補強設計模式圖形操作介面.........35
5.2.6 設計結果檢視功能圖形操作介面.......................35
第六章 程式應用與案例設計實例............................37
6.1 實尺寸8層樓設計實例..................................37
6.1.1 構架與設計需求簡介.................................37
6.1.2 新建結構模式斷面設計...............................38
6.1.3 新建結構加裝消能器模式斷面與阻尼器設計.............40
6.1.4 既有結構加裝消能器模式阻尼器設計...................45
6.1.5 設計與分析結果比較.................................50
6.2 單層單跨鋼結構加裝黏彈性阻尼器震動台試驗.............51
6.2.1 實驗構架簡介.....................................51
6.2.2 最大反應推估 .......................................52
6.3 三層樓鋼結構加裝非線性黏性阻尼器震動台試驗...........52
6.3.1 實驗構架簡介.......................................53
6.3.2 最大反應推估.......................................53
第七章 結論與未來展望....................................55
7.1 研究結論.............................................55
7.2 未來展望.............................................56
參考文獻
表目錄
表5.1 短週期與長週期結構之阻尼比修正係數Bs與B1...........61
表5.2 法規一般工址設計水平譜加速度反應譜係數.............61
表5.3 法規台北盆地設計水平譜加速度反應譜係數.............61
表6.1 八層樓實尺寸構架測試範例類型表.....................62
表6.2 八層樓實尺寸鋼構架梁柱斷面列表.....................63
表6.3 八層樓實尺寸鋼筋混凝土構架梁柱斷面列表.............64
表6.4 8FSS斷面設計細節...................................66
表6.5 8FRC結構斷面設計細節...............................67
表6.6 8FSSEDS-VL設計細節.................................68
表6.7 8FSSEDS-VN設計細節.................................69
表6.8 8FSSEDS-VE設計細節.................................70
表6.9 8FSSEDS-BRB設計細節................................71
表6.10 8FRCEDS-VL設計細節................................72
表6.11 8FRCEDS-VN設計細節................................73
表6.12 8FRCEDS-VE設計細節................................74
表6.13 8FRCEDS-BRB設計細節...............................75
表6.14 8FSS-VL設計細節...................................76
表6.15 8FSS-VN設計細節...................................77
表6.16 8FSS-VE設計細節...................................78
表6.17 8FSS-BRB設計細節..................................79
表6.18 8FRC-VL設計細節...................................80
表6.19 8FRC-VN設計細節...................................81
表6.20 8FRC-VE設計細節...................................82
表6.21 8FRC-BRB設計細節..................................83
表6.22 新建結構設計結果與非線性動力分析結果比較..........84
表6.23 新建結構加裝消能器設計結果與非線性動力分析結果比較
.........................................................84
表6.24 既有結構加裝消能器補強設計結果與非線性動力分析結果比較.......................................................85
表6.25 單層單跨鋼結構裝消能器補強設計、分析、實驗結果比較
.........................................................85
表6.26 單跨三層鋼結構型鋼之斷面尺寸......................86
表6.27 三層單跨鋼結構裝消能器補強設計、分析、實驗結果比較
.........................................................87
圖目錄
圖3.1 替代結構示意圖.....................................88
圖3.2 多自由度轉換單自由度系統關係圖.....................88
圖3.3 結構側力(基底剪力)－頂層位移理想化雙線性關係.......89
圖3.4 等效線性系統(等效勁度與等效阻尼係數)...............89
圖3.5 鋼筋混凝土遲滯行為示意圖...........................90
圖3.6 鋼筋混凝土勁度衰減現象.............................90
圖3.7 鋼筋混凝土強度劣化現象.............................90
圖3.8 鋼筋混凝土握裹滑落現象.............................90
圖3.9 Takeda模型雙線性系統之力—位移關係.................91
圖3.10 勁度遞減因子n與結構遲滯行為關聯性.................91
圖4.1 方案a-關係示意圖...................................92
圖4.2 方案b-關係示意圖...................................92
圖4.3 方案c-關係示意圖...................................93
圖4.4 程式架構簡易示意圖.................................93
圖5.1 模態分佈側力之非線性靜力側推分析...................94
圖5.2 非線性靜力側推雙線性化原則.........................94
圖5.3 新建結構位移設計流程圖.............................95
圖5.4 新建結構加裝消能器位移設計流程圖...................97
圖5.5 既有結構加裝消能器補強位移設計流程圖...............98
圖5.6 阻尼器性質迭代分配原則.............................99
圖5.7 挫屈束制支撐組成示意圖.............................99
圖5.8 主要操作介面一....................................100
圖5.9 主要操作介面二....................................100
圖5.10 加速度歷時輸入與檢視介面.........................101
圖5.11 設計加速度反應譜輸入與檢視介面...................101
圖5.12 設計位移反應譜輸入與檢視介面.....................102
圖5.13 新建結構設計模式圖形操作介面.....................102
圖5.14 新建結構加裝消能器設計模式圖形操作介面...........103
圖5.15 既存結構加裝消能器補強設計模式圖形操作介面.......104
圖5.16 設計結果檢視功能圖形操作介面.....................104
圖5.17 8FRCBRB-純構架側推曲線...........................105
圖5.18 8FRCBRB-BRB側推曲線..............................105
圖5.19 最後迭代之加速度反應譜曲線.......................106
圖5.20 最後迭代之位移反應譜曲線.........................106
圖5.21 最後迭代之模態分佈曲線...........................107
圖6.1 空構架 3D 視景....................................108
圖6.2 平面柱位及柱線....................................108
圖6.3 構架節點編號......................................109
圖6.4 梁桿件編號........................................109
圖6.5 加裝消能器構架 3D 視景............................110
圖6.6 8FSS測推曲線雙線性化..............................111
圖6.7 8FSS設計位移反應譜................................111
圖6.8 8FSS設計加速度位移反應譜..........................111
圖6.9 8FRC測推曲線雙線性化..............................112
圖6.10 8FRC設計位移反應譜...............................112
圖6.11 8FRC設計加速度位移反應譜.........................112
圖6.12 8FSSEDS-VL測推曲線雙線性化.......................113
圖6.13 8FSSEDS-VL設計位移反應譜.........................113
圖6.14 8FSSEDS-VL設計加速度位移反應譜...................113
圖6.15 8FSSEDS-VN測推曲線雙線性化.......................114
圖6.16 8FSSEDS-VN設計位移反應譜.........................114
圖6.17 8FSSEDS-VN設計加速度位移反應譜...................114
圖6.18 8FSSEDS-VE測推曲線雙線性化.......................115
圖6.19 8FSSEDS-VE設計位移反應譜.........................115
圖6.20 8FSSEDS-VE設計加速度位移反應譜...................115
圖6.21 8FSSEDS-BRB測推曲線雙線性化......................116
圖6.22 8FSSEDS-BRB設計位移反應譜........................116
圖6.23 8FSSEDS-BRB設計加速度位移反應譜..................116
圖6.24 8FRCEDS-VL測推曲線雙線性化.......................117
圖6.25 8FRCEDS-VL設計位移反應譜.........................117
圖6.26 8FRCEDS-VL設計加速度位移反應譜...................117
圖6.27 8FRCEDS-VN測推曲線雙線性化.......................118
圖6.28 8FRCEDS-VN設計位移反應譜.........................118
圖6.29 8FRCEDS-VN設計加速度位移反應譜...................118
圖6.30 8FRCEDS-VE測推曲線雙線性化.......................119
圖6.31 8FRCEDS-VE VE測推曲線............................119
圖6.32 8FRCEDS-VE設計位移反應譜.........................119
圖6.33 8FRCEDS-VE設計加速度位移反應譜...................119
圖6.34 8FRCEDS-BRB測推曲線雙線性化......................120
圖6.35 8FRCEDS-BRB BRB測推曲線..........................120
圖6.36 8FRCEDS-BRB設計位移反應譜........................120
圖6.37 8FRCEDS-BRB設計加速度位移反應譜..................120
圖6.38 8FSS-VL測推曲線雙線性化..........................121
圖6.39 8FSS-VL設計位移反應譜............................121
圖6.40 8FSS-VL設計加速度位移反應譜......................121
圖6.41 8FSS-VN測推曲線雙線性化..........................122
圖6.42 8FSS-VN設計位移反應譜............................122
圖6.43 8FSS-VN設計加速度位移反應譜......................122
圖6.44 8FSS-VE測推曲線雙線性化..........................123
圖6.45 8FSS-VE設計位移反應譜............................123
圖6.46 8FSS-VE設計加速度位移反應譜......................123
圖6.47 8FSS-BRB測推曲線雙線性化.........................124
圖6.48 8FSS-BRB設計位移反應譜...........................124
圖6.49 8FSS-BRB設計加速度位移反應譜.....................124
圖6.50 8FRC-VL測推曲線雙線性化..........................125
圖6.51 8FRC-VL設計位移反應譜............................125
圖6.52 8FRC-VL設計加速度位移反應譜......................125
圖6.53 8FRC-VN測推曲線雙線性化..........................126
圖6.54 8FRC-VN設計位移反應譜............................126
圖6.55 8FRC-VN設計加速度位移反應譜......................126
圖6.56 8FRC-VE測推曲線雙線性化..........................127
圖6.57 8FRC-VE VE測推曲線...............................127
圖6.58 8FRC-VE設計位移反應譜............................127
圖6.59 8FRC-VE設計加速度位移反應譜......................127
圖6.60 8FRC-BRB測推曲線雙線性化.........................128
圖6.61 8FRC-BRB BRB測推曲線雙線性化.....................128
圖6.62 8FRC-BRB設計位移反應譜...........................128
圖6.63 8FRC-BRB設計加速度位移反應譜.....................128
圖6.64 鋼結構全案例位移差距比較.........................129
圖6.65 鋼結構全案例加速度差距比較.......................129
圖6.66 RC結構全案例位移差距比較.........................130
圖6.67 RC結構全案例加速度差距比較.......................130
圖6.68 8FSS塑角分佈圖...................................131
圖6.69 8FRC塑角分佈圖...................................131
圖6.70 8FSS-VL塑角分佈圖................................131
圖6.71 8FSS-VN塑角分佈圖................................132
圖6.72 8FSS-VE塑角分佈圖................................132
圖6.73 8FSS-BRB塑角分佈圖...............................132
圖6.74 8FRC-VL塑角分佈圖................................133
圖6.75 8FRC-VN塑角分佈圖................................133
圖6.76 8FRC-VE塑角分佈圖................................133
圖6.77 8FRC-BRB塑角分佈圖...............................134
圖6.78 單層單跨鋼結構平面尺寸...........................134
圖6.79 加裝黏彈性型消能裝置.............................135
圖6.80 加裝黏彈性型消能裝置側推曲線.....................135
圖6.81單層單跨加裝黏彈性型消能裝置設計位移反應譜........136
圖6.82單層單跨加裝黏彈性型消能裝置設計加速度反應譜......136
圖6.83單層單跨加裝黏彈性型消能裝置絕對加速度歷時........137
圖6.84單層單跨加裝黏彈性型消能裝置位移歷時..............137
圖6.85 實驗構架三視圖...................................138
圖6.86 三層單跨加裝非線性黏性消能裝置側推曲線...........139
圖6.87 三層單跨加裝非線性黏性消能裝置設計位移反應譜.....139
圖6.88 三層單跨加裝非線性黏性消能裝置設計加速度反應譜...140
圖6.89 三層單跨加裝非線性黏性消能裝置絕對加速度歷時.....140
圖6.90 三層單跨加裝非線性黏性消能裝置相對位移歷時.......141
圖7.1 量勁度衰減、強度衰減及pinching共同的效應之混凝土遲滯模型....................................................141
照片目錄
照片6.1 VE Damper-1.....................................142
照片6.2 VE Damper-2.....................................142
照片6.3角鋼斜撐.........................................143
照片6.4實驗整體架構.....................................143
照片6.5未含阻尼器之三層樓空構架.........................144
照片6.6含非線性黏性阻尼器之三層樓鋼構架.................14
Properties of Low Formaldehyde Emission and Fire Resistant Particleboard Made from Recycled Wood-Waste Chips
No full text本研究目的在使用廢棄木粒片噴塗不同粒片重量比例之異氫酸鹽膠( PMDI )和酚甲醛膠( PF )，以製造適合室內環境使用的低甲醛粒片板。由試驗得知，隨著噴塗PMDI膠粒片重量比例之提升，粒片板甲醛釋出量呈現線性減少，當粒片噴塗PMDI / PF重量比例為70 / 30時，甲醛釋出量為0.29 mg/L，釋出量已達0.3 mg/L以下，施以美拉敏含浸紙貼面後，甲醛釋出量也可降低17 %左右。此外，在力學性質方面，粒片板的抗彎強度、內聚強度和木螺絲保持力均隨著粒片噴塗PMDI膠重量比例之上昇而增加，而吸水厚度膨脹率則隨著粒片噴塗PMDI膠重量比例之上升而下降。美拉敏含浸紙板在改善粒片板的性質上，對粒片板的甲醛釋出量以及抗彎強度等性質較有顯著的改善、但對於內聚強度以及吸水厚度膨脹率的改善則較無效果。
另外，超音波速和粒片板的抗彎強度、內聚強度和木螺絲保持力各項力學性質之間，也有顯著的正相關性，以超音波測定評估素面及化 蛢氻貜O的抗彎強度、內聚強度及木螺絲保持力時，此3項性質均有隨超音波速增加而增大的趨勢。此表示可以藉由粒片板超音波速的測量，來得知粒片板的力學性質。
在粒片板的耐燃性質方面，將甲醛釋出量可通過CNS 2215 F1標準，即噴塗PMDI / PF粒片重比例為100 / 0、70 / 30和50 / 50之三組條件粒片板，經由刷塗耐燃塗料以及噴塗耐燃藥劑於粒片上之兩種耐燃處理方式製成耐燃粒片板，測試後均可通過CNS 6532耐燃三級之標準。經過耐燃藥劑處理之粒片板其抗彎強度、內聚強度及木螺絲保持力等性質都會降低，但吸水厚度膨脹率則會改善。The objective of this study was to manufacture low formaldehyde emission particleboard made from recycled wood-waste chips by using isocyanate (PMDI) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins for use in indoor environments. The influence of PMDI/PF ratios in particles on the formaldehyde emissions and its mechanical properties were investigated. The experimental results showed that the formaldehyde emissions decreased linearly with an increase of PMDI/PF particles ratio. Their relationship could be represented by the linear regression formula. The value of formaldehyde emissions was below 0.3 mg/L, when the weight percentage of PMDI/particles was up to 70%. The formaldehyde emissions of melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin-impregnated paper overlaid particleboard was 17% lower than that of particleboard. Moreover, the bending strength, internal bonding strength and screw holding strength increased with an increase of PMDI/PF particles ratio. However, the thickness swelling (%) of the particleboards was decreased with an increase of PMDI/PF particles ratio.
In addition, there were significant positive relationships between the ultrasonic velocity and the bending strength, internal bonding strength and screw holding strength of the particleboard, and this meant that we could evaluate the properties of the particleboard using ultrasonic velocity.
The fire-resistance properties of the fire-retardant treated particleboard could pass the standard of “Grade 3 Imcombustibility” as specified by CNS 6532. The bending strength, internal bonding strength, and screw holding strength were lower than particleboard but the thickness swelling (%) was improved.摘 要 I
ABSTRACT II
表 目 錄 VI
圖 目 錄 VIII
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 3
2.1異氰酸鹽膠合劑相關文獻 3
2.2低甲醛系板類性質相關文獻 7
2.3耐燃性質相關文獻 9
参、 試驗材料與方法 12
3.1粒片板之製造材料與條件 12
3.1.1 粒片材料 12
3.1.2 貼面化 菃鰹 12
3.1.3 膠合劑 12
3.1.3 耐燃藥劑 12
3.2粒片板之製造條件 13
3.2.1粒片板粒片之前處理 13
3.2.2噴塗佈膠 13
3.2.3 耐燃處理 13
3.2.4熱壓成板 13
3.3粒片板之基本物理性質與機械性質之測定 15
3.3.1密度及含水率 15
3.3.2抗彎強度性質 15
3.3.3內聚強度 16
3.3.4 木螺絲保持力 16
3.3.5吸水厚度膨脹率 16
3.4游離甲醛釋出量 17
3.4.1甲醛釋出量之測定 17
3.4.2甲醛濃度之測定方法 18
3.4.3繪製檢量線 18
3.5粒片板之超音波速值測定 19
3.6耐燃性粒片板之表面燃燒性質試驗 20
3.6.1耐燃性粒片板表面燃燒試驗 20
3.6.2表面燃燒試驗之操作步驟 20
3.6.3表面燃燒性質之測試項目 21
肆、結果與討論 24
4.1 粒片板之游離甲醛釋出量 24
4.2粒片板之抗彎性質與縱向超音波速 29
4.3 粒片板之內聚強度 39
4.4 粒片板之吸水厚度膨脹率 44
4.5 粒片板之木螺絲保持力 48
4.6 耐燃藥劑處理後粒片板之表面燃燒性質 51
4.7 耐燃藥劑處理後粒片板之甲醛釋出量 55
4.8 耐燃藥劑處理後粒片板之抗彎性質與縱向超音波速 57
4.9 耐燃藥劑處理後粒片板之內聚強度 61
4.10耐燃藥劑處理後粒片板之吸水厚度膨脹率 64
4.11耐燃藥劑處理後粒片板之木螺絲保持力 66
伍、結論 68
陸、參考文獻 7
From ‘Human Milk’ to Infant Formula:The Changing Reasons of Feeding Habits in Taiwan（1895-1989）
No full text本研究討論的核心命題是，為什麼戰後臺灣的主流哺育方式出現從母奶到奶粉的轉向。也就是說，筆者試圖解答，為什麼奶粉能夠在1970年代前後取代母奶，成為嬰兒的主要食物，1970年代的時空條件有何特殊之處。具體而言，筆者將從政府政策、奶粉廠商行銷與哺育論述變化三個面向切入探討奶粉哺育興起的背景，並透過口述訪問資料勾勒這些因素可能對母親們的哺育選擇麼造成什麼影響。並且，希望解讀哺育選擇變遷背後反映的臺灣良母形象的變遷。本文除了緒論與結論外，共分成三部分進行。 本研究首先處理日治時期臺灣的哺育實況與哺育論述。根據統計資料，母奶哺育，當時稱為人奶哺育，是臺灣人哺育習慣的主流，人奶哺育率高達97%。不過，在當時也已經出現母奶與牛奶孰佳的爭論。當時的醫界普遍認為母奶優於牛奶，原因有二：母奶哺育的嬰兒死亡率較低與母奶較營養，並在報章雜誌上大力宣導。筆者認為這些宣導文章的預設讀者並非臺灣人母親，而是因為遷移失去母乳哺育知識傳承來源在臺日人女性。 接著，筆者從政府政策、嬰兒奶粉廠商行銷策略、報章雜誌上的哺育論述切入討論戰後臺灣奶粉哺育興起的背景條件。政策的部分，經濟部在1973年為了平衡與日本貿易的逆差，開放設置嬰兒奶粉工廠、進口散裝嬰兒奶粉，與輔導國內嬰兒奶粉產業發展。嬰兒奶粉廠商以「母乳化」奶粉吸引消費者，並與醫院合作推銷嬰兒奶粉。報章雜誌的哺育論述普遍認為母乳最佳，不過，奶粉可以是沒有母奶時合理的選擇。 筆者透過口述訪問發現，1970年代之後的母親們在知道母乳優於奶粉的情況下，依然選擇奶粉哺育的原因，是因為她們在當時都市化的趨勢中向都市遷移，與母乳哺育知識的傳承來源斷裂，求助無門，再加上社會製造了許多讓母奶消失的因素。此外，當時的哺育論述雖然承認母乳最好，但奶粉也是在沒有母奶時合理的選擇，政府奶粉開放政策與經濟發展又使奶粉的價格變成可負擔，終於使奶粉哺育率逐漸攀升。最後，筆者指出，從人奶、奶粉，到母奶再起的變化，反映了臺灣的良母內涵從與哺育選擇無關，到母奶與母愛╱良母形象強力連結的現象。This thesis concerns with the shifting of the feeding habits from breastfeeding to infant formula in the 1970s; that''s, to explore the social-political conditions of the 1970s Taiwan, where the infant formula replaced breast milk as the main food source for infants. I will discuss this issue from three dimensions: policy, marketing strategies of infant formula companies, and feeding discourse on newspapers and magazines; and use data from oral interviews to investigate how mothers were influenced by these factors when making feeding decisions, before I analysis how this shifting reflected the changing of the “good mother” images in Taiwan. My research begins with explorations into the situations and discussions about breastfeeding during Japanese rule period. Statistically speaking, breastfeeding, which was called “human milk”, was the main feeding habit at that time, and yet, there was still an ongoing discussion on whether breast milk or milk would be better for infants. The medical professed that breast milk was better than milk for two main reasons: one was the lower mortality rates of infants nurtured from breastfeeding; the other was the higher nutritional value of breast milk. Doctors then preached this idea on newspapers and via magazines, of which the target audience was not Taiwanese mothers but Japanese mothers in Taiwan, who, ever since the immigration, had lost their sources of the breastfeeding knowledge conventionally handed down from older generations or circulated among mothers. As for the emergence of infant formula in post-war Taiwan, I proceed to investigations into the social-cultural conditions of 1970s. In terms of governmental policy, in 1973, to balance the trade deficit with Japan, the Ministry of Economic Affairs allowed the establishments of factories and the imports of infant-formula. The milk-powder companies used “similar to breast milk” as the slogan and cooperated with hospitals to promote the infant formula and attract consumers. In the newspapers and magazines, the breast milk was generally acknowledged as the best food source, the infant formula was gradually considered a reasonable choice when there was no breast milk. In answer to the question about why mothers would choose infant formula even when they knew breast milk was better, I conclude that such decisions were made under the circumstances where mothers were informed by the feeding discourse that infant formula was a reasonable alternative to breast milk, ever since they had lost their access to the basic breastfeeding knowledge after they left their hometown during urbanization. Once the infant formula was made more affordable, it witnessed the rise and popularization of infant formula. Finally, with observations from the discourse of “human milk” as the best infant food source, the emergence of infant formula as a reasonable/preferable choice, and the resurgence in breastfeeding, I intend to demonstrate how breastfeeding comes to mean mother’s love, and would contend that the “good mother” image also shifts through feeding discourses, and is gradually constructed or associated with mothers’ feeding choices
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
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Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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