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Development of Potentially Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria as Feed Additives
No full text本研究之目的為開發抗病原菌、耐抗生素及具免疫調節性潛力益生菌之低成本培養基，並以冷凍乾燥之方式製作成商用飼料添加物。
第一部份研究中，將先前實驗中自豬隻及雞隻腸道或糞便檢體中經分離篩選所得之18株乳酸菌，進一步測試其病原菌抑制性 (Escherichia coli BCRC 10450、Staphylococcus aureus BCRC 10451及Salmonella typhimurium BCRC 10747)，抗生素敏感性及免疫調節作用。結果顯示，4株乳酸菌 (Lactobacillus johnsonii 2-1A、Lb. mucosae x-4w-1、Lb. johnsonii x-1d-2及Lb. mucosae 4-2B) 相較於其他菌株具有較佳之機能性，進而選定此4株乳酸菌進行後續試驗。
第二部份研究中，為配製上述4株乳酸菌之低成本培養基，以反應曲面法及序列二次規劃法求得高產量乳酸菌之最適化配方。結果顯示，乳酸菌以此培養基培養16小時後所得之菌數分別高達9.14、9.27、8.76及9.18 log CFU/mL，在驗證實驗中所得之菌數與反應曲面法預測所得者並無顯著差異。此外，此培養基之成本可降低至MRS培養基之1%以下。
研究中亦評估冷凍乾燥及微膠囊化對乳酸菌存活之影響。結果顯示，冷凍乾燥之乳酸菌粉於4°C下保存8週後仍能維持高量菌數，故選定冷凍乾燥之菌粉做為餵飼形式。以Lb. mucosae x-4w-1及Lb. johnsonii x-1d-2餵飼21日齡之離乳仔豬並觀察其對豬隻生長表現、糞便菌相及血清中免疫球蛋白含量之影響。結果顯示，在餵飼三週後仔豬血清中之IgG濃度有增加之情形。The objective of this study was to develop a low-cost medium to cultivate potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with antibacterial, antibiotic-tolerant and immunoregulatory activities and formulated these LAB using freeze-drying as commercial feed additives.
In the first part of study, eighteen LAB strains, isolated from pig feces, chicken intestine and feces, were evaluated their antibacterial activities (Escherichia coli BCRC 10450, Staphylococcus aureus BCRC 10451 and Salmonella typhimurium BCRC 10747), antibiotic susceptibilities and immune-modulating effect (interleukin-6 (IL-6)). Results indicated that four lactobacilli including Lactobacillus johnsonii 2-1A, Lb. mucosae x-4w-1, Lb. johnsonii x-1d-2 and Lb. mucosae 4-2B showed better functional properties than the other strains. These four strains were selected for the next study.
In the second part of study, we formulated the low-cost culture media for the above selected LAB. The response surface methodology and sequential quadratic programming methods were used to optimize the best formula to gain maximum populations of LAB. Results indicated that the cell counts of four LAB strains could reach to 9.14, 9.27, 8.76 and 8.99 log CFU/mL after a 16-hour incubation with the new media, respectively. The cell counts obtained from verification experiments were not significantly different to those from RSM-based prediction (P > 0.05). In addition, the cost of these new media was reduced to below 1% when compared with the price of MRS broth.
The effects of freeze-drying and alginate encapsulation on the survival of probiotic lactobacilli were also evaluated. After 8 weeks of storage at 4°C, the viabilities of the tested LAB strains remained high in the freeze-dried powders. The freeze-dried powders containing LAB were used in subsequent feeding trail. The 21-day pre-weaning piglets were fed with Lb. mucosae x-4w-1 and Lb. johnsonii x-1d-2 isolated from porcine and investigated the effect of LAB feeding on the piglet’s growth performance, fecal microflora and serum immunoglobulin level. It was only showed that the serum IgG concentration of piglet increased after 3 weeks of feeding
測量網之三維穩健度分析研究
No full text本研究主要將平面二維穩健度分析推廣至空間三維，並推導出合宜之變形指標分解式。文中介紹Vaníček與陶本藻所提之穩健度分析理論，並以台北市近郊一、二等GPS網為研究對象，利用這兩種方法進行穩健度分析計算，將所算得之兩組變形指標值，以統計方法檢定其等值性，並發掘台北市近郊一、二等GPS網之弱穩健度所在與成因。
研究顯示測量網之三維穩健度分析具有強水平穩健度的特性，網點之三維穩健度指標主要由YZ平面及XZ平面之變形指標分量主宰。台北市近郊一、二等GPS網之外圍點位的穩健度較差，尤以下圭柔山(點號N346)的穩健度最差。等值性檢定結果於XY平面Vaníček法與陶氏法皆具有等值性， YZ平面與XZ平面則只有平均應變(Mean Strain)與總剪應變(Total Shear)具有統計上之等值性。目錄
致謝 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 一
摘要 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 二
目錄 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 三
圖目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥五
表目錄‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥七
第一章 緒論 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
1-1 前言‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥1
1-2 文獻回顧‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥3
1-3 研究動機‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥6
1-4 研究方法‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥7
1-5 論文架構‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥9
第二章 網形穩健度 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥10
2-1 網之可靠度‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥10
2-2 三維測量網變形量測‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥13
2-3 變形矩陣之估算‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥17
2-4 穩健度分析理論‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥21
2-5 變形指標之等值性檢定‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥23
2-6 三維測量網具有強水平穩健度之原因探討‥‥‥‥‥‥25
第三章 變形指標之分解式 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥29
3-1 變形向量進一步推導‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥29
3-2 三維變形指標分解式‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥33
第四章 實驗成果與分析‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥39
4-1 資料介紹‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥39
4-2 觀測方程式與權模式‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥42
4-3 應用Vaníček法進行三維穩健度分析實驗 ‥‥‥‥‥‥45
4-4 應用陶氏法進行三維穩健度分析實驗‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥62
4-5 等值性檢定‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥74
第五章 結論與建議‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥81
參考文獻 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥83
附錄 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥8
The relationship among CPA gender, CPA gender composition and audit quality
No full text本研究探討個別會計師性別、會計師性別組合對審計品質之影響，以異常應計數絕對值作為審計品質的代理變數。實證結果發現，個別會計師性別與異常應計數呈現正相關，顯示國內男性會計師較為保守、規避風險；會計師不同性別組合與審計品質的關聯性，發現異性會計師組合與異常應計數呈現負相關，表示當兩位簽證會計師性別不同時，對盈餘管理的抑制效果較好。本研究之實證結果顯示會計師性別與性別組合的差異，會影響審計品質。This study examines the association between the gender of an audit engagement partner and audit quality, and the association between the composition of genders of engagement partner and concurring partner and audit quality. Using abnormal accruals as the proxy for audit quality, this study finds that, inconsistent with the hypothesis, female engagement partners are associated with higher abnormal accruals. But when engagement partners and concurring partners are of different genders, abnormal accruals are lower than other compositions, suggesting that gender diversity is helpful for improving audit quality
Knowledge Source Heterogeneity, Knowledge Flow and Innovation
No full text本研究使用次級資料法，觀察知識來源異質性、知識流動、創新和財務績效之間的關係。研究中對於知識來源異質性主要著重在三項構面：地域差異性、技術差異性以及語言差異性。我們認為因為知識來源端與接收端之間的差異程度會增加彼此之間的障礙而使得知識難以流動，所以知識來源異質性會阻礙知識流動。另一方面，知識來源異質性能為企業帶來更廣泛且非冗餘的想法和專業知識，藉以促進創新表現，所以我們認為知識來源異質性能正向調節知識流動與創新之間的關係。另外，由於企業能藉由創新獲得更好的產品發展或服務流程而有助於其成長或獲利，所以我們認為創新能提高企業的財務績效。
透過408家半導體企業在1987-2007年期間來自於USPTO的專利引用資料對假設進行驗證。我們使用負二項回歸模型檢視知識來源異質性對於知識流動的效應，研究結果發現技術差異性與語言差異性會降低企業之間的知識流動，而地域差異性對於企業之間的知識流動則是沒有顯著的影響。另外，透過負二項回歸模型檢視知識來源異質性對於知識流動與創新之間正向關係的調節效應，結果顯示技術差異性能正向調節知識流動與創新之間的關係，而地域差異性與語言差異性則是沒有顯著的正向調節作用。本研究的結論是，知識來源異質性雖然會降低企業之間的知識流動，但是卻能正向調節知識流動與創新之間的關係，使知識流動為創新帶來更高的效應。This study used secondary data analysis to observe the relationship among knowledge source heterogeneity, knowledge flow, innovation and financial performance. We focused on three dimensions of knowledge source heterogeneity: geographical dissimilarity, technological dissimilarity, and language difference and hypothesized that knowledge source heterogeneity decrease knowledge flow because the extent of differences between the knowledge source and the recipient might increase barriers and hence make knowledge hardly to flow. On the other hand, the knowledge source heterogeneity might bring broader and nonredundant ideas or expertise for firms to facilitate innovation performance and thus we hypothesized that knowledge source heterogeneity has positive moderation effects on the relationship between knowledge flow and innovation. Furthermore, we also hypothesized that innovation increases financial performance because firms could have better development of products or service processes to benefit its growth or profitability.
Hypotheses were tested by using patent citation data from USPTO of 408 firms in semiconductor industry in the period from 1987 to 2007. We used negative binomial regression model to examine the effect of knowledge source heterogeneity on the knowledge flow. The results indicated that technological dissimilarity and language difference have negative impact on the knowledge flow, while geographical dissimilarity has no significantly effects on the knowledge flow. Besides, we examined moderation effects of knowledge source heterogeneity on the relationship between knowledge flow and innovation by using negative binomial regression model. The results showed that technological dissimilarity positively moderates the effect of knowledge flow on innovation, while geographical dissimilarity and language difference have no positive and significant moderation effects on the relationship between knowledge flow and innovation. In this study, we found that although knowledge source heterogeneity increases barriers between firms and influenced the ease of knowledge flow, it has positive moderation effects that makes knowledge flow lead to higher innovation performance.口試委員會審定書 i
誌謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature Review 4
2.1 Knowledge Flow and Innovation 4
2.2 Knowledge Source Heterogeneity and Knowledge Flow 5
2.2.1 Geographical dissimilarity and knowledge flow 6
2.2.2 Technological dissimilarity and knowledge flow 7
2.2.3 Language difference and knowledge flow 8
2.3 Moderation Effects of Knowledge Source Heterogeneity 8
2.3.1 Moderation effects of geographical dissimilarity 9
2.3.2 Moderation effects of technological dissimilarity 10
2.3.3 Moderation effects of language difference. 10
2.4 Innovation and Financial Performance 11
2.5 Research Model 12
Chapter 3 Methodology 13
3.1 Secondary Data Analysis 13
3.2 Patent Data 14
3.3 Sample 14
3.4 Data Collection 16
3.5 Dependent Variable 17
3.5.1 Financial performance 17
3.5.2 Innovation 18
3.5.3 Knowledge flow 19
3.6 Independent Variable 20
3.6.1 Geographical dissimilarity 20
3.6.2 Technological dissimilarity 20
3.6.3 Language difference 21
3.7 Control variable 21
3.7.1 Firm size 21
3.7.2 Firm age 22
3.7.3 R&D intensity 22
3.7.4 Average citation age 23
3.7.5 Current ratio 23
3.8 Statistical Methods 24
Chapter 4 Results 25
4.1 The Effect of the Knowledge Source Heterogeneity on Knowledge Flow 25
4.2 Moderation Effects of Knowledge Source Heterogeneity on the Relationship between Knowledge Flow and Innovation 26
4.3 The Effect of the Innovation on Financial Performance 34
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Discussions 37
Chapter 6 Limitations and Extensions 44
REFERENCE 46
Appendix A. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations 62
Appendix B. Effects of Knowledge Source Heterogeneity on Knowledge Flow 67
Appendix C. Moderation Effects of Knowledge Source Heterogeneity on the Relationship between Knowledge Flow and Innovation 68
Appendix D. Effects of Innovation on Financial Performance 7
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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