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從鋼筆到鍵盤-看台灣報社記者工作文化的轉變
No full text從新傳播科技的面向切入，探討台灣報社記者工作文化的轉變，訪談聯合報系與中時報系的資深記者、中生代記者及新進記者，共二十八人，將訪談資料轉謄為逐字稿，用紮根理論的研究原則，初步將台灣記者的工作文化分為四個面向來報導，包括技術面、人際面、知識面、價值面。研究結果發現：
（一） 技術面：
新傳播科技帶來的好處包括1.隨時掌握新資訊；2.增加記者的機動性；3.後端工作的方便性；4.更有效的回報制度。而新科技帶來了缺點包括新的剪貼文化，及錯字率提高。另一方面，新傳播科技帶來聯繫工具的改變，縱向溝通上，如聯合報的「聯８達」電子報告欄；橫向溝通上則是新興的MSN即時通訊軟體。
（二） 人際面：
新傳播科技造成報社內的人際疏離，與過去緊密的關係大不相同。新傳播科技讓記者有了不用回報社的工作環境，利用網路在外面傳稿發稿，加上使用手機、MSN與長官聯繫，記者幾乎可以不用回報社，但也因此造成人際關係的疏離。新聞工作經常需要面對面的溝通，除了達到有效的協調與調度之外，更能讓新人從做中學，另一方面，新聞也強調團隊工作的精神，與過去不同的是，今日的團體戰是依附在層層行政體系下的各自「分工」，而非過去默契和價值觀緊密的工作團隊。
（三） 知識面：
由於新聞工作具有情境導向、分散智能、默會知識等特性，每個記者各自儲存了一套經驗知識，而這些經驗知識卻無法透過授課或是書面文字的表達傳承下來，過去藉由記者每天回報社工作的互動溝通，及下班後非正式場合的私下授受，透過口耳相傳的方式來作經驗傳承，現在由於記者進報社的機會少了，自然的傳承管道被阻斷，而電子資料庫卻又取代了部分的經驗知識，新科技帶來了危機，也帶來轉機，但是科技再怎麼進步，人才是報社中最重要的資產。
（四） 價值面：
在時間的進程上，討論記者工作文化的轉變，無法避免的就是關注到整個報業市場的改變，以及世代文化的差異。主要是新聞價值的轉向，市場競爭日趨激烈，加上經營者理念的改變，為了留住讀者，報社紛紛向市場取向的新聞價值靠攏，而世代文化價值觀的差異，使得新聞志業的觀念也逐漸變得淡薄。第一章、 緒論…………………………………………………………1
第一節、 研究背景……………………………..……………………1
第二節、 問題意識……………………………………………….….3
第三節、 研究目的……………………………………………………3
第二章、 文獻探討……………………………………………………5
第一節、 台灣報業的自動化…………………………………………7
第二節、 新傳播科技的影響……….………………………………11
第三節、 新傳播科技對報社內人際互動的影響….………………17
第四節、 國內相關研究………………………….…………………20
第五節、 新聞工作的特性 V.S. 記者的工作文化……………….23
第三章、 報導方法…………………………………...……………26
第一節、 訪問對象…………………………….……………………26
第二節、 主要問題架構…………………….………………………28
第三節、 報導方法……………………….…………………………29
第四節、 報導架構…………………….……………………………31
第四章、 深度報導內容….………………………..………………32
第一節、技術面……….…………………………………….………33
第二節、人際面…………………………………….….……………42
第三節、知識面.…………………………………………….………54
第四節、價值面….……………………..............…...……59
第五章、 研究結論………………………………...………………69
第一節、 研究發現….………………………………………………69
第二節、 研究討論…….……………………………………………74
第三節、 研究貢獻與限制.…………………………………………81
參考文獻……………………………………………………………..8
Does the Pan-blue Party Always Win? A Spatial Analysis of the Political Geography of Keelung
No full text本研究認為基隆市的政治版圖有其特殊性，因此針對1995年到2009年期間內舉行總計13次的總統、立委、市長以及議員選舉進行分析，分析單位則是基隆市內157個里，透過傳統以及空間分析方法找尋影響基隆市政治版圖分布的要素。
在比較過基隆市各里藍營得票率的差異以及空間分布型態，本研究認為選舉制度、地區屬性、空間自相關以及空間異質會造成藍營得票率的變動。透過傳統以及空間迴歸模型的幫助，就能更精確的了解影響政治版圖的原因。
最後研究結果發現基隆市藍營高得票率的背後是充滿了特例與分歧，同時藍營得票率也會隨著選舉類型不同而呈現差異，能夠解釋總統、立委、市長選舉和議員選舉結果的自變數不盡相同，地區特色的影響力只出現在總統、立委、市長選舉，對議員選舉較無影響，而鄰近效應和空間異質則同時對總統、立委、市長選舉和議員選舉得票率具有影響力。Because of the particularity of the political geography in Keelung City, this research is to determine the spatial distribution of it. By using the traditional and the spatial analysis, this study tries to find the factors that affect the spatial distribution of the percentage of vote. The percentage of vote comes from 13 elections are the presidential elections, legislator elections, mayor elections and city councilor elections during the period 1995 – 2009, and the data is collected from 157 villages in Keelung.
After comparing the differences of the percentage of vote between pan-blue and pan- green parties, this thesis suggests electoral system, local attribute, spatial autocorrelation and heterogeneity of region influence the reason why the percentage of vote changes. Thanks for the help of the traditional and spatial regression model, this research can analyze why and how political geography of Keelung changes more precisely.
This research found that behind the high percentage of vote in pan-blue party, there are many exceptional cases and differences; meanwhile, the percentage of vote in pan-blue party changes from different electoral systems. The significant independent variables are different between the presidential elections, legislator elections, mayor elections and local election model, and the inference of local characteristic doesn’t work in the city councilor elections model. Last but not least, the neighboring and heterogeneity of region both have an effect on the presidential elections, legislator elections, mayor elections model and city councilor elections model
Development and Study of a novel precision pattern-coating technology：“Air-Bubble Wet Coating”
No full text精密圖案產生技術之應用範圍越來越廣泛，除了過去廣為應用在書籍印刷等知識傳播領域外，近年來配合現代科技的發展，也被大量運用於半導體、平面顯示器及生物醫學產業。而因應全球綠色環保節能之大趨勢，各式圖案塗佈技術(pattern coating)正如雨後春筍般的被開發並應用，此類技術利用流體控制及機械動作，直接將圖案定義於塗佈基材上，以免去傳統批式(batch)製程中高耗時、耗能、高廢料、且高污染之微影蝕刻製程，並以捲對捲(roll-to-roll)方式快速且連續生產。
圖案塗佈技術中，可依圖案塗佈母模需求大分為需母模與無需母模之技術。後者相較於前者有較高之圖案可變動性，且無重製母模所衍生額外工與料之成本。無需母模之圖案塗佈技術透過機械動作或是流體控制，將擬塗佈流體截斷成不連續之流體區段，再藉由控制塗佈頭與塗佈基板的相對運動直接產生各式各樣圖案；此技術高效率地產生微型圖案。其包括了噴印、筆寫式塗佈、機械阻斷式塗佈、以及本論文所開發的氣泡截斷式塗佈技術。其中噴印塗佈技術有最大的圖案可變動性，但其受限於工作流體的黏度與塗膜的均勻度；而筆寫式塗佈技術，其圖案可變動性高，但速度與精度會相互限制；機械阻斷式塗佈具傳統面塗佈技術之優點，然此技術因機台慣性而無法提升流體阻斷頻率、且受限複雜機電系統之精度、及機台操作與維護等問題；故針對此，本論文在塗佈頭中加入氣-液雙相流體產生器，產生非連續流體源，利用流體慣性小之本質優勢，以大幅改善機械流體阻斷技術低頻率與精度之缺點。
本研究之目的在開發一濕式塗佈領域全新概念的精密捲對捲圖案塗佈(簡稱「太極塗佈法」)之設計技術及其雛形設備。此技術利用提供不連續之雙相流體產生源，並配合基板之連續移動來產生斷續圖案，為結合傳統的「狹縫式塗佈技術」與微機電(MEMS)新領域的「微雙相流產生技術」之創新塗佈技術。因此其承襲了狹縫式塗佈技術之高黏度容忍性與大塗佈速度調變範圍等之優點；同時含有微流體控制(microfluidic)技術的高解析度及高反應性之特質。
本論文內容分為三大部分，循此時間序以達成此一全新技術之開發及其相關理論之建立：
(1)以單一毛細管作成塗佈頭，進行雙相流塗佈機制之初步探討：
雙相流充填技術研究目的在瞭解雙相流體充填參數與雙相流體尺寸及其穩定性之關係。此研究利用實驗配合理論發現雙相流充填系統之氣體腔室、及液體前延之塗佈行為皆會嚴重影響雙相流產生。
毛細管雙相流塗佈結果除成功了證明”太極塗佈法”概念之可行性；文中並建立U-V塗佈視窗，討論參數(如塗佈間距(G)、液體段長度(la)、及氣泡段長度(lb))對太極塗佈法塗佈視窗之影響。
(2)以單管T型微流塗佈頭證實太極塗佈法連續生產之可行性：
雙相流產生研究之目的在找出穩定之雙相流產生方式、及雙相流塗佈技術可用之段塞流操作區域。本研究中證明文獻中最常使用之針筒式幫浦雙相流驅動方式並非最佳選擇，利用雙壓力驅動之流體源產生之氣-液雙相流之穩定度會好出許多，因而本研究利用高壓空氣作為流體輸送源。而在以驅動壓力(Pc及Pd)作為操作變數的過程中，吾人提出有效壓力之概念及解釋其物理意義，並利用實驗及理論方式探討T型流道上下游長度比例(G*)、流體特性(黏度及表面張力)及操作壓力比值與所產生之雙相流體特性(長度、頻率、流動速度)及流量關係；而由本文所提出的等效黏度理論模型，並經實驗驗證，發現複雜的雙相流行為可在工程上簡單的被精準預測，並作為未來塗佈設計之準則(guide line)。此模型同時預測段塞流之操作區域大小主要受到G*影響，而且當T型流道上下游長度幾乎相等時，存在有最大之操作區域。
在單管雙相流塗佈研究中，除證實可成功連續且穩定地塗佈微型圖案區塊外，並以實驗定義其塗佈速度(V)-塗佈間距(G)之塗佈視窗，而塗佈視窗被兩相互交叉之液膜邊界及氣泡邊界隔開；當氣體壓力(Pd)增加時，氣泡長度增長且雙相流體流量增大，可擴大塗佈視窗。
(3)利用雙管T型微流道塗佈頭配合氣泡同步控制技術，進一步推進太極塗佈法平行生產之可能性：
研究中分別設計雙管流道被動式及主動式氣泡同步產生器；被動式是利用一對被動閥門，限制雙流道中流體界面，使氣泡同步成長，以持續產生同相位之氣泡；而主動式則是利用兩組獨立微型加熱器，在氣液界面附近產生局部熱點，可分別調整驅動雙流道之氣泡產生，以穩定產生同步氣泡；而後配合塗佈動作，成功於基板上塗佈出平行對齊之液體微區塊。Various applications for micro-patterning have been proposed. In recent years, micro-patterning technology has been applied in many new fields, such as semiconductor, flat panel display, biomedical, and so on. In response to the global environmental issue, varieties of pattern coating technology are being developed and applied. The methods combine fluid control and mechanical motion with a roll-to-roll process to define micro pattern directly, and avoids the drawbacks of lithography method, such as time and power consuming, low material utilization, and high pollution in the traditional batch type process.
Pattern coating technology can be classified into two groups as template-needed methods and template-less methods. The latter has higher pattern flexibility because it does not need to fabricate new templates when pattern changes. The template-less methods include ink-jet printing, pen printing, stopper coating and air-bubble coating, in which the last one is the subject being investigated in this study. Amount the templat-less methods, ink-jet printing has the best patterning flexibility, but is limited by low viscosity fluids and has the drawback of poor film uniformity. The pen printing method has also the advantage of pattern flexibility, but the coating speed is restricted by the pattern accuracy. The stopper coating method has the benefit of traditional coating methods; however, the operation frequency is restricted by the machine inertia and the maintenance of the complex electro-mechanical systems can be a challenge. Therefore, in this study, low inertia micro two-phase flow is introduced as the discontinuous working fluid to improve the precision and extend the workable frequency range.
The purpose of this study is to develop the conceptual roll-to-roll precision pattern coating technology, coined Air-Bubble Coating, and to build up the prototype equipment for it. This method can be considered as an advanced-die-coating method, which combines the well-know die coating with the microfluidic technology. Micro two-phase flow is utilized to be the upstream discontinuous coating source and micro-patches can be generated in the coating process. Therefore, the method has the advantages of wide range of fluid viscosity and high coating speed, as with die coating methods, and high precision and response, as with microfluidic system.
The dissertation work is divided into three parts to develop the new concept technology and build up the corresponding theories, step by step:
(1)Using capillary tube as coating head to investigate the coating mechanism:
The process of micro two-phase segments feeding in capillary tube is used to investigate the effects of operation parameters on the two-phase segment size and uniformity. From the experiment, it has been found that the installed air chamber and the lubrication of leading liquid segment affect the segment size uniformity significantly. Theoretical models are proposed to explain the phenomenon.
The feasibility of Air-Bubble coating method with capillary tube is conceptually proven. Moreover, the U(fluid speed)- V(coating speed) coating windows with different coating gaps, length of liquid segments and bubbles have also been discussed.
(2)To coat micro patches sequentially with single T-junction channel
The purpose is to find out the most stable micro two-phase flow generation method and the workable range for Air-Bubble coating. In the study, it has been found that micro two-phase flow has much better stability by using a dual constant pressure source than a commonly used dual constant flow rate source, which is usually a dual syringe pump system. With a dual pressure driven source, the pressures Pc and Pd are chosen as the operation variables, and the concept and physical explanation of effect pressure (Pe) are proposed. The experimental and theoretical methods are further used to investigate the effects of channel geometry (length ratio of upstream and downstream channel, G*), fluid properties (viscosity and surface tension) and pressure ratio (Pe/Pc) on the characteristics (bubble length, frequency and velocity) and flow rate ratio
Shearing Behavior of Saturated Sand after Liquefaction
No full text本研究採取南投市貓羅溪沿岸第二高速公路旁在集集地震中曾經發生過液化區域之土樣，並利用CKC動力三軸試驗儀進行試驗。試驗土壤包括以純粗料（>200號篩）重模成相對密度40%、60%及70%的土壤試體，以及第二部分以控制乾密度為1400 kg/m3，細料含量分別為10%、20%及40%的重模土壤試體，以探討砂土受反覆荷重液化後受剪的行為。由純粗料土壤初始液化後試驗結果得知，相對密度越大時，剪力阻抗回升增加時的剪應變值越小且回升剪力模數越大。從不同細料含量貓羅溪砂土壤初始液化後試驗結果，當試體細料含量低於20%時，細料含量越多剪力阻抗回升時的剪應變值越小且回升剪力模數越大；當試體細料含量超過20%時，細料含量越多剪力阻抗回升增加時的剪應變值越大且回升剪力模數越小。而從純粗料土壤液化後回升剪力模數與設計所採用之靜態剪力模數相比，相對密度較大之粗料砂土，回升後之模數達原設計值較高的比例。由不同細料含量貓羅溪砂土壤回升剪力模數與設計靜態剪力模數相比，細料含量10%~20%之土壤，細料含量較多，回升後之模數可達原設計值較高的比例；細料含量20%~40%之土壤，細料含量越多，回升後之模數達原設計值的比例越少。This research used Maoluo soil which had been liquefied during the Chi-Chi earthquake to study its behavior under shearing after initial liquefaction. The experiment used coarse portion（>No. 200）of the Maoluo soil to make specimens with relative densities of 40%, 60% and 70%. Specimens with a dry density of 1400 kg/m3 and fines contents of 10%, 20% and 40% were also tested. According to test results of the coarse-grained soil, we found that the specimen with a higher relative density can recover its shear resistance at a smaller shear strain after liquefaction and can obtain a higher recovery shear modulus. For soil with fines contents lower than 20%, the specimen with a higher fines content can recover its shear resistance at a smaller shear strain and a higher recovery shear modulus. On the other hand, for fines contents higher than 20%, the specimen with a higher fines content recovers its shear resistance at a higher shear strain. Comparing with the static modulus which is usually used in design the coarse-grained soil with a higher relative density can recover a higher percentage of the original design shear modulus after liquefaction. Similarly, for fines contents of 10%~20%, the soil with a higher fines content can recover a higher percentage of the design shear modulus after liquefaction. For fines contents above 20%, the soil with a higher fines content can recover a less percentage of the original design shear modulus.目錄謝…………………………………………………………………………I要………………………………………..………………………………IIbstract……………………………………..………..………...…………III錄…………………………………………………………..………….. IV目錄…………………………………………………………………...VII目錄…………………………………………………………………….XI一章 緒論……………………………………………………………….1-1 研究動機與目的…………….……………………………………1-2 研究內容與方法………….………………………...…………….1二章 前人文獻………………………………………………………….3-1 反覆動力三軸試驗原理.………………….……...…...………….3-2 飽和砂土在不排水狀態下之受剪行為………………...………..4-3 飽和砂土受震勁度弱化後之不排水單向加載行為……...……..5-4飽和砂土液化後剪應力與剪應變之關係…………..……………6三章 試驗內容………………………………………………………...25-1 試驗土樣……………………………………...…………………25-2 試驗儀器……………………..………………...………………..25-2-1靜力三軸試驗儀……………………….…………………25 3-2-2 動力三軸試驗儀……………………….………….…….26-3 試驗步驟…………………………...……………...…………….27 3-3-1 重模土壤準備…………………………..……………….27 3-3-2 重模試體安裝……………………………...……………28 3-3-3 試體飽和………………………………………………...29 3-3-4 試體壓密………………………………………………...29-4 壓密不排水靜力三軸試驗…………………………...…………29-5 動力三軸反覆荷重試驗……………………..………………….30四章 試驗結果與分析…………………………………...……………35-1 試體應力修正…………………,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,……………….35-2 不同相對密度之純粗料土壤液化後之剪力阻抗…………...…35-3 不同細料含量對土壤液化後剪力阻抗之影響………………...38-4 靜態試驗之剪力模數與土壤液化後剪力阻抗回升關係….......40 4-4-1純粗料土壤在液化後剪力阻抗回升與靜態試驗剪力模數比較……….…….…………………….…………………..41 4-4-2 不同細料含量土壤在液化後剪力阻抗回升與靜態試驗剪力模數比較…………….…………..……………………..41五章 結論與建議……………………………………………...………76-1 結論……………………………………………………………...76-2 建議……………………………………………………………...77考文獻……………………………………………….…………………7
Least-Mean-Square Training of Cluster-Weighted Modeling
No full text本論文是以叢聚權重模型為基礎, 其模型可以視為一個優良的函數逼近模型. 藉由估計輸入-輸出資料的機率密度來達成. 叢聚權重模型是以期望-最大化 (EM) 演算法來進行訓練. 在本論文中, 最小平方法 (LMS) 被用來更進一步將叢聚權重模型的訓練結果再度訓練, 且可視為一種互補的訓練方法. 因為期望-最大化演算法和最小平方法的目標函數並不相同, 因此兩者的極小值並不會相同. 最小平方法的訓練結果可以用來初始叢聚權重模型的參數, 因此提供了一個可以避免陷入區域極小值的問題. 本論文包含時間序列的預測, 颱風路徑預測以Lyapunov指數的估測實驗.This thesis is based on Cluster-Weighted Modeling (CWM), which can be viewed as a novel uni-versal function approximator based on input-output joint density estimation. CWM is trained by Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. In this thesis Least-Mean-Square (LMS) is ap-
plied to further train the model parameters and it can be viewed as a complementary training method for CWM. Due to different objective functions of EM and LMS, the local minimum should not be the same for the two objective functions. The training result of LMS learning can be used to reinitialize CWM’s model parameters which provides an approach to mitigate local minimum problems. Experiments of time-series prediction, hurricane track prediction and
Lyapunov exponents estimation are presented in this thesis.1 Introduction. . . 8
2 Cluster-Weighted Modeling. . . 10
2.0.1 Architecture. . . 11
2.0.2 Model Estimation . . . 14
3 Least-Mean-Square Training of CWM. . . 22
3.1 Unconstrained Optimization Techniques. . . 22
3.2 Least-Mean-Square Algorithm. . . 24
3.3 Using LMS to Train CWM. . . 24
3.4 Experiments. . . 30
3.4.1 Simulated Data Experiments. . . 30
3.4.2 Real-World Data Experiments. . . 38
3.4.3 Local Minimum. . . 52
4 Using CWM to Estimate Lyapunov Exponents. . . 58
4.1 Lyapunov Exponents. . . 58
4.2 Lyapunov Exponents Estimation. . . 60
4.3 Lyapunov Exponents Estimation of EEG Time-Series Data. . . 62
4.4 Data Collection. . . 62
4.4.1 Results. . . 65
5 Conclusion . . . 6
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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