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Related Data for: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Hot and Cool Executive Functions in Reward and Competition
No full textHealthy Adults fMRI and T1 data. Preprocessed using spm12
Molecular signaling of Quercetin and CAPE, prossessing plasma glucose lowering activity, in C2C12 cell line
No full text背景：糖尿病是影響全世界人口健康的代謝疾病，隨著罹患糖尿病人數日益增加，尋找新的治療方法是必要的。Quercetin是一種flavonoid，存在許多天然物中，臨床研究顯示quercetin除了抗氧化外，還有其他生物活性，更有研究更指出quercetin可以預防糖尿病。CAPE為蜂蠟的主要成分，研究指出CAPE可以促進3T3-L1 adipocytes分泌adiponectin，可能有助於治療第二型糖尿病。本篇論文主要的研究方向是利用培養細胞來探討兩個具有降血糖作用的藥物quercetin與CAPE的作用機轉，以骨骼肌細胞C2C12作為探討帄台，確立quercetin與CAPE作為降血糖藥物的發展潛力。
材料及方法：本篇實驗使用C2C12小鼠骨骼肌細胞株作為細胞模式，看Quercetin與CAPE對AMPK和Akt活性的影響，並進一步測試Quercetin與CAPE對葡萄糖吸收、ATP含量、肝醣合成的改善作用。
結果： 本篇實驗結果發現Quercetin與CAPE可以促進C2C12小鼠骨骼肌細胞對於葡萄糖的吸收，兩藥分別皆在0.03 μM開始顯著增加葡萄糖再吸收的作用，在濃度10 μM作用最強。給予不同濃度的Quercetin 15分鐘，在濃度0.1 μM有明顯的活化AMPK的作用，而在0.3 μM和10 μM時AMPK有最大的磷酸化。在Quercetin 0.3 μM在30分鐘時AMPK才有明顯的磷酸化現象，到120分鐘達到最大磷酸化；而在Quercetin高濃度10 μM作用時，5分鐘時AMPK則已有磷酸化的現象，並在120分鐘時作用最大。CAPE 0.3 μM在30分鐘時AMPK磷酸化開始明顯增加，60分鐘至120分鐘達到最大磷酸化；而在CAPE高濃度10 μM作用下，5分鐘時AMPK即有磷酸化的現象，隨著藥物作用時間增加，AMPK磷酸化程度也逐漸上升，到120分鐘達到最大。然而Quercetin與CAPE活化Akt的模式與活化AMPK不同，給予不同濃度的Quercetin 15分鐘，在濃度0.03 μM下，Akt活化即有明顯增加，而在較高濃度的1 μM、3 μM與10 μM達到最大磷酸化。給予Quercetin 0.3 μM在
30分鐘時Akt磷酸化才明顯增加；給予Quercetin 10 μM，15分鐘時Akt開始被磷酸化，到30分鐘時Akt磷酸化程度最大。另外給予不同濃度的CAPE 15分鐘，Akt磷酸化程度在0.03 μM就增加，亦是在1 μM開始磷酸化的情形變得更明顯。給予CAPE 0.3 μM，Akt磷酸化程度在15分鐘時開始，到30分鐘增加；而給予CAPE 10 μM，Akt磷酸化現象在15分鐘開始被活化，隨著時間增加，Akt活化程度最高，到120分鐘時Akt磷酸化程度最大。
C2C12骨骼肌細胞以不同濃度Quercetin作用 15分鐘，在濃度0.03 μM時ATP的含量就有顯著的下降，濃度為10 μM下降最多；給予細胞不同濃度的CAPE 15分鐘，在濃度0.03 μM時ATP含量顯著的下降，且ATP含量隨著CAPE濃度的升高而降低。Quercetin與CAPE於低濃度(0.3 μM)和高濃度(10 μM)時，5分鐘時ATP的含量顯著的降低，且隨著藥物刺激時間的拉長而ATP含量逐漸回復，但還是比未加藥組來的低。間接證明了Quercetin與CAPE會藉由降低細胞的ATP含量來提高AMP：ATP的比率，進而活化AMPK，而隨著AMPK的活化，ATP的含量又漸漸攀升。
此外，Quercetin與CAPE增加AMPK與Akt的活化分別會被Compound C與Akt inhibitor抑制。而Quercetin與CAPE促進葡萄糖吸收與肝醣合成的作用亦會被Compound C與Akt inhibitor給抑制，但不會抑制ATP含量的降低。可以得知Quercetin與CAPE促進細胞的葡萄糖吸收與肝醣合成是經由AMPK與Akt兩條路徑。
結論：Quercetin與CAPE的降血糖活性的機制可能是藉由AMPK路徑與Akt路徑兩條路徑來調控，而Quercetin與CAPE活化AMPK與Akt是否和在生物體內降血糖作用有關以及彼此如何互相調控仍頇進一步研究。Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders that disturbs lots of people’s health all over the world. With the growth of diabetic patients amount, the search for new agent in treatment of diabetes is necessary. Quercetin is a kind of flavonoid, existing in many nature products. Clinical research shows that quercetin possesses many biological activities besides anti-oxidative activity. There are some studies showing that quercetin can prevent diabetes. CAPE is a main component of propolis. There is a study suggesting that CAPE is able to stimulate 3T3-L1 adipocytes to secrete much more adiponectin, referring to assisting to treat Type II diabetes. The research purpose of this study is to use cultured cell figuring out the potential of quercetin and CAPE as antibiabetic drugs.
Material and methods: The effects of quercetin and CAPE on activity of AMPK and Akt and the effects of both agents on glucose uptake, ATP level and glycogen synthesis were examined and compared in C2C12 myotube.
Results: Quercetin and CAPE both significantly increased the glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis of C2C12 myotube at 0.03 μM and reached the strongest effect at 10 μM. In parallel with the stimulation of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, both quercetin and CAPE stimulated AMPK and Akt phosphrylation of C2C12 myotube in concentration and time-dependent manner. Quercetin started to stimulate AMPK phosphorylation at 0.3 μM while CAPE started to stimulate AMPK phosphorylation at 0.03 μM. Increasing concentrations of both agents from 0.3 to 10 μM shortened the onset time of AMPK phosphrylation from 30 to 5 minutes. The stimulation of AMPK phosphorylation by both agents reached highest level in 60 to 120 minutes. With regard to the effects on Akt, both quercetin and CAPE started to stimulate Akt phosphorylation
at 0.03 μM. Increasing quercetin and CAPE concentrations from 0.3 to 10 μM did not shorten the onset time of Akt phosphorylation but increase the level of Akt phosphorylation.
Treating with quercetin and CAPE resulted in a reduction of ATP level in C2C12 myotube concentration-dependently, ATP level was significantly decreased by both agents at 0.03 μM. Both agents induced initial decrease of ATP level in 5 to 15 minutes, which then recover with time to a level less than control condition.
The stimulation of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by both agents was reduced by AMPK inhibition (Compound C) and Akt inhibition. The decrease of ATP level by both agents however remained unaffected by Compound C and Akt inhibitor.
Conclusion: The present study proved that both quercetin and CAPE can stimulate glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in C2C12 myotube. Since AMPK and Akt inhibitors could inhibit the stimulation effects of both agents on glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, the stimulation effects of both agents on glucose utilization could be attributed to the stimulation of AMPK and Akt activity. The stimulation of AMPK activity by both agents may be related to the reduction of ATP level by both agents. The mechanisms of ATP depletion by both agents remain unknown and need further study
A Study on the Curriculum Design of Forest Environmental Education─A Case Study of Plantation Thinning
No full text疏伐乃是人工林經營中相當重要的操作項目之一，因此本研究透過系統化教學設計模式發展出一套適合社會大眾的森林環境教育－人工林疏伐課程，以便增進社會大眾對於疏伐的認識，以及進一步了解有關人工林經營的知識，並且培養出民眾愛林、保林的環境意識。
本課程所設定的教學對象為高中以上之社會大眾，據此設計出三大教學活動「林分密度好好玩」、「選木智慧王」、「疏伐達人」，最後，透過人工林疏伐學習成效測驗、學生課後意見回饋、專家課程評鑑等方式來評估本疏伐課程之教學成效。此外，研究者也將蒐集到的資料數據進行統計分析如t檢定、因素分析以及集群分析。經過整理歸納後得出以下的結論：
一、森林環境教育課程之設計可運用系統化教學模式進行。
二、「生生不息－人工林疏伐課程」確實符應環境教育目標。
三、「生生不息－人工林疏伐課程」可有效提升學生在人工林疏伐的學習成效。Thinning is the most essential factor in the management of plantation. This research adopted to the instructional system design model in order to create a suitable plans of plantation thinning for forest environmental education to adult. The researcher has designed three types of plantation thinning lessons. Besides that, this kind of plans may also help students to gain more knowledge and experiences of plantation management.
After examination, the results revealed the following:
1.Forest environmental education was designed by Instructional System successfully.
2.Plantation thinning plans design is in keeping with goals of environmental education.
3.Plantation thinning plans may also enhance the learning effect to the knowledge of plantation thinning
Adsorption of Nicotine on Ordered Mesoporous Carbon in Aqueous Solution
No full text尼古丁(Nicotine)為一種具有良好水溶性的高毒性植物鹼，因近年來已於都市汙水廠的放流水中被發現而備受關注。且由於目前國內外並無制訂針對尼古丁的放流水標準，隨著大量的尼古丁持續排放到水環境中，勢必會增加人體暴露到尼古丁的風險，但至今仍缺乏針對水中尼古丁的相關處理程序。雖近年來已有研究使用高級氧化處理法，但該方法不僅耗費大量能資源，且可能會產生比尼古丁毒性更高的中間產物，對環境及人體健康衝擊更大。因此，發展一個能有效去除水中尼古丁且低耗能低環境衝擊量的處理技術是目前迫切需要研究的方向。本研究以低溫水熱法製備摻雜奈米鎳金屬顆粒的規則中孔洞碳材(Ordered mesoporous carbon with embedded Nickel, OMC-Ni)作為吸附劑，吸附去除水中的尼古丁，並於反應結束後透過外加磁場進行回收再利用。本研究中，係以SEM、TEM、XRD和BET探討OMC-Ni材料的特性分析，而以界達電位儀與FTIR分析材料表面的帶電性及官能基分佈。而在吸附實驗中，可利用合成之OMC-Ni材料降解尼古丁。在尼古丁初始濃度300μM、吸附反應3小時後，尼古丁在pH=2、6、8.7、10及溫度25度條件下的吸附實驗去除率分別為3.98 %、27.7 %、46.4 %、84.6 %，發現材料對尼古丁的去除率隨著pH值的上升而增加，於pH=10鹼性條件下有最佳的去除率。此外本研究亦結合綠色化學的理念與生命週期評估法，針對有無摻雜鎳金屬的兩種材料(OMC及OMC-Ni)與兩種材料的回收重複利用方式(添加部分新材料及直接重複利用)進行環境友善度評估比較。由LCA結果顯示，OMC-Ni因單位尼古丁去除率較低，故比起OMC有較高的環境衝擊，而回收後添加部分材料的重複利用方式比起直接重複利用有較佳的環境友善度。本研究藉由摻雜鎳金屬顆粒的規則中孔洞碳材作為一可磁性分離的吸附劑，已成功去除水中的尼古丁且可回收再利用，提供一個新型的尼古丁去除技術，並以生命週期評估法作為技術評估與未來改善方向的依據。Nicotine (3-substituted pyridine, C10H14N2), a highly toxic alkaloid found in municipal wastewater, poses a serious public health concern. Since nicotine effluent standards have yet to be established, large quantities of tobacco waste from cigarette production have led to an increase in nicotine concentration in both underground and surface water flows. However, the technology to treat nicotine contaminated water is lacking. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been used in recent years, but do not achieve total mineralization of the nicotine, and therefore the toxicity of the intermediates generated, and their evolution during the oxidation process. Therefore, in this study a novel material, ordered mesoporous carbons with embedded metallic nickel nanoparticles (OMC-Ni), was synthesized for improving the adsorption of nicotine. A simple and low temperature (50℃) hydrothermal method was used which made nickel particles homogeneously disperse in the carbon matrices, while the pore mesostructure remained intact. The results can be demonstrated by using XRD, SEM, TEM and BET. The adsorption test results of nicotine removal rate at pH= 2, 6, 8.7, and 10 were 4.0, 27.7, 46.4 and 84.6%, respectively, at an initial 300μM nicotine concentration for 180 min. The adsorption amount of nicotine decreased with decreasing pH of aqueous solution, whereas the adsorption amount tended to increase at basic pH condition. The OMC-Ni composites were demonstrated to be effective molecular adsorbents for magnetic separation. In addition, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to calculate the environmental impacts of different adsorbents (OMC-Ni and OMC) and repeat methods. The results revealed OMCs have lower energy consumption and are more environmentally friendly than OMC-Ni due to their great removal rate. In the study, we develop a new and successful method for nicotine removal, as well as a life cycle inventory of treatment technology.誌謝 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 研究目標與內容 2
1.4 工作項目 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 尼古丁(Nicotine) 5
2.1.1 尼古丁特性 5
2.1.2 尼古丁危害 6
2.1.3 尼古丁相關研究 7
2.2 規則中孔洞材料 8
2.2.1 孔洞材料 8
2.2.2中孔洞碳材 10
2.3 吸附理論與模式 16
2.3.1 吸附現象基本理論 16
2.3.2 等溫吸附曲線 18
2.3.3 等溫吸附模式 20
2.4 環境衝擊評估 23
2.4.1 綠色化學的理念 23
2.4.2 生命週期評估法 24
2.4.3 LCA衝擊評估模式介紹 28
第三章 實驗方法與材料 30
3.1 研究架構與內容 30
3.2 實驗材料 32
3.2.1實驗藥品 32
3.2.2實驗設備 32
3.3 OMC-Ni材料製備 32
3.4 尼古丁吸附實驗 35
3.5 測量儀器 36
3.5.1 材料表面特性分析 36
3.5.2 尼古丁吸附實驗分析 40
3.6 生命週期評估方法 41
3.6.1 案例描述 41
3.6.2 目標與範疇界定 44
3.6.3 盤查清單 46
第四章 結果與討論 50
4.1 材料結構特徵 50
4.1.1 XRD 50
4.1.2 SEM 52
4.1.3 TEM 54
4.1.4 比表面積與孔徑分佈 57
4.2 材料表面特性分析 60
4.2.1 界達電位 60
4.2.2 FTIR 60
4.3 尼古丁吸附實驗 61
4.3.1 以紫外光-可見光光譜儀分析水中尼古丁 61
4.3.2 OMC-Ni在不同pH值條件下對尼古丁吸附之影響 62
4.3.3 OMC-Ni在不同溫度條件下對尼古丁吸附之影響 64
4.3.4等溫吸附模式 67
4.3.5 OMC-Ni與水中尼古丁吸附機制之探討 71
4.3.6 OMC與OMC-Ni吸附水中尼古丁之比較 73
4.3.7 OMC-Ni回收材料重複實驗 75
4.4 生命週期評估結果與闡釋 77
4.4.1 兩種材料之LCA結果與闡釋 77
4.4.2 兩種回收重複利用方式之LCA結果與闡釋 88
4.4.3 LCA評估結果綜合探討 95
第五章 結論與建議 96
5.1 結論 96
5.2 建議 98
參考文獻 99
附錄 106
附錄A 化學藥劑合成盤查清單 106
附錄B 生命週期評估結果 10
Expression of Tetranectin is Affected by Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Adipocytes
No full textAmeliorating Fatty Liver through Oral Administration of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Lysine in Mice
No full text近年來脂肪肝成為已開發國家中常見的代謝失衡型流行病，初期病徵為脂質代謝失常，而於肝臟大量堆積，同時亦會伴隨發炎反應產生，進而造成肝纖維化、硬化，甚至肝衰竭或導致肝癌。二十二碳六烯酸（Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA）為人體必須的n-3多元不飽和脂肪酸，前人研究已證實DHA對人類健康極為有益，可降低脂質生成相關基因的表現，並改善心血管疾病與高血脂症。離胺酸是人體生長所須的必需胺基酸，參與肉鹼生成，並影響脂肪酸代謝。早期研究發現離胺酸可保護大鼠免於半乳糖胺造成之肝毒性，由此推測離胺酸有保護肝臟的效果。因此本研究欲探討DHA與離胺酸兩種營養素對非酒精性脂肪肝病（Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease）的影響。
活體試驗部分利用C57B/6小鼠做為動物模式，餵以高脂飼糧誘導脂肪肝形成。預備試驗中，高脂飼糧餵飼23週後的小鼠體重明顯高於對照組，其肝臟中有大量脂肪油滴堆積。而後正式試驗中，48隻小鼠分成對照組、0.5%（以平均日採食量計算）離胺酸、1 %離胺酸、1 % DHA、1 % DHA + 0.5%離胺酸以及1% DHA + 1%離胺酸六組（每組八隻），以灌食方式餵食各濃度營養素四週。各處理組的體重均較對照組低，此外，DHA處理組血清中三酸甘油酯與丙氨酸轉氨酶濃度皆顯著低於對照組，顯示飲食中添加DHA可減少脂肪堆積以保護肝臟。此外，DHA處理可降低發炎前驅因子mRNA表現，例如腫瘤壞死因子α（TNF-α）、細胞介白素1β（IL-1β）以及單核球趨化蛋白1（MCP-1）。DHA處理也同時降低脂質生成相關基因表現，例如脂肪酸合成酶（FAS）與乙醯輔脢A羧化脢1（ACC1），在肝臟與脂肪組織都有相同的結果。經由肝臟切片染色結果發現DHA與離胺酸處理皆可減少肝臟脂肪油滴堆積。
體外試驗部分利用人類肝癌細胞株SK-HEP-1處理1 mM油酸（OA）24小時做為脂肪肝細胞模式。細胞試驗分為對照組、0.1 mM DHA、4 mM離胺酸以及0.1 mM DHA + 4 mM離胺酸四個組別，分別在有OA存在與否的情況下添加不同濃度之DHA及離胺酸。實驗結果顯示DHA與離胺酸處理皆可減少FAS以及發炎前驅因子IL-6基因表現。
綜上所述，本研究證實餵飼DHA可降低小鼠血清中三酸甘油酯與丙胺酸轉胺酶濃度，並減少肝臟脂肪油滴堆積；此外，DHA處理可減低脂質生成與發炎前驅因子的表現，因而改善脂肪肝現象。而離胺酸只可減少肝臟脂肪堆積，但其調控機制以及離胺酸對脂質的影響還有待進一步釐清。因此，富有DHA與離胺酸的食物提供了改善非酒精性脂肪肝
的高度潛力。Fatty liver disease (FLD) is a worldwide illness, characterized with significant amount of triglyceride accumulation in the liver cells. Fatty liver progression with inflammation, FLD may further develop into fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver failure, or toward hepatocellular carcinoma. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for human. Treatment of DHA has been shown to decrease the expression of lipogenic genes and prevent some illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases. In addition to its critical role to animal growth, lysine plays a fundamental role in carnitine synthesis, a nutrient that helps to convert fatty acids into energy. It has been shown that lysine treatment protects rats against hepatotoxic actions of D-galactosamine. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of DHA and lysine on non-alcoholic FLD.
In the in vivo study, 48 C57B/6 mice were fed with high fat diet containing 35.5% fat for 23 weeks. They were then divided into 6 groups, with oral administration of saline, 0.5% (based on daily dietary intake) lysine, 1% lysine, 1% DHA, 1% DHA + 0.5% lysine and 1% DHA + 1 % lysine for 4 weeks. Mice with high fat diet exhibited heavier body weight than those fed with control chow diet. Histological examination showed that significant and numerous fat droplets accumulated in the liver of mice with high fat diet. Compared with the saline group, mice administrated with DHA or lysine or combined with both at any given levels exhibited a decrease of body weight. Furthermore, serum triglyceride levels and alanine transaminase activities were remarkably reduced in the groups fed with DHA, indicating that DHA may reduce fat accumulation to protect liver from steatosis. Indeed, the suggestion was supported by a decrease of the transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines genes such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 1β and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and lipogenic gene expreesions, such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) in the liver of mice with DHA treatment. Both the treatments of DHA and lysine decreased the accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets. Additionally, reduced mRNA expressions of FAS and ACC1 in mice gonadal adipose tissues by DHA treatment were observed.
In the in vitro studies, human hepatocellular carcinoma SK-HEP-1 cells were treated with 1 mM oleic acid in order to establish a cell model for fatty liver. After 24 hr culture, the steatotic hepatocytes were treated with 0.1 mM DHA, 4 mM lysine respectively or with 0.1 mM DHA + 4 mM lysine for 24 hr in the presence of or without OA. Results showed that the treatments significantly downregulated FAS and interleukin 6 transcription levels by DHA and lysine.
In conclusion, the present study suggests that DHA treatment decreases mice serum TG levels and ALT activities and reduced the hepatic lipid droplet accumulation. Moreover, treatment of DHA decreases lipogenic and inflammatory gene expressions and contributes to the amelioration of fatty liver. Lysine exerted effects only on decreasing lipid accumulation in the liver, and its regulatory mechanism required further studies. Based on the results above, foods abundant with DHA or lysine may have a high therapeutic potential in the amelioration of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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