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Effect of three phthalate esters (BBP, DBP, and DEP) n soil bacterial community
No full text本研究針對三種常存在台灣環境中的鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物 (phthalate esters,PAEs) ：鄰苯二甲酸丁酯苯甲酯 (BBP) 、鄰苯二甲酸二乙酯 (DEP) 、鄰苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DBP) ，並探其對土壤細菌族群結構的影響。本研究結合微生物核酸萃取、聚合酶鏈鎖反應 (PCR) 、變性梯度凝膠電泳 (DGGE) 等分子生物技術來了解微生物與鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物在降解過程中的關聯性。試驗用土壤分別採自於桃園區農業改良場 (簡稱Pu土) 和花蓮區農業改良場 (簡稱Wl土) 。於兩種土壤中添加PAEs，並於暗室25℃下進行培養，在各取樣時間點取土壤以正己烷萃取土壤中PAEs殘量，並以氣相層析儀-電子捕獲偵測器 (GC-ECD) 分析之。同時間以市售土壤核酸物質萃取試劑萃取土壤中的DNA，再藉由聚合酶鏈鎖反應放大細菌族群的16S rDNA片段，最後以變性梯度凝膠分析PCR產物並進而觀察添加PAEs對土壤細菌的影響。 以一次動力學方程式計算添加10 mg kg-1 PAEs於滅菌和未滅菌土壤中之消散情形。PAEs於滅菌土壤中的消散情形比在未滅菌土中慢，甚至有些經過11天之後仍未有消散的現象發生，這顯示生物性降解是PAEs消散很重要的一個步驟。在兩種試驗土壤中，BBP半衰期皆最長而DBP及DEP兩者的半衰期接近並皆小於兩天，烷基鏈越長 (或分子量越大) 者降解速率越慢。BBP和DEP在Wl土中消散較為快速，而DBP則在Pu土中消散的較快。比較5 mg kg-1 和10 mg kg-1 PAEs於未滅菌土壤中之消散情形，可知降解速率會受PAEs起始濃度影響。 在5 mg kg-1 PAEs於未滅菌土壤中之消散試驗中，三種PAEs皆在Pu土中消散的較快。混合添加三種PAEs的試驗驗中三種PAEs的消散速率皆變慢，這可能是太多的PAEs使得土壤微生物族群會抑制的結果。 由PCR-DGGE指紋圖譜發現，有添加PAEs的土壤亮帶數少於未添加PAEs之土壤，這顯示污染物PAEs會減少微生物之多樣性。有些細菌族群不會受到PAEs的影響，皆存在於各天數的圖譜中。而有些細菌族群則會受到PAEs的抑制或毒害而消失，另外則有些細菌族群會被PAEs誘導而出現。The text of this study aimed at three phthalate esters (PAEs) usually found in Taiwan：Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) , Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) , Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and it has been studied on the effect of these three PAEs to soil bacterial community structure. Extraction of total genomic DNA, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are composed of this study in order to analyze the relationship between bacterial community during PAEs degradation periods. The soil in the study came from Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station (Pu) and Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station (Wl) respectively. Add PAEs into soil and make them incubated under 25℃ in the dark. N-hexane was used to extract the remaining PAEs from soil sample and the analysis was done by GC-ECD at each sampling date. In the mean time genomic DNA in soil was isolated by using DNA isolation kit. Then use PCR to amplify the DNA of specific bacterial community. Finally, analyze the impact of PAEs on diversity of bacterial by DGGE fingerprints. Degradation rate constant, half-life values, and determination coefficients fitting in the soil treated with PAEs in the study fit well with first-order dynamic equation. To compare dissipation rates between sterile and non-sterile soil treated with PAEs (10 mg kg-1) revealed that biodegradation is a critical process in dissipation of PAEs because PAEs in sterile soil degraded far more slower than in non-sterile soil. The half-life values of non-sterile soil trated with BBP are longer than with DBP and DEP. This implicated that the longer length of alkyl chain (or the more molecular weight) it is the time to degrade it needs. The result from non-sterile soil treated with PAEs (10 mg kg-1) shows that BBP and DEP in Wl degrade faster. However, DBP did in Pu. In the circumstances of 5 mg kg-1, all three PAEs in the study degrade faster in Pu. Degradation rate in soil trated with mixed of three PAEs is slower than with individual PAEs. It’s probably because too much pollutant to endure for bacterial communities in soils. The result of PCR-DGGE indicated that soils treated with PAEs have the ability to decrease bands in fingerprints. This imply that pollutant such as PAEs may reduce diversity of bacterial communities. Some bacterial communities are found in all lanes in PCR-DGGE fingerprint, this means they are not so influenced by PAEs. Nevertheless, some are inhibited or toxic by PAEs. Still some induced by PAEs.中文摘要................................................................................................................... Ⅰ 文摘要................................................................................................................... Ⅱ錄........................................................................................................................... Ⅳ目錄....................................................................................................................... Ⅴ目錄....................................................................................................................... Ⅷ錄目錄................................................................................................................... Ⅸ、前言................................................................................................................... 1 、文獻回顧............................................................................................................ 3 （一）、鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物........................................................... 3 （二）、與本研究相關之生物技術.................................................... 14、研究目的及內容................................................................................................ 19、材料與方法........................................................................................................ 20 （一）、三種鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物降解測試.............................................. 20 （二）、三種鄰苯二甲酸酯類化合物於不同土壤降解過程中微生物之菌群分 析......................................................................................................... 29、結果與討論....................................................................................................... 34 （一）、三種PAEs之消散試驗....................................................................... 34 （二）、三種PAEs 對細菌族群結構的影響............................................... 40、結論................................................................................................................... 76考文獻................................................................................................................... 77錄......................................................................................................................... 8
Evaluation of training on marketing performance-Case study of a state-owned credit card issuing bank in Taiwan
No full text過去企業對於內部教育訓練的成效，多以參訓後學員在課程間的考試成績或課後填寫的課程滿意度問卷之填答為所依據，文獻上研究金融業所舉辦的教育訓練成效方面亦多以問卷或訪談方式來作評估；然而內部教育訓練對於參訓員工課後是否具有效實質提升「工作績效」的影響，對於一個企業未來的訓練及人力發展都是重要的議題。 本研究檢視國內某泛公股銀行2013:M2 -M6 及 M8-M12中7月份參訓 136位同仁在參加訓練前後各5個月核卡數的月資料，並以從未參訓的員工2,022人作為對照組，使用 difference-in-differences 方法進行估計，以縱橫資料(panel data)及實證方法分析從業人員個人背景的不同對於其參訓後績效的影響程度，並控制工作環境以及活動月份對於參訓人員單月核卡數之影響。 實證結果顯示，教育訓練對提升參訓學員之績效顯著造成正向影響；工作地點、年資、職等及性別對於績效無顯著性的差異；員工入行年資越淺則績效較好，單位推卡風氣較佳之員工普遍推卡績效較佳，參訓學員經辦職務內容接觸顧客時間越多機會越高者(如任職服務台及外務、消金或理財人員的人員)，推卡績效顯著性地較佳，服務單位有其他同仁獲得嘉獎者，推卡成績顯著較差。This study examines 136 colleagues to participate in training five months after and before marketing performance of a state-owned credit card issuing bank in 2013 M2-M6 and M8-M12 in July participating, and never participating in the training of employees 2,022 people as a control group, using difference-in-differences method to estimate panel data and empirical methods analyze different personal backgrounds of employees for its trainees after impact performance. The difference-in-differences model suggests there is positive impact on training to marketing performance
The Spatial Variance Analysis of Environmental Quality Monitoring Data
No full text本研究針對地下水、土壤等環境品質調查資料，利用統計方法分析，增加資料的利用價值。地下水水質方面，以民國82年至94年台灣地區區域性地下水監測資料為依據，利用多變量分析並配合地理資訊系統(GIS)將資料重新呈現，結果顯示台灣地區地下水受到五個因子主要影響，分別為因子一「海水鹽化因子」、因子二「重金屬污染因子」、因子三「酸鹼值因子」、因子四「有機污染因子」以及因子五「錳金屬影響因子」，其累積貢獻度為77.34%，將各因子造成原因加以討論。土壤重金屬Ni小樣區及點尺度方面，利用移動視窗法以及半變異元建立彰化地區Ni金屬之空間結構，其污染影響距離約為700公尺，另外可由迴歸分析得出和美鎮附近有持續污染發生的潛勢，應持續進行監測管制。台金濂洞煉銅廠附近由於冶煉銅礦伴隨產生之As煙塵外洩，進而污染到附近環境，利用各種統計分群方法，顯示以有限混合分佈模式進行單變數研究可得到有效之分群意義。The statistics methods were used to analyze the environmental quality data, such as groundwater data and soil heavy metal content data, and hope to increase the value of those data. Using multivariate analysis and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to analyze the groundwater quality data in Taiwan from 1993 to 2005 can find that there are five main factors for groundwater in Taiwan. Those factors are factor 1 (Saline Factor), factor 2 (Heavy Metal Pollution Factor), factor 3 (pH Factor), factor 4 (Organic Factor), and factor 5 (Manganese Factor). The cumulative percent of variance is 77.34%, the results and its cause are discussed. Use moving window method and semi-variogram to analyze the structure of Ni in Chang-Hwa. Find that the effect range of Ni in Chang-Hwa and find it is about 700m. Then, using regression analysis to find that there is contamination continuous occurring in Homei, and should be monitored. The arsenic contamination in Chinkuashih is caused by the smoke from mining industry. After using five statistics methods to analyze the univariate data, it shows that finite mixture model can get the effective classified group.目錄 頁次
謝誌
中文摘要
英文摘要
符號說明
目錄………………………………………… …………………………Ⅰ
表目錄……………………………………………… …………………Ⅴ
圖目錄……………………………………………… …………………Ⅶ
第一章 前言……………………………………… ……………………1
1-1 研究動機……………………………………………………………1
1-2 研究目的……………………………………………………………2
1-3 研究流程……………………………………………………………4
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………… ……………………7
2-1 環境問題與統計……………………………………………………7
2-2 地下水監測方面…………………… ……………………………11
2-2-1 地下水污染概述…………………………………………………11
2-2-2 國內外地下水監測項目標準比較………………………………14
2-3 土壤重金屬污染概述………………………………………………20
2-3-1 台灣地區重金屬污染調查概況…………………………………20
2-3-2 影響重金屬分佈之化學因子……………………………………22
2-4 因子分析……………………………………………………………26
2-5 地理統計……………………………………………………………28
2-6 有限混合分佈模式…………………………………………………30
第三章 材料與方法……………………… ……………………………33
3-1研究材料……………………………… ……………………………33
3-1-1 地下水(監測井)………………………………………… ………33
3-1-2 土壤(小樣區及點尺度土壤採樣)……… ………………………35
3-1-3 煙塵(濂洞煉銅廠附近個案)……………………… ……………37
3-2 因子分析……………………………………………………………39
3-2-1 原始數據標準化…………………………………………………39
3-2-2 對相關矩陣作主成分分析………………………………………40
3-2-3 確定主因子………………………………………………………41
3-2-4 因子軸的旋轉……………………………………………………43
3-2-5 因子得分的計算…………………………………………………44
3-3 地理統計……………………………………………………………46
3-4 移動視窗法(Moving window method)……… ……………………48
3-5 基本統計分群方法…………………………………………………53
3-5-1 Natural breaks (Jenks) …………………………………………53
3-5-2 Quantile (Equal numbers)………………………………………54
3-5-3 Equal interval……………………………………………………55
3-5-4 Standard deviation………………………………………………56
3-5-5 Finite Mixture Model……………………………………………57
第四章 結果與討論……………………………………………………65
4-1 台灣地區地下水(監測井)水質監測資料空間變異分析…………65
4-1-1 研究步驟…………………………………………………………65
4-1-2 結果與討論………………………………………………………69
4-1-3 小結…………………………………………… ………………101
4-2 彰化地區農地土壤重金屬Ni空間變異分析 ……………………102
4-2-1 研究步驟 ………………………………………………………102
4-2-2 彰化S1與P比較………………………………………………102
4-2-3 空間相關性--半變異分析………………………………………105
4-2-4 移動視窗迴歸法與空間資訊套疊分析 ………………………108
4-2-5 小結……………………………………… ……………………120
4-3 台金地區煙塵影響環境土壤空間變異分析… …………………121
4-3-1 研究步驟………………………… ……………………………121
4-3-2 結果與討論……………………… ……………………………122
4-3-3 小結………………………………………… …………………139
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………… ……………141
參考文獻………………………………………………………………14
Compression-aware Automatic Test Pattern Generation based on Skew Insertion Technique in the Broadcast Environment
No full text隨著積體電路製造技術的演進，設計益趨複雜，造成大量測試圖樣及測試機台成本的增加，測試資料壓縮已成為必要的技術。過去有許多研究藉由重新最佳化排序掃描鏈的廣播式壓縮技術來解決這個問題。然而，將掃描鏈重新排序會影響積體電路的時序及增加繞線的負擔。
偏移插入技術提供了另外一種解決方法的選擇。在掃描鏈之前插入偏移的硬體來延遲收到的測試資料值，以將測試資料變成可用廣播壓縮環境來編碼。然而過去此類方法通常分析操作事先產生的測試資料，使得已被廣泛應用的動態壓縮技術不能再被使用來增加壓縮率。此外，如果找不到可編碼的測試圖樣，則額外需要的序列圖樣會大幅降低壓縮率。
本篇論文在自動測試圖樣產生的同時，決定可被編碼組態，如此一來可以及早迴避矛盾的賦值。核心技術是能夠考慮壓縮的自動測試圖樣產生技術，以及部分序列式技術來減輕由廣播式壓縮造成的高度線性相關限制。
實驗中使用ISCAS89及ITC99標準電路來驗證本篇論文所提出的技術之效能。此技術基本上能夠提供高壓縮率，且不需要最佳化掃描鏈排序。As the advance of the technology and the design complexity increases, test compression techniques has become mandatory due to the growing test data volume and high ATE test cost. Several broadcast based technique has been proposed to address this issue by reordering the scan chains into an optimal structure. However, the reordering of the scan chains generally impact the timing and increases routing overhead.
Skew insertion provides an alternative solution. By inserting skews in front of the scan chains to delay the value received, the test patterns become encodable in the broadcast environment. However, conventional methods usually manipulate on the pre generated test sets, thus the widely-adopted dynamic compaction technique cannot be utilized afterward to further increase the compression ratio. Moreover, if an encodable solution cannot be found, the additional topping serial pattern will greatly degrades the compression ratio.
This thesis determines the encodable skew configuration during ATPG, so as to avoid the conflict assignment in an early stage. The core technology is the compression aware ATPG, and the partial serial technique is further proposed to alleviate the high linear dependency of the broadcast constraints.
Effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated with ISCAS89 and ITC99 benchmark circuit. The proposed technique generally provide high data reduction ratio, and without the need of the reordering the scan chains
The Proofreading Spectrum of DNA polymerase I to the Different Single Mismatches at 3’-Penultimate Site of the Primer
No full textDNA為生物體之遺傳物質，其高度複製忠誠度（fidelity）對維持基因穩定性及預防突變發生甚為重要。DNA聚合酶主要透過三種方式降低複製錯誤率：鹼基選擇性配對（base selection）、3端往5端外切酶（3’→5’ exonuclease）之校正能力（proofreading activity）及錯誤配對修復機制（mismatch repair system）。
相關研究指出DNA聚合酶能夠移除引子末端鹼基或末端連續兩個錯誤鹼基，但尚未有研究證實DNA聚合酶能夠校正引子末端倒數第二個配對錯誤鹼基。本實驗室發表文獻指出當DNA聚合酶I與DNA內切酶V（endonuclease V）、DNA連接酶（DNA ligase）及dNTP共同存在下能夠修復G-dI的錯誤配對，應是由DNA內切酶V切斷dI上游第二個磷酸雙酯鍵，活化DNA聚合酶I校正活性導致。為釐清此現象，我們製造十二種斷股上游第二個鹼基為錯誤配對之受質模擬引子與模板交會處，分析DNA聚合酶I對十二種受質之校正活性。
排除DNA聚合酶I行缺口轉譯（nick translation）的可能性後，結果顯示十二種受質皆可以被DNA聚合酶I修復，以purine．purine校正活性最好，purine．pyrimidine校正活性最差（C-A例外）。部分受質在低離子強度（50mM NaCl）下校正活性較好，例如A-C、T-G、G-G、C-T、T-C、A-A；C-C則在高或低離子強度下具有不同的校正活性。我們認為離子可能影響DNA聚合酶I或配對錯誤受質結構上的改變，但其確切造成的影響仍需進一步研究。
文獻顯示purine．purine是出現頻率最高的錯誤配對，兩個大的purine結合造成結構上扭曲，可能造成校正活性較高，得以將發生率高的錯誤配對進行修復。並且，有文獻顯示purine的鹼基堆疊力（base stacking force）較大，並且其N7官能基較易與DNA聚合酶I外切酶活化位之胺基酸結合，也可能提高其校正活性，在我們的研究中發現，當錯誤鹼基為purine且位於引子上時，其校正活性明顯較高，但T-G例外。而purine．pyrimidine則因為其結構與正確配對的Watson-Crick base pairing相似，導致校正活性微弱，但可經由錯誤配對修復機制補償。此外，當DNA聚合酶I往上游切除錯誤鹼基後，往下游繼續行聚合反應時，gap-form受質由於不需要DNA聚合酶I執行5端往3端外切酶活性即可聚合，因此有較高的校正活性。
本篇論文證實DNA聚合酶I之校正活性不僅能移除引子末端錯誤鹼基，其確實能夠校正斷股上游第二個鹼基為錯誤配對之受質，得以解釋本實驗室先前發表論文G-dI之修復現象。並且，DNA聚合酶I不僅能修復正常的鹼基，對於dI此種被修飾過的鹼基也具有校正活性。DNA carries genetic information in all organisms. During DNA replication, it is important to maintain genomic fidelity. Three correlating events operate in maintaining the high fidelity of genome：The first is base selection. The second is the proofreading activities of DNA polymerases, which can remove the last mismatched DNA at the primer-template junction. The third is DNA repair systems.
To date, there is no evidence showing that the mismatched DNA at penultimate site of the primer can be edited by DNA polymerase I. Our previous study showed that the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase I could edit deoxyinosine-containing heteroduplex DNA after processing by endonuclease V which created a strand breakage at the second phosphodiester bond 3’ to the deoxyinosine. To figure out how it works, we constructed twelve heteroduplex DNA containing single mismatch at penultimate site of the primer and analysed the proofreading activity.
The involvement of nick translation activity of DNA polymerase I was eliminated. Our results showed that all the twelve heteroduplex DNA can be edited by proofreading activity of DNA polymerase I and there were no general roles for trend of ionic strength in our proofreading assay. We identified purine．purine, the most frequently misinserted mismatches, could be edited well. According to the structure analysis, two large purine bases cause considerable strand strain that may lead to proofreading efficiency elevated. However, purine．pyrimidine mismatches were poorly edited probably due to these structures were similar to the correct Watson-Crick base pairs with minor distortion but the C-A could be edited well.
Furthermore, the mismatch repair system had high efficiency to repair purine．pyrimidine mismatches can compensate to poorly proofreading activity. On the other hand, the large purine bases have increased stacking ability and the common N7 groups may be preferred to bind with the amino acid residue of exonuclease site. We found that the misbase on the primer strand had the more efficiency of proofreading activity but the T-G was not.
Besides, we identified that gap-form substrate had better proofreading activity than nick-form. After removing the wrong base, DNA polymerase I will undergo polymerization. As a result of DNA carrying out polymerization without 5’ to 3’exonuclease activity with the gap-form substrate, it has higher proofreading efficiency.
Conclusively, we identified the proofreading activity of DNA polymerase I can edit DNA mismatches at the penultimate site of the primer. In addition to our previous study, the DNA polymerase I actually could edit deoxyinosine-containing heteroduplex DNA which containing a strand breakage at the second phosphodiester bond 3’ to the deoxyinosine
Modeling and assessing land-use and hydrological processes to future land-use and climate change scenarios in watershed land-use planning
No full textDissimilarity for functional data clustering based on smoothing parameter commutation
Full text linkMany studies measure the same type of information longitudinally on the same subject at multiple time points, and clustering of such functional data has many important applications. We propose a novel and easy method to implement dissimilarity measure for functional data clustering based on smoothing splines and smoothing parameter commutation. This method handles data observed at regular or irregular time points in the same way. We measure the dissimilarity between subjects based on varying curve estimates with pairwise commutation of smoothing parameters. The intuition is that smoothing parameters of smoothing splines reflect the inverse of the signal-to-noise ratios and that when applying an identical smoothing parameter the smoothed curves for two similar subjects are expected to be close. Our method takes into account the estimation uncertainty using smoothing parameter commutation and is not strongly affected by outliers. It can also be used for outlier detection. The effectiveness of our proposal is shown by simulations comparing it to other dissimilarity measures and by a real application to methadone dosage maintenance levels
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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