1,720,963 research outputs found
Life Cycle Assessment of Regional Freshwater Consumption and Freshwater Use
No full text近年來全球人口成長及經濟發展快速，超量抽取地面水與地下水、污染淡水資源，以及使用效率不彰，造成淡水資源壓力提升與生態多樣性損失，產生的衝擊橫跨人體健康、生態系品質及資源存量三大面向。生命週期評估利用科學連結推導水資源消耗造成的潛在衝擊與損害，近年成為評估水資源耗用與使用衝擊的新興方法。
然而，現有方法大多考量水量變化，不討論水質對可用水量的影響，除此之外，淡水資源耗用與使用的衝擊具有區域與時間差異，早期生命週期評估模式為通用性模式，計算的時間尺度以年為主，空間尺度依研究者偏好而異，使得評估結果不能精準反映時空變化下的特徵。
本研究的目的為考量水質、水資源的時間與空間可及量，以及用水標的之間的競爭，設計水資源耗用及水資源使用兩個衝擊類別與對應的特徵因子(水壓力)計算方法，期望評估地面淡水耗用對集水區造成的潛在衝擊；另外，本研究模擬節水情境產生不同情況下的特徵因子，並以臺灣3個科學工業園區的所有基地作為研究對象，評估所有情境下基地地面水淡水資源耗用與淡水資源使用的潛在衝擊。
研究結果顯示，不論是耗用水壓力或是水質水壓力，枯水期壓力均大於豐水期壓力；耗用水壓力於各情境中均可反映標的用水競爭排擠的現象，尤其全標的節水可使水壓力下降更快，整體來說標的優先序愈低，壓力愈大；水質水壓力反映用水量與標的可用水質水量的比值，農業水質水壓力特別大，節水情境下水壓力變化很小。案例分析結果顯示，南科臺南園區水耗用衝擊最大，南科高雄園區則是水使用衝擊最大，主要原因為水壓力屬於重度剝奪；節水情境下以全標的節水使園區造成的水資源耗用衝擊降低5%~17%，而水資源使用衝擊降低1%~6%。
本研究所建立之生命週期評估衝擊方法，提供新的水壓力指標與看待水資源衝擊的新視角，並補足目前水資源地域性潛在衝擊評估的方法斷層，未來可應用於國內外各項產品服務的評估，或是做為水資源管理指標。A substantial amount of evidence has indicated that freshwater use and consumption cause water scarcity, damage to human health, and ecological disorder. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a promising approach that can be used to estimate the impacts caused by water consumption and water use.
However, assessment schemes that address the potential environmental impacts of freshwater consumption and use have seldom been provided in LCA methods. The spatial and temporal scales of LCA models are not suitable for Taiwan, as most LCA models are site generic and annual. A majority of studies have also neglected reservoirs as an available water source and the impact of water availability on water quality. Therefore, our study proposes an LCA approach in which the regional water availability, wastewater quality, competition of water among all sectors, and spatial-temporal factors are considered. This LCA approach consists of two impact categories: water consumption and water use, in addition to the corresponding watershed-based and sector-wise characterization factors (also called water stress) during high/low-flow periods. The developed approach was applied in a case study of industrial parks in Taiwan. In addition, four scenarios of water conservation were generated to estimate characterization factors and potential impacts.
The results of the water stresses in Taiwan exhibited higher water stresses during low-flow periods than during high flow periods. And the higher priority of sector was, the lower water stress of sector would be. Moreover, water stresses for water consumption of watersheds in western Taiwan were higher than that in eastern Taiwan; and water stresses of agriculture for water use of each watershed was at the state of heavily deprived. In scenarios of water conservation, water stresses of water consumption visibly decreased for the competition of water among all sectors, but there were slight changes on water stresses of water use. With regard to impacts of the case study, science industrial parks with the greatest amount of impacts contributed to consume freshwater from the watersheds at the high water stress and discharge wastewater with worse water quality to the watersheds at the high water stress. Therefore, Southern Taiwan Science Park at Tainan had the highest potential impact of water consumption and Southern Taiwan Science Park at Kaohsiung had the highest potential impact of water use. At the scenario of water conservation of all sectors, impacts of water consumption declined 5%~17% and impacts of water use dropped 1%~6%.
Our proposed approach provides a new method to understand the impacts of freshwater consumption and freshwater use.第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 研究架構與流程 3
第二章 文獻回顧 6
2.1 淡水資源耗用與使用的生命週期評估方法 6
2.1.1 生命週期評估方法概述 6
2.1.2 淡水資源耗用及使用的盤查資料庫與分析方法 8
2.1.3 淡水資源耗用與使用的特徵化與衝擊損害評估 12
2.2 區域化的淡水資源耗用衝擊 20
2.3 臺灣淡水資源概況 22
2.3.1臺灣的水資源 22
2.3.2 臺灣的水資源耗用及使用的衝擊 23
第三章 研究方法 25
3.1 水資源耗用及使用衝擊特徵化模式 25
3.1.1水資源耗用 26
3.1.2水資源使用 29
3.2 研究情境 32
3.3 研究案例 33
3.3.1 範疇界定 36
3.3.2 盤查資料 37
第四章 研究結果與討論 50
4.1 水資源耗用與水資源使用的特徵因子建立 50
4.1.1水資源耗用特徵因子建立 51
4.1.2水資源使用特徵因子建立 60
4.2 衝擊評估 69
4.2.1 科學工業園區水資源耗用衝擊 69
4.2.2 科學工業園區水資源使用衝擊 74
4.3 衝擊評估方法的應用 77
第五章 結論與建議 79
參考文獻 82
附錄 8
Self-Care Behaviors and Related Factors Among the Elderly in Taiwan
No full text本研究目的為瞭解台灣老人健康自我照顧情形，包含增進健康自我照顧、疾病預防自我照顧、及整體自我照顧，並進一步探討影響自我照顧的因素。研究資料來自衛生署國民健康局「2003年台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查」，研究樣本為65歲以上老人，共2,864人。
本研究採用的增進健康自我照顧行為包括規律運動與不抽菸行為，有執行以上行為即各給一分，0-1分表示增進健康自我照顧程度為不好，2分表示增進健康自我照顧程度為好；而疾病預防自我照顧行為包括量血壓、血糖檢查、膽固醇檢查、與健康檢查等，有執行以上行為即各給一分，0-2分表示疾病預防自我照顧程度為不好，3-4分表示疾病預防自我照顧程度為好；整體自我照顧為以上二類自我照顧之整合結果，故其中0-3分表示整體自我照顧程度為不好，4-6分表示整體自我照顧程度為好。
研究結果發現，在增進健康自我照顧方面，67.2%的老人增進健康自我照顧程度為不好，32.8%增進健康自我照顧程度為好；在疾病預防自我照顧方面，44.8 %老人疾病預防自我照顧程度為不好，55.2%疾病預防自我照顧程度為好；綜觀之，老人整體自我照顧程度為不好者佔44.3%，而整體自我照顧程度為好者佔55.7%。利用邏輯斯迴歸分析老人之社會人口學特性、健康狀況、與社會支持等變項對自我照顧的影響。在控制相關影響因子之後，得到重要結果如下：虛弱程度顯著影響自我照顧行為，相較於虛弱者，無虛弱者增進健康自我照顧(男性OR=8.185、女性OR=24.878)、疾病預防自我照顧(OR=1.553)、及整體自我照顧(男性OR=2.333、女性OR=1.837)程度為好之機率皆較高；罹病數目、情緒性社會支持、教育程度亦顯著影響疾病預防自我照顧、及整體自我照顧行為，罹病數目愈多，疾病預防自我照顧(OR=1.395)、整體自我照顧(男性OR=1.408、女性OR=1.533)程度為好之機率皆顯著提高，另相較於低度情緒性社會支持者，具中度、高度情緒性社會支持者疾病預防自我照顧(OR=1.343、1.666)、整體自我照顧(男性OR=1.452、1.685，女性OR=1.540、1.846)程度為好之機率皆較高，而相較於未受正規教育者，初中(職)以上者疾病預防自我照顧(OR=1.483)、整體自我照顧(男性OR=1.917)程度為好之機率亦較高；其他如年齡、居住地區等亦是自我照顧的顯著影響因素。
依據本研究結果，建議在政策上應加強教育程度較低、虛弱、罹病數目少、缺乏情緒性社會支持的老人之健康照護策略，以促進其執行健康自我照顧行為，增進與維持整體健康。The purpose of this study was to understand self-care behaviors and associated factors among the elderly in Taiwan. Data came from “2003 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and Elderly in Taiwan” , which was conducted by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health. Our analyses only included subjects aged 65 and over, with a total sample size of 2,864.
Promoting self-care behaviors included regular exercise and no smoking. Subjects who performed an activity were assigned a score of one, while those not engaged in that behavior were assigned a score of zero. Scores for the two activites were summed to represent the promoting self-care scale, with a range from zero to two. Preventing self-care behaviors included blood pressure checks, blood sugar screening, cholesterol screening, and periodic physical examination. The same scoring scheme was applied to compose the preventing self-care scale, with a score of two and below as low level of self care, while three and above as high level. Finally, a composite self-care score was determined based on promoting and preventing self-care behaviors scores. A score between zero to three represented poor engagement in overall self-care, and that between four to six as good engagement.
The study showed that, among elderly people surveyed, the rates of low-level and high-level promoting self-care behavior were 67.2% and 32.8%, respectively, while the rates for preventing self-care behaviors was 44.8% for the low-level and 55.2% for the high-level. In terms of the overall self-care behaviors, 44.3% were with poor engagement and 55.7% with good engagement.
When adjusting for other factors using logistic regression, frailty was the most powerful factor associated with self-care behaviors. Non-frail elderly were more likely to engage in promoting (male:OR=8.185;female:OR=24.878), preventing (OR=1.553), and overall self-care (male:OR=2.333;female:OR=1.837). Other factors, including chronic diseases, emotional social support and education, were also significantly associated with preventing and overall self-care behaviors. Those suffering from more chronic diseases were more likely to engage in preventing (OR=1.395) and overall self-care (male:OR=1.408;female:OR=1.533). Elderly people with more emotional social support had a higher probability of engaging in preventing (OR=1.343,1.666) and overall self-care (male:OR=1.452,1.685; female:OR=1.540,1.846). Lastly, those having junior-high school education and above were also more likely to engage in preventing (OR=1.483) and overll self-care (male:OR=1.917). In addition, factors such as age and region of residence were also significantly related to self-care.
According to the findings, elderly who were less educated, frail, having less chronic diseases, and having less emotional social support were less likely to engage in self-care. It is suggested that public policy should provide appropriate self-care interventions designed for this high-risk group.誌謝……………………………………………………………………i
中文摘要………………………………………………………………ii
英文摘要………………………………………………………………iv
目錄……………………………………………………………………vi
圖表目錄………………………………………………………………vii
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………1
第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………4
第一節 自我照顧的定義………………………………………4
第二節 老人自我照顧情形……………………………………7
第三節 自我照顧的影響因素…………………………………18
第三章 研究材料與方法……………………………………………31
第一節 研究架構與假說………………………………………31
第二節 研究材料………………………………………………33
第三節 研究變項定義與測量…………………………………34
第四節 資料分析………………………………………………41
第四章 研究結果……………………………………………………42
第一節 樣本特性………………………………………………42
第二節 自我照顧執行狀況……………………………………45
第三節 自我照顧相關因素分析………………………………46
第四節 影響自我照顧因素的多變項分析……………………58
第五章 結論…………………………………………………………64
第一節 重要發現與討論………………………………………64
第二節 研究限制………………………………………………69
第三節 政策啟示………………………………………………71
參考文獻………………………………………………………………9
Investigation of the Role of Srsf1 in Class Switch Recombination
No full text為能有效保護宿主不受到不同的外來抗原入侵，B細胞必須具備製造多樣化抗體的能力，而其中之一便是透過抗體類型轉換重組機制 (Class switch recombination, CSR) 使細胞表面從表現抗體IgM轉變為其他類型抗體。Srsf1能藉由阻止R-loop結構生成以穩定基因體，且其異構型Srsf1-3可能參與於SHM中。由於R-loop結構被認為存在於CSR中，且SHM和CSR兩機制有許多相似處，我們推測Srsf1亦有可能參與在CSR中。在論文中我們透過兩部分的實驗探討Srsf1於CSR中的可能角色：觀察CSR進行時的Srsf1特性變化包含srsf1基因表現及其於細胞中分佈情形，以及於小鼠B細胞株 (CH12F3) 中進行srsf1基因剔除。由實驗結果發現，細胞經刺激後，Srsf1-1的mRNA含量於刺激兩天組別無顯著變化，於刺激三天組別下降至九成左右，其蛋白質表現量則於刺激兩天及三天後下降至未受刺激組別的八成左右，此外，Srsf1-3的mRNA含量亦於刺激兩天及三天後下降至未受刺激組別的八成左右。透過核質分離觀察Srsf1-1於細胞中的分佈，發現於未受刺激及受刺激組別中，大部份Srsf1-1皆位於細胞核中，且細胞經刺激後，細胞質中Srsf1-1下降至未受刺激組別之六成左右，而細胞核部分則有待內部控制蛋白質 (internal control) 決定後才能進一步分析。接著第二部分實驗於CH12F3細胞中進行srsf1 基因剔除，欲確認其對CSR的重要性，目前針對srsf1+/-細胞株經刺激後初步檢測其CSR發生頻率，發現和wild type組別相比並無顯著變化，而srsf1 基因可能對於細胞生存具重要性，致使目前尚未得到srsf1-/-細胞株。綜合目前的實驗結果，Srsf1於CSR中的功能仍需更多實驗證據進行推論。To effectively protect the host against different kinds of pathogens, B cells are capable to secret various isotypes of antibodies. Through class switch recombination (CSR), the immunoglobulin isotype of B cells switch from IgM to other isotypes. Srsf1 was known to maintain genome stability by preventing R-loops formation, and its isoform Srsf1-3 might be involved in somatic hypermutation (SHM). Since R-loop structures exist in the CSR process and SHM shares similar mechanisms with CSR, we speculated that Srsf1 might also participate in CSR.
The aim of the thesis is to investigate the role of Srsf1 in CSR from two aspects. First, the characteristics changes of Srsf1 during CSR were addressed, including the expression level and subcellular location of Srsf1. Second, the srsf1 gene was knocked out in CH12F3 cells, a murine B cell line as the CSR model. After CSR stimulation, the mRNA amounts of srsf1-1 remained unchanged in two-day-stimulated group, and decrease by 10% in three-day-stimulated group, and the protein amount of Srsf1-1 decreased slightly by about 20% after stimulation for two days and three days. The mRNA amounts of srsf1-3 decreased slightly by about 20% after stimulation for two days and three days. Next, Srsf1-1 was found mostly located in the nuclear fraction in both unstimulated and stimulated cells. Moreover, the Srsf1-1 amount in the cytoplasm fraction decreased apparently by about 40%. However, the change of the Srsf1 amount in the nuclear fraction was not determined yet due to the uncertainty of the suitable internal control. Finally, srsf1+/- cell clones were generated by knocking out the srsf1 gene in CH12F3 cells. Preliminary results of srsf1+/- cells showed no significant influence on CSR. Nevertheless, srsf1-/- cells failed to be obtained possibly due to the important role of Srsf1 in cell survival. In conclusion, the role of Srsf1 in CSR needs more experiments to be confirmed.謝辭 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Abbreviations v
Table of contents vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin diversity 1
1.2 Class switch recombination (CSR) 2
1.3 Serine arginine rich splicing factor 1 (Srsf1) 5
1.3.1 SR protein family 5
1.3.2 Functions of Srsf1 6
1.3.3 Localization of Srsf1 7
1.4 Research purpose 9
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods 10
2.1 Cell culture and CSR rate determination 10
2.1.1 Cell culture 10
2.1.2 Induction of CSR 10
2.1.3 Cell staining and flow cytometry analysis for CSR rate 10
2.2 Srsf1 gene knockout 11
2.2.1 Srsf1 knockout plasmid construction 11
2.2.2 Srsf1 knockout plasmid transfection 11
2.2.3 Genomic DNA extraction (Rough method) 12
2.2.4 Genomic DNA extraction (Phenol-chloroform extraction) 13
2.3 mRNA quantification 13
2.3.1 Total RNA extraction 13
2.3.2 DNase treatment 14
2.3.3 cDNA synthesis 15
2.3.4 Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) 15
2.3.5 Relative quantification 15
2.4 Protein analysis 16
2.4.1 Whole cell lysate preparation 16
2.4.2 Subcellular fractionation 16
2.4.3 Gel electrophoresis 17
2.4.4 Transfer 17
2.4.5 Immunoblotting 18
2.5 Southern blot 18
2.5.1 Genomic DNA digestion 18
2.5.2 Electrophoresis and gel denaturation 18
2.5.3 Transfer and DNA-crosslink 19
2.5.4 Probe labeling 19
2.5.5 Pre-hybridization and probe hybridization 19
2.5.6 Immunological detection 20
Chapter 3 Results 21
3.1 Characteristics of Srsf1 during CSR 21
3.1.1 Induction of CSR in CH12F3 cells 21
3.1.2 The mRNA level of srsf1-1 and srsf1-3 during CSR 21
3.1.3 The protein level of Srsf1-1 during CSR 21
3.1.4 Subcellular localization of Srsf1-1 during CSR 22
3.1.5 Phosphorylation status of Srsf1-1 23
3.1.6 Sorting of IgA+- and IgA--expressing CH12F3 cells 23
3.2 Srsf1 gene knockout in the CH12F3 cell line 24
3.2.1 First allele knockout of the srsf1 gene 24
3.2.2 Southern blot for srsf1+/- genotyping 25
3.2.3 Second allele knockout of the srsf1 gene 26
3.2.4 Expression of srsf1 gene in srsf1 knockout CH12F3 26
3.2.5 Effect of srsf1 gene knockout in CH12F3 cells on CSR 27
Chapter 4 Discussion 28
4.1 Regulation of srsf1 gene in CSR 28
4.2 Internal controls for the nuclear fraction 29
4.3 Importance of Srsf1 in cell survival of CH12F3 29
4.4 Antibody for Srsf1-3 30
Chapter 5 Future work 31
Chapter 6 Figures and tables 32
Figure 1. CSR rate detection in stimulated CH12F3 cells by flow cytometry 32
Figure 2. mRNA level of srsf1-1 and srsf-3 in stimulated CH12F3 cells 33
Figure 3. Protein level of Srsf1-1 in stimulated CH12F3 cells 34
Figure 4. Subcellular fraction of Srsf1 in CH12F3 cells by Western blotting 36
Figure 5. The phosphorylation status of Srsf1-1 in different subcellular fractions in stimulated CH12F3 cells 37
Figure 6. Srsf1 gene expression level in IgA-- and IgA+-expressing cells by RT-qPCR and Western blotting 38
Figure 7. Southern blot for srsf1+/- genotype check 39
Figure 8. Southern blot for genotyping of different CH12F3 cell clones 40
Figure 9. Srsf1 gene expression in srsf1+/- cells 41
Figure 10. The CSR rate of stimulated srsf1+/- cells by flow cytometry 42
Reference list 43
Appendixes 48
A. Details of primers 48
B. PCR conditions 49
C. Antibodies for western blotting 50
D. Candidate α-Srsf1-3 antibodies and the immunoblotting results 51
E. Diagram of pKY-TV-Srsf1 and PCR primers for genotyping 52
F. EcoRV sites and probe-detecting fragments for each allele type 53
G. Diagram of RT-qPCR primers for quantification of srsf1-1 and srsf1-3 54
口試委員之提問與建議 5
The interaction between acute oligomer Aβ1–40 and stress severely impaired spatial learning and memory
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
